Chapter 3 Bleaching
Prof,Dr,Yan kelu
3.1 Intruction
? Scouring generally removes all impurities
except the natural colouring matters which
have to be broken down by bleaching,either
with an oxidizing or a reducing agent,
Almost invariably the oxidizing agents give
a more permanent,When the colour is acted
upon by a reducing agent,there is always the
possibility that the oxygen in the air may
reoxidize it to its original state.



氧化漂白剂


氯 (Cl2)、次氯酸钠( NaClO)
亚氯酸钠( NaClO2)
过氧化
物 系
过氧化氢( H2O2)、过硼酸钠
( NaBO3或 NaBO3·H 2O或
NaBO3·4H2O)
高锰酸钾、高硫酸钾( K2S2O8)
过醋酸( CH3COO · OH)
还原漂白剂
亚硫酸钠( Na2SO37H2O)、二氧化硫
低亚硫酸钠(保险粉 Na2S2O4)、亚硫酸氢钠
一、目的
二、加工对象
三、漂白方法及漂白剂
(一)氯漂工艺所用漂白剂有:次氯酸钠
( NaOCl)、亚氯酸钠( NaOCl2) 均为氧化型
废水中活性氯(有效氯)含量许多国家规定为:
不得高于 3mg/l,所以在某些情况下可能会禁止使用
NaOCl和 NaOCl2
3.1 引言
(二)氧漂工艺所用漂白剂:双氧水、过醋酸
( CH3COOOH)、高锰酸钾
(三)氯氧漂工艺
(四)还原漂白:二氧化硫( SO2)亚硫酸氢钠,低
亚硫酸钠( Na2S2O4)
(五)质量检验
对漂白的
5个要求
白度高
白度稳定性好 YI=
吸水性好
纤维损伤小(碱煮力强)
经济
(毛细管效应)
X-Z
Y × 100%( YI:泛黄指数)
一、次氯酸钠溶液的性质和漂白原理
在过去大量使用的漂白粉(次氯酸钙 Ca(ClO)2现在
已无重要意义,取而代之的是稳定的次氯酸钠( NaO
Cl)
(一)、次氯酸钠溶液的性质
商品次氯酸钠溶液通常是以电解食盐法制得的,
为无色(黄色)溶液,含有约 150g/l (12.5%)的有效氯,
pH值为 11.5。在溶液中有碱存在以防止水解。
3.2 次氯酸钠漂白
Bleaching with Sodium Hypochlorite
次氯酸钠具有较强的氧化能力,为弱酸强碱盐,在水中
发生水解,溶液呈碱性:
NaOCl + H+OH - Na+OH- +HOCl
在盐酸作用下,NaOCl+2HCl NaCl+H2O+Cl2
Cl2+H2O HOCl+H++Cl-
K 平衡 = 4.5× 10-4 mol2/l2
次氯酸可按下式电离:
HOCl H++OCl-
K = 3.2× 10-8mol/l
HOCl的最大浓度发生在 PH 为 4.7,而纤维素的最大降解
发生在 PH为 7.8。次氯酸钠溶液的组成随 PH值的改变而
变化。
25oC
离解
25oC
Components Relation between pH and Conc,
In NaOCl bleaching
Agster,Textilveredlung 1,(1996),276
Influences of pH values on tear strength in NaOCl bleaching
Rath,Lehrbuch der textilchemie,printed by Springer-Vertrag,
Berlin/Heideberg New York,3rd edition
(二 ) 漂白的有效成分
Abb.7.81 Abb.7.82见投影仪
从次氯酸钠溶液的氧化 —还原电位( Abb.7.81)来看,是一
个强氧化剂
碱性 中性 弱酸 强酸
主要成分 [ClO-] [HOCl] [HOCl] [Cl2]
漂白速度 最低 最快
(三)漂白剂与天然色素的反应
棉纤维中的天然色素的化学结构尚不清楚,根据有机
色素结构,推断棉色素中含有共轭双键的化合物,具有可移
动的 π电子。在漂白时,色素结构中的部分双键得到饱和,
使原有共轭双键体系中断,π电子的移动范围变小,天然色
素的发色体系遭到破坏而消色,达到漂白目的。
如上所述,HOCl和 Cl2是漂白的有效成分,它们如何可使
色素中的部分双键饱和呢?一般认为,HOCL和 Cl2在漂白时
会发生如下降解:
HOCl HO-+Cl+
Cl2 Cl-+Cl+
HOCl ·OH+·Cl
HOCl+ClO- ClO ·+Cl-+ ·OH
HOCl light HCl+[O]
这些分解产物能使色素中的部分双键饱和,达到消色
的目的。
(四)纤维素的降解
棉纤维用 NaClO 漂白时,不仅天然色素会消色,纤维素
也会发生降解,其他杂质也会发生不同的化学反应。
例如,HOCl在纤维素上放出氧,同时生成 HCl:
HOCl+cellulose cellulose·[O]+HCl
杂质的氧化比纤维素的氧化速率快。
参考文献,J.A.Epstein and M.Lewin,J.Polymer
Sci.58(1962),991—1008
二、次氯酸钠漂白工艺条件分析
(一)漂液 PH 值
中性范围:纤维素被氧化后优先生成醛基和酮基,在
碱性后处理中(丝光、还原染料染色、水洗)有链分裂。
(二)、温度、浓度和时间
三、工艺概况
? 工艺流程:
? 退浆精练织物 浸轧漂液( pick up
100-120%,1-3g/L) 堆置 (30-60min)
水洗 酸洗( 50oC,2-4g/L)
堆置( 15-30min ) 水洗 脱氯
水洗 开、轧、烘 丝光
? Cl2 + 2e - 2Cl-
? a氧化态 +ne b还原态
? S2O32- + 5H2O 2SO4 2 - +10H+ + 8e-
? 氧化剂, 失去电子
? 还原剂:夺得电子
有效氯的计算
NaOCl+2KI+H2SO4=I 2+NaCl+K2SO4+H2O
2Na2S2O3+I2=2Na2S2O6
电位比 E o I 2/I-高的氧化性物质,可在一定条件下,用碘离子
来还原,产生等当量的碘,然后用 Na2S2O3标准溶液来滴定
析出的碘,这叫间接碘当量法或滴定碘法。
1 ml 0.1N Na2S2O3≡0.00355g active chlorine
0.00355× A( ml Na2S2O3× 1000)
V(ml bleach liquor)
= g/l active chlorine
例 1,10ml Hypochlorite solution required 6.8ml of 0.1N
Na2S2O3,问漂液中的 active chlorine content in g/l?
0.00355× 6.8 × 1000
10
=2.42 g/l active chlorine
Concentration(g/l)=
%o.w.f × 10
L.R
Concentration(%o.w.f)= g/l × L.R
10
10ml NaOCl溶液需要 6.8ml0.1N Na2S2O3,active chlorite
in content 漂白液的 [cl]是 g/l?
0.00355 × 6.8 × 1000
10 =2.42g/l[cl]
设备 浴比 有效氯 T e m p ( o C) T i m e ( m in )
设备 浴比 有效氯 T e m p(
o
C)
T i m e( m
in)
PH
堆布池
J - BO X
轧卷
带循环泵
淋洒槽
绳状浸漂

1:1
1:1
1:2 - 1:5
1:5
1:20
3 - 15
4 - 15
4 - 10
2.5 - 4.5
1 - 2.5
20
20 - 25
20 - 30
20 - 30
20 - 30
90
20 - 30
45 - 60
60
45 - 60
9.5 - 10.
5
3.3 过氧化氢漂白
Bleaching with Hydrogen Peroxide
? Formula,H2O2 H—O — O — H
? Molecular weight,34
? 2 H2O2 2 H2O + O2
? Hydrogen peroxide is an effective bleach for both natural
and synthetic fibers,
? Economy (compared with sodium chlorite)
? Ecology
? Efficiency
一、过氧化氢溶液的性质和漂白原理
(一)、过氧化氢溶液的性质
Calculation of the active oxygen content
of peroxide solution
? The bimolecular reaction for the self
decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is:
? 2 H2O2 2 H2O + O2
? On the basis of molecular weights:
? 2 ? 34 g 100% produces 2 ? 16 g active
oxygen:
? Active oxygen = = 47.05 %
x = (47.05 ? C)/100
34
16?100
X:active oxygen;C:the
concentration(as w/w%)
? H2O2+ HO- H2O+HO2-
? H2O2 H2O +1/2O2
? H2O2 H++ HO2- K 1 = 1.55× 10-12
pH>11.5,HO2- 99.9%
? HO2- H++O22- K 2 = 1.0× 10-25
? HO2- OH- + (O)
? HO2- + H2O2 HO2,+ HO,+ OH-
? HOOH 2 HO,(需高的活化能 )
?
? 大约在一个世纪以前( 1894),Fenton 报道了铁离子对
双氧水活化起漂白作用。 Haber& Weiss( 1934)研究
了这个二价铁 /双氧水系统或称 Fenton试剂反应的反应
机理,提出了著名的 Haber-Weiss反应式:
? Fe2+ + H2O2 Fe3+ + HO ? + OH-
? Fe2+ + HO ? Fe3+ + OH-
? H2O2+ HO ? HO2 ? + H2O
? Fe2+ + HO2 ? Fe3+ + HO2-
? Fe3+ + HO2 ? Fe2+ + H+ + O2
? Fe3+ + HO2 - Fe2+ + HO2 ?
(二)、漂白原理
Bleaching Mechanism
? The actual mechanism by which bleaching occurs is not
fully understood but it is generally agreed that the first
stage is an ionisation to form perhydroxyl ions (HO2-):
? H2O2+ HO- H2O+HO2-
? The formation of the active perhydroxyl ions is favoured
by alkaline condition and so most hydrogen peroxide
bleaching is carried out under these conditions.
? 有效成分,HO-2 或 HO2· +HO ·
? 参考文献,372.P.Ney―纤维素双氧水碱性漂白机理”
Melliand 63(1982),443-450
二、过氧化氢漂白工艺分析
(一) PH 的影响
如果有合适的活化剂,H2O2在 pH5.5-5.6的酸性浴中也
能漂白。这种产品的商业名称是,Prestogen PS(BASF)
(二 ) 温度和浓度及时间的影响
Temp.
timeConc.
The time,temperature and concentration of peroxide used vary
depending on the process used in peroxide bleaching,Continuous,
batch,and pad/batch process can all be used in peroxide bleaching.
(三)稳定剂的作用
? Sodium silicate has been the preferred
stabilizer in peroxide bleaching for many
years.
? Various organic hydroxy compounds,
phosphates,hardness ions such as calcium
and magnesium,and certain proteins tend to
stabilize peroxide bleach baths.
H2O2+ HO- H2O+HO2-
2 H2O2 2 H2O + O2
Fe2+ + H2O2 Fe3+ + HO ? + OH-
Fe3+ + HO2 ? Fe2+ + H+ + O2
? A number of competing reaction can also occur,
particularly in the presence of metallic catalysts,
The molecular oxygen escapes from the bleach
solution reducing the bleaching effect and the
intermediates in it’s formation are very active and
can cause fiber damage,To control bleaching a
balance must be achieved,and maintained,
between activation and stabilisation.
Sodium silicate
sodium silicate may be used as collodial silicate (waterglass)
or as metasilicate,
? The stabilising action is associated with an ability to
provide a buffering action and control of the adverse
effects of metallic contaminants,
? The stabilising action is improved considerably by the
presence of magnesium salts,Collodal magnesium silicates
and hydrated silicas (SiO2) must be kept in colloidal form
during their formation and during bleaching.
? Some deposition of silicate onto fiber can occur,This can
lead to poor handle and dyeing or printing problems.
?
硅酸钠的双重作用
? Alkali– promote effective decomposition of H2O2 into HO2-
? Absorbing heavy metallic ions –prevent noneffective breakdown
? 硅垢:人们试图加三聚磷酸钠或者磷酸使清洗变得容易
( e.g.Securon 540 von Henkel)其它稳定剂:
以三聚磷酸钠为基础,脂肪醇硫酸酯,蛋白质降解产物,聚碳酸,
聚有机硅氧烷。 Rg,稳定剂 AWN( S2.)浸漂效果比轧漂好。
Calculation of Na2O:SiO2 ratios
? For best bleached results,the Na2O:SiO2 radio
should lie between 1.3,1and 1,1.6.
? To calculate the Na2O:SiO2 radio the recipe,in
g/l,is multiplied by the Na2O and SiO2 contents
(as fractions)of the sodium silicate and
caustic soda used.
? For solid caustic soda the content is 77% or
0.77 as a fraction,its content is,of course,
nil.
Na2O, SiO2的比值 R=
? Na2O, SiO2的比值 R=
5× 0.00=0.00
7.2
5× 0.77=3.9
6.1
5NaOH
1.21ratio
25× 0.29=7.2525× 0.088=2.225NaSiO3 41o Be’
SiO2 g/lNa2Og/lg/l
[Y]× [Na2SiO3]+[Z]× [NaOH]
[X]× [Na2SiO3]
? Where X= SiO2 content of sodium silicate
? Y= Na2O content of sodium silicate
? Z= Na2O content of caustic soda
? [silicate],[caustic] =concentration of sodium silicate and
caustic soda
? In the example above:
? R=1÷ 1.2, X=0.29,Y=0.088,Z=0.77,
? [silicate]=25,[caustic]=5
? Example,In the above recipe,what changes are required
if sodium silicate 42o Be’ is used? (Na2O =0.106
? SiO2=0.26)
? Calculation,[silicate] for 42o Be’ =7.25÷ 0.26≈28.0g/l
? now,28.0g/l 42o Be’ silicate provides
? 28.0× 0.106≈3.0g/l Na2O of silicate
? But the required Na2O is 6.1,so caustic os
added to give 6.1-3.0=3.1 g/l Na2O of Na2O
? This is given by 3.1÷ 0.77≈4.0g/l NaOH
? The recipe must therefore be adjusted to 28g/l silicate 42o
Be’ and the caustic reduced to 4g/l.
二,工艺概况
Table 3.5 过氧化氢漂白工艺(纯棉)
? See the CD-Rom of pretratement
Recipe and Processes of H2O2 Bleaching
Machine L.R Conc,Conc,Conc,Conc,Temp,Time
H2O2(35%) Na2SiO3 NaOH Na2CO3 oC h.
42o Be’ Solid
g/L g/L g/L g/L
Kier 1:4-1:6 1-3 1.5-5 1 - 100 1-2
Shower 1:10 5-10 4 0.5 1 100 1-2
Dipping 1:20 7-12 9 - - 9-9.5 1-2
Pad-roll 1:1-1:2 10-25 7-14 0.5 - 90-95 1-2
J-box 1:1 8-25 5-15 1-3 - 98-100 0.5-1
CPB 1:1 30-40 30 10 - 20 20
Pad steam 1:0.7 8-15 5-15 1-3 - 98-100 20-30
(min)
Raco-jet 90 20 50 98-100 2
(min)
氧漂生物净化工艺
? 漂白 冷水清洗 酶洗
? 漂白 热水清洗 冷水清洗 冷水清洗
三,H2O2的酸性浴漂白
(一)引言
(一)、引言
聚酰胺纤维、聚丙烯晴纤维不耐碱性 H2O2漂白;蛋
白质纤维如羊毛也不耐碱;即使是棉纤维和聚酯混纺
织物,由于碱对棉纤维的膨化作用,不仅影响手感,
而且在染色中易产生波纹印花条,因而也不耐碱性
H2O2漂白;色织物的漂白,由于染着在它上面的染料
往往也不耐碱,因此研制弱酸性,中性 H2O2漂白工艺。
Reinche做了碱性和酸性 H2O2漂白的对照实验,认为 100
kg羊毛漂白时,酸性漂白经济合理( DM),结果如表,
碱性漂白,化学药品虽然经济,但设备折旧费和人工
高。
漂白方法
碱性 酸性
化学药品 4 6,15 6 1,00
水和蒸汽 5,20 7,80
设备折旧费 5 6,40 2 8,20
人工费 3 6,00 3 7,00
总计 1 4 3,75 DM 1 2 3,80 DM
(二)漂白基本原理
在 PH=5的弱酸性溶液中,H2O2的分解被抑制,
(H2O2+OH- HO2-+H2O),H2O2十分稳定。但随酸度增
加,H2O2 发生了质子加成,生成过氧化氢阳离子,反应式如
下:
H--O--O—H + H+ [H—O—O—H]+ [H2OOH]+
H2O + 1/2O2 + H+
如果加入一种物质,这种物质能够成为 —OH的接受体,
生成一种比较稳定的中间化合物,如过氧化酸。这种中间化合
物在弱酸性、中性溶液中能使织物发生漂白作用:
[H2OOH] + + R—C—O- R—C—O—O—H + H2O
||
O
||
O
_H
过氧化氢转化为过氧有机或无机酸的上述活化过程,漂白
物质不再是 HO2-离子,严格地说已不再是过氧化氢的漂白,而
是过氧化酸作为漂白剂。
(三)、工艺概论
1、棉 Temp.30—70oC
PH=5—6
Time:60min.(30—60min)
2、毛 Temp:100oC
PH= 5—6
Time:20min,
(四)、活化剂种类
1、羧酸衍生物
羧酸酐、酰氯、羧酸酯。
2、含有 — N—C—团的 N—酰基化合物
O
酰胺、酰化羟胺、酰化氨基甲酸乙酯、酰化杂环化合物。
3、无机酸酰化产物和无机酸酯。
||
--
四,Determination of the peroxide content in
bleach liquors
Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) method
5H2O2+2KMnO4+3H2SO4 = 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 +5O2+8H2O
Molecular weight of hydrogen peroxide,34,KMnO4,158 On
the basis of above reaction, 2× 158 KMnO4 are equivalent to 5
× 34 g H2O2
100ml(10%)的 H2SO4 冲入一个 250ml三角烧瓶中,用 KMNO4
滴定至粉红色。
1ml 0.1N KMnO4 contains 0.00316g KMnO4 ≡0.0017g
H2O2(100%)
Calculation, Since 1ml KMnO4 (0.1N) is equivalent to
0.0017g H2O2 (100%),then V ml bleach
liquor sample will contain 0.0017× A g H2O2(100%)
100% g/l [H2O2]=
0.0017× A× 1000
V
Titration of a 10 ml bleach liquor sample requires 8.5ml
KMnO4(0.1N),what is the peroxide content in g/l?
H2O2 content =
=1.445 g/l H2O2 (100%)
ρ=1.131
1.445 g H2O2 (100%) =1.455× ×
= 3.66 ml/l H2O2 (35%)
0.0017× 8.5 × 1000
10
100
35
1
1.131
3.4 亚氯酸钠漂白
Bleaching with Sodium chlorite
? Formular,NaClO2
? Molecular weight,90.5
Handling and storage
? The solid of sodium chlorite is a hygroscopic
oxidising agent,Its decomposition is accelerated
by such agents as heat,catalytic contamination,
oils,fats,rubber,sulphur compounds,acids,
reducing agents,ammonium compounds and
cyanides.
? Mixtures of solid material with combustible
substances or reducing agents create fire and
explosion hazards,particularly if subjected to heat,
friction or impact.
? The liquid product is safe when handled correctly.
? 一、亚氯酸钠溶液的性质和漂白原理
? Sodium chlorite is an effective bleach for both natural and
synthetic fibers,
? A solution of sodium chlorite in water decomposes when
acidified and heated forming chlorine dioxide,the active
bleaching species.
? 5NaClO2 + 2H+ 4ClO2 + Cl- + 5Na+ +2OH-
? NaClO2 + H2O HClO2 + NaOH
? HClO2 H+ + ClO2-
? 5ClO2- + 2H+ 4ClO2 + Cl- + 2OH-
? 3ClO2- 2ClO3- + Cl-
? ClO2- Cl- + 2 (O)
在不同 pH值范围内 NaClO2 溶液的组成
漂白有效成分,V漂 随 PH降低而增加,认为,HClO2
存在是必要条件,ClO2是漂白有效成分。
因为 HClO2 H+ + ClO2 -
5ClO2-+2H+ 4ClO2 +Cl- + 2OH-
pH 2.6 3.5 4.6 5.5 7.0
Time ratio 1 2 6 20 120
二,NaClO2漂白工艺条件分析
? (一) pH值、温度和浓度
? Cotton may be bleached with sodium chlorite at pH of 4.0
to 4.5,Synthetic fibers usually require lower pH of 2.0 to
4.0 and higher concentration of sodium chlorite than does
cotton.
? Temperature near the boiling point of water is generally
used in chlorite bleaching.
? The pH must be carefully controlled to prevent release of
gaseous chlorine and chlorine dioxide from bath,These
substances,if released,cause odor problems and may be
hazardous to workers,
(二 )活化剂
? 1,Organic acids,HAc,HCOOH
? 2,Salts which can release acid during steaming,
(NH)4SO4,NH4Cl,(NH)4S2O8
? (NH)4S2O8 (NH)4SO4 +H2SO4 + O2
? 3,Ester which can form acid after hydrolyzing:
COOC2H5 CHOHCHOH CO OC2H5 (Tartrate)
CH3CHOHCOOC2H5 (ester of Lactic acid)
三、工艺概论
? See page 7 from manuscript
3.5 Other Bleaching Agents
? See page 7 from the manuscript
? 3.5.1 Peracetic acid
? Formula,CH3COOOH
? 3.5.2,Potassium permanganate method
? Formula,KMnO4
? 3.5.3 Ozone
? Formula,O3
3.6 Use of Fluorescent Whitening
Agents
? Fluorescent whitening agent absorb ultraviolet (UV) light
? Some of the absorbed energy is emitted at longer
wavelengths,
? If the wavelengths at which the energy is emitted are in the
visible region,the brightness of the textile substrate is
increased.
? If the emitted energy is in the blue region,its addition to
the light reflected by the yellowish substrate makes the
substrate appear white.
Spectrophotometric curves of greige,bleached,
and bleached/optically whitened fabric
VIP (very important process)
Pretreatment
? Singeing
? Desizing
? Scouring
? Bleaching
? Mercerization
? Heat setting