Chapter 7
Thermosetting
(Heat Setting)
Lecturer,Prof,Dr,Yan kelu
7.1 Introduction
? The dimensional stability,dyeability,and
other properties of thermoplastic fibers are
affected by repeated heating and cooling,
The main purposes of heat setting are as
follows:
? To stabilize the material to shrinkage,
distortion,and creasing,
? To improve the dyeability of fabrics.
定型三大内容：
? 棉的丝光
? 合纤热定型
? 树脂整理
? 合成纤维在纺丝成型中热处理时间较短，
存在内应力；在织造过程中纤维、纱线
受力也存在内应力。因此，合纤织物遇
热易发生皱缩，织物幅面失去平整，印
花花纹改变，成衣尺寸失去稳定性。
? 定型的目的：
? 消除织物上已有的皱痕和提高织物的热
稳定性（主要指高温条件下的不收缩性）
和不易产生难以去除的折痕。
? fiber demanded
? yarn available modality
? ware stable
7.2 General Situation of
Processing
? Heat setting can be done with either dry or
steam,Polyester is usually heat set dry
while nylon may be heat set either dry or
with steam,Continuous heat setting of flat
fabrics is usually done with dry heat by
impinging hot air on the fabric in a tenter
frame,Steam heat setting is often done in an
autoclave or may be done using continuous
steaming equipment,
7.2.1 Dry setting machine and process
7.2.1.1 Dry setting machine
see also Abb.7.290,p,184 Pig.7-1,
and Montex.
7.2.1.2 Process
? width,2-3 cm bigger than finished size
? overfeed, ? 30% (Cloth feeding device)
? Temperature and time, see also P.453
Tab.31.
? doffing(cropping),< 50 oC(cold air; cooling
cylinder)
7.2.2 Wet setting
? Saturated steam
? The presence of water apparently promotes
molecular chain rearrangements which
increase the size of openings through which
dyes can diffuse.
7.2.3 Arraignment of Working
Procedure
? Heat setting can be done,
? before any wet treatment,
? after scouring and mercerizing,
? or after dyeing of the fabric.
7.3 Mechanism of Thermosetting
? Heat setting stresses in the amorphous regions of
thermoplastic fibers,When the fiber is heated
above its glass transition temperature,the
molecules in the amorphous regions can move,
and the material can be formed into a new shapes,
Thus,crease that have developed in the fabric can
be pulled out,and the width of the fabric can be
changed somewhat in the heat setting process.
7.3 Mechanism of Thermosetting
7.3.1 Basic principle and basic course
Basic principle:
利用加热使纤维大分子链段的活动
性增加，纤维网结构中弱的结合点被拆
散，结构舒解，内应力被释放；在外力
变形下冷却，重建新的结合力，使织物
的形态得到稳定。
? Basic course
? 1,纺织材料在加热下柔性化；
? 2,柔性材料在外力下变形；
? 3,变形下冷却使新的材料得到稳定。
刚性体
加热
柔性体
外力
柔性体
冷却
刚性体
7.3.2 Change of Microstructure
? Density(degree of crystallization)
? Size of crystal particle
涤纶长丝晶粒尺寸垂直于 010面长度与定型温度的关系
Mechanism of Thermosetting of
Polyacrylonitrile fiber
? 蕴晶区结构, 侧向有序,纵向无序。
? 热定型时：蕴晶区含量不变，但其尺寸变大；
? 非晶区取向度随温度 而
? 认为：热定型使非晶区的大分子因热运动加剧
而重排，内应力消失，重建新联结点，蕴晶区
完整性提高，纤维热稳定性提高。
7.4 Analysis of Process of
Thermosetting
? 7.4.1 Temperature
? The temperature used for dry heat setting of
polyester is usually 180-220 oC,Higher
setting temperature generally gives better
dimensional stability and resistance to
pilling,However,the fabric increases in
stiffness and lose crease recovery
characteristics when set at higher
temperature,
? Lower temperature are used for heat setting
fabrics containing texturized yarn because
the crimp may be lost if the yarn is heated
to higher temperature,Typical dry heat
setting temperature are 150-175 oC for
texturized nylon and 160-180 oC for
texturized polyester.
? setting temperature should be higher 30-40
oC than appointed temperature for pure
polyester (for T/C 20 oC)
7.4.1.1 Dimensional thermal stability
see also P,196 Fig,7-11,7-12
收缩温度 oC
热定型后涤纶长丝织物在不同温度下的收缩率
温度（ oC）
热定型温度对涤纶长丝织物尺寸热稳定性的影响
热定型温度对锦纶 66经编针织物尺寸稳定性的影响
7.4.1.2 wrinkle resistance(crease
resistance)
7.4.1.3 Dyeing property
Effect of heat setting temperature on saturation value of disperse
dye on polyester
Fig,Effect of heat setting of polyester at 230 oC on dyeing rate
7.4.1.4 eveness of treated
temperature
7.4.2 Treated Time
? Time for heat up
the temperature of heated fabric surface
? Time for heat penetrated
the temperature of heated fibers:2-15 sec.
? Time for molecular adjust
the temperature of heated molecule in fibers,
1-2 sec.
? Time for cooling
7.4.3 Tension/ Strain
? Warp direction, overfeed
? weft direction, expending
? 7.4.3.1 tension influences upon the
mechanical properties
? 7.4.3.2 tension influences upon the dyeing
properties
? 7.4.3.3 tension influences upon the fiber’s
configuration
张力对涤 /棉织物质量的影响
TemperatureoC
Relationship between Temperature - Tension-Dyeing Property
Efix
Eori
Product Medium Temperature(0C) Time
PA6 hot air 190± 2 10-20s
saturated steam 130± 4 15-30min
hot water 120 10-25min
PA6.6 hot air 215± 8 10-20s
saturated steam 130± 19 15-25min
hot water 130± 5 10-30min
PES hot air 190-210 10-20s
PAC hot air 170-180 30-45s
PES/PA6 hot air 192-195 20s
PES/PAC hot air 190-200 60s
7.4.4 Swelling Agent
? See also P,205 Fig,7-19
7.4.5 Process
? width
? overfeed
? temperature
? Time
This is end of pretreatment.
Thanks for your attention!
? What have we studied in these chapters?
Thermosetting
(Heat Setting)
Lecturer,Prof,Dr,Yan kelu
7.1 Introduction
? The dimensional stability,dyeability,and
other properties of thermoplastic fibers are
affected by repeated heating and cooling,
The main purposes of heat setting are as
follows:
? To stabilize the material to shrinkage,
distortion,and creasing,
? To improve the dyeability of fabrics.
定型三大内容：
? 棉的丝光
? 合纤热定型
? 树脂整理
? 合成纤维在纺丝成型中热处理时间较短，
存在内应力；在织造过程中纤维、纱线
受力也存在内应力。因此，合纤织物遇
热易发生皱缩，织物幅面失去平整，印
花花纹改变，成衣尺寸失去稳定性。
? 定型的目的：
? 消除织物上已有的皱痕和提高织物的热
稳定性（主要指高温条件下的不收缩性）
和不易产生难以去除的折痕。
? fiber demanded
? yarn available modality
? ware stable
7.2 General Situation of
Processing
? Heat setting can be done with either dry or
steam,Polyester is usually heat set dry
while nylon may be heat set either dry or
with steam,Continuous heat setting of flat
fabrics is usually done with dry heat by
impinging hot air on the fabric in a tenter
frame,Steam heat setting is often done in an
autoclave or may be done using continuous
steaming equipment,
7.2.1 Dry setting machine and process
7.2.1.1 Dry setting machine
see also Abb.7.290,p,184 Pig.7-1,
and Montex.
7.2.1.2 Process
? width,2-3 cm bigger than finished size
? overfeed, ? 30% (Cloth feeding device)
? Temperature and time, see also P.453
Tab.31.
? doffing(cropping),< 50 oC(cold air; cooling
cylinder)
7.2.2 Wet setting
? Saturated steam
? The presence of water apparently promotes
molecular chain rearrangements which
increase the size of openings through which
dyes can diffuse.
7.2.3 Arraignment of Working
Procedure
? Heat setting can be done,
? before any wet treatment,
? after scouring and mercerizing,
? or after dyeing of the fabric.
7.3 Mechanism of Thermosetting
? Heat setting stresses in the amorphous regions of
thermoplastic fibers,When the fiber is heated
above its glass transition temperature,the
molecules in the amorphous regions can move,
and the material can be formed into a new shapes,
Thus,crease that have developed in the fabric can
be pulled out,and the width of the fabric can be
changed somewhat in the heat setting process.
7.3 Mechanism of Thermosetting
7.3.1 Basic principle and basic course
Basic principle:
利用加热使纤维大分子链段的活动
性增加，纤维网结构中弱的结合点被拆
散，结构舒解，内应力被释放；在外力
变形下冷却，重建新的结合力，使织物
的形态得到稳定。
? Basic course
? 1,纺织材料在加热下柔性化；
? 2,柔性材料在外力下变形；
? 3,变形下冷却使新的材料得到稳定。
刚性体
加热
柔性体
外力
柔性体
冷却
刚性体
7.3.2 Change of Microstructure
? Density(degree of crystallization)
? Size of crystal particle
涤纶长丝晶粒尺寸垂直于 010面长度与定型温度的关系
Mechanism of Thermosetting of
Polyacrylonitrile fiber
? 蕴晶区结构, 侧向有序,纵向无序。
? 热定型时：蕴晶区含量不变，但其尺寸变大；
? 非晶区取向度随温度 而
? 认为：热定型使非晶区的大分子因热运动加剧
而重排，内应力消失，重建新联结点，蕴晶区
完整性提高，纤维热稳定性提高。
7.4 Analysis of Process of
Thermosetting
? 7.4.1 Temperature
? The temperature used for dry heat setting of
polyester is usually 180-220 oC,Higher
setting temperature generally gives better
dimensional stability and resistance to
pilling,However,the fabric increases in
stiffness and lose crease recovery
characteristics when set at higher
temperature,
? Lower temperature are used for heat setting
fabrics containing texturized yarn because
the crimp may be lost if the yarn is heated
to higher temperature,Typical dry heat
setting temperature are 150-175 oC for
texturized nylon and 160-180 oC for
texturized polyester.
? setting temperature should be higher 30-40
oC than appointed temperature for pure
polyester (for T/C 20 oC)
7.4.1.1 Dimensional thermal stability
see also P,196 Fig,7-11,7-12
收缩温度 oC
热定型后涤纶长丝织物在不同温度下的收缩率
温度（ oC）
热定型温度对涤纶长丝织物尺寸热稳定性的影响
热定型温度对锦纶 66经编针织物尺寸稳定性的影响
7.4.1.2 wrinkle resistance(crease
resistance)
7.4.1.3 Dyeing property
Effect of heat setting temperature on saturation value of disperse
dye on polyester
Fig,Effect of heat setting of polyester at 230 oC on dyeing rate
7.4.1.4 eveness of treated
temperature
7.4.2 Treated Time
? Time for heat up
the temperature of heated fabric surface
? Time for heat penetrated
the temperature of heated fibers:2-15 sec.
? Time for molecular adjust
the temperature of heated molecule in fibers,
1-2 sec.
? Time for cooling
7.4.3 Tension/ Strain
? Warp direction, overfeed
? weft direction, expending
? 7.4.3.1 tension influences upon the
mechanical properties
? 7.4.3.2 tension influences upon the dyeing
properties
? 7.4.3.3 tension influences upon the fiber’s
configuration
张力对涤 /棉织物质量的影响
TemperatureoC
Relationship between Temperature - Tension-Dyeing Property
Efix
Eori
Product Medium Temperature(0C) Time
PA6 hot air 190± 2 10-20s
saturated steam 130± 4 15-30min
hot water 120 10-25min
PA6.6 hot air 215± 8 10-20s
saturated steam 130± 19 15-25min
hot water 130± 5 10-30min
PES hot air 190-210 10-20s
PAC hot air 170-180 30-45s
PES/PA6 hot air 192-195 20s
PES/PAC hot air 190-200 60s
7.4.4 Swelling Agent
? See also P,205 Fig,7-19
7.4.5 Process
? width
? overfeed
? temperature
? Time
This is end of pretreatment.
Thanks for your attention!
? What have we studied in these chapters?
