Unit Seven Text A By Zhu Ruina 1
Unit Seven
Text A
The Brain
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 2
Unit Seven Text A
I,Pre-reading Task
II,Related Information
III,Outline& Summary
IV,Detailed Study
V,Home Assignment
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 3
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 4
I,Pre-reading Task,
1,We know more about the brain than
any other part of the body,
2,The largest one’s brain is,the cleverer he
will be,
3,A computer may some day replace the
human brain because of its performance,
Back
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 5
II,Related Information,
1,Short-term memory,
Short-term memory is the system used to
remember information,in use”,such as a
telephone number while one is dialing,Whether or
not short-term memory represents a separate
system,it does have certain clearly defined
characteristics,It is limited in storage capacity,
most people can repeat a 7- or 8- digit telephone
number,but not 10 or 11 digits,Short-term
memory appears to be related to speech,a string
of similar-sounding consonants such as BGCVTP
is less likely to be remembered correctly than a
string of dissimilar consonants such as KGRWFL,
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 6
Long-term memory,
The scientific study of long-tern memory began with the work of
Hermann Ebbinghuas,who eased the problem of measuring memory by
studding the rote learning of meaningless material,This approach to human
memory has been strongly criticized,notably by Sir Frederic Bartlett in the
1930s,for ignoring the crucial role of meaning in memory,Memory in
everyday life is rarely based on rote retention of detail,it relies heavily in
remembering the meaning of a passage,a conversation,or an event,The
difficulties involved in carrying out experiments and constructing and testing
theory of memory under naturalistic conditions,however,limited most
investigation up to the 1960s to studies of the rote memory,Stimulusrespnse
associationism was the dominant theoretical approach to memory at that time,
This approach assumed that the basic unit of memory was an association
between stimulus and response,and attempted to study this association,
which,when understood,would allow more complex memory phenomena to
be explained,
II,Related Information,
Back
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 7
III,Outline & Summary,
I) Outline,
1,(Para.1-2) The brain is the most complicated part of the
human body,Its size is not as important as the surface
area of the cortex,
2,(Para.3~6) The brain works through the Sensory System,
the Motor System and the Homeostatic System,
3,(Para,7) Conclusion
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 8
III,Outline & Summary,
II) Summary,
The brain is a complex and delicate part of the human
organism.It works in special ways through the three
systems:the Sensory system which functions as
receiving information from the outside world;the Motor
system which is of the function of sending instructions to
the body;the Homeostatic system which functions as
telling parts of the body how to work or more.But the
computer can’t do these ways nowadays because it
lacks imagination,
Back
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 9
1.complicated adj,
1.错综的，复杂的
The machine of a computer is very complicated,
电脑的机件是很复杂的。
2.费解的，棘手的
Don’t ask me such complicated questions,
不要问我这样复杂的问题。
IV,Detail Study (Words)
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 10
Unit 7
2,fold
U.1.折叠，对折
She folded the handkerchief and put it in her pocket,
她折好手绢，放进口袋。
2.合拢，交叠
The little child folded her hands in prayer,
这个小孩合上双手祈祷。
3.可折叠
If you’re going camping you’ll need a folding bed,
你如果要去露营，便需要一张能折叠的床。
n,褶层，褶痕
[记忆技巧 ]foldaway adj.可折叠的； folder n.纸夹，文书夹；
fivefold 五倍
[常用短语 ]fold in混合，拌入； fold up（商店）关闭，垮台
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 11
3.capacity n,
1.容量，容积，生产量
? This is a building of very large capacity,
这是一栋容量极大的建筑物。
2.能力，能量
? The book is beyond my son’s capacity,
这本书我儿子看不懂。
3.性格，地位，身份
? I’m speaking in my capacity as minister of trade,
我以贸易部长的身份说话。
[记忆技巧 ]capacious adj.容量大的
[常用短语 ]be filled to capacity 全满
Unit 7
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 12
4.limit
n,1.限度，界限，边界
? I can’t walk ten miles.I know my own limits,
我走不了十英里路，我了解自已体力的限度。
2.无法忍受的人或事
? You’re the limit! Can’t you make your mind up!
你真叫人忍受不了！难道你就不能作个决定！
u,1.限制，限定
? We must limit ourselves to one cake each,
我们必需限定自己一个人一块蛋糕。
[记忆技巧 ]limitation n,限制，缺陷； limited adj,受限制的，负有限责
任的； limiting adj,限制的； limitless adj,无限的，无止境的；
unlimited 无限的
[常用短语 ]limited liability 有限责任
Unit 7
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 13
5.absorb v,
1.吸收，吸取
? The clever boy absorbed all the knowledge his teachers could give
him,
那个聪明的男孩吸收了所有老师能传授给他的知识。
2.使全神贯注，使专心
? I was absorbed in a book and didn’t hear your call,
我正专心看书，没听到你在叫唤。
3.(指大国家，大公司）并吞，兼并
? Most little shops have been absorbed into big business,
大部分的小店都被并入大公司。
[记忆技巧 ]absorbent n./adj,吸收剂，能吸收的； absorbing adj,
引人入胜的； absorption n,吸收，专心，兼并
[常用短语 ]be absorbed in sth 被 …… 吸引住；专注于
Unit 7
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 14
6.focus
v,1.使 …… 集中于焦点，使 …… 合焦点
? The boy focused sun’s ray on a piece of wood with a burning
glass,
这个男孩用凸透镜使太阳光线的焦点集于一块木头上。
2.专心思考
? He must be very tired; he doesn’t seem to focus at all,
今天他一定很累；他似乎无法专心思考。
n,1.中心点，焦点
2.焦距
3.(注意力的）集中点
? She always wants to be the focus of attention,
她总是想成为注意的焦点。
[常用短语 ]focus on 使集中,in(to)/out of focus 清晰（不清晰），在焦
点上（外）
Unit 7
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 15
7.recall v,
1.回想起，记得
? I can’t recall seeing him,
我记不起见过他。
2.召回（某人）
? The government recalled the general after he lost the battle,
将军打败仗后，政府将他召回。
3.取回（某物）
? The makers have recalled a lot of cars that were unsafe,
制造厂已将许多不安全的车子收回了。
[记忆技巧 ]recallable adj,想得起来的
[常用短语 ]beyond/past recall 想不起来
Unit 7
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 16
1.come to (one’s)mind 想到；出现（某人的）脑海里
? Although I know it well,the name just won’t come to
my mind,
尽管很了解它，但我就是想不起名字。
? The meeting with the evil people comes to their
minds from time to time,
他们脑海里不时出现与那些罪恶之人相见的场面。
IV,Detail Study (Phrases)
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 17
2.go in one ear and out the other 左耳进右耳出
? The teacher’s direction to the boy went in one ear and out the
other,
老师对那个男孩的教导左耳进右耳出。
? Mother scolded Mary,but it just went in one ear and out the
other,
玛丽对母亲谴责是左耳进右耳出。
3.up and down 上下地，来去，来回
? The naughty boy,like a monkey,enjoys jumping up and
down,
那个玩皮男孩像个猴子一样喜欢上蹦下跳。
? People were walking up and down in front of the school,
在学校门前总有人来回穿行。
Unit 7
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 18
4.be interested in sth,对 …… 感兴趣
? I was interested in your remark,
我对你所说的感兴趣。
? He isn’t interested in the teacher’s direction so that he often
feel sleepy in class,
他对老师的教导不感兴趣，所以常在课堂上昏昏欲睡。
5.build into 使成为（某物）一部分；固定在某物上
? The rate of pay was built into her contract,
薪水的多少列明在她的合同里。
? The cupboards are built into the walls,
橱柜是嵌进墙里的。
Unit 7
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 19
1.incident(n.)与 accident(n.)
两者在作名词时都译为, 事故，事件,,但 incident着重于, 事
情,
事变，事件,,如 the Xi’an Incident 西安事变； accident 着重于
,（意外）事故,,常指, 天灾人祸, 等，如,a car accident 撞
车事故
,a fire accident 失火事故。再如,
? The quarrelling incident in the bus caused the traffic accident,
由于在车上吵架（件事）导了交通事故的发生。
（其中的 incident 与 accident 不能互换。）
另外,incident还可作形容词，表示, 附带的，有关系的如,
? These duties are incident upon me as a teacher,
这些是我身为教师的职责。
IV,Detail Study (Words Comparison)
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 20
Unit 7
2.seem(v.),look (v.)与 appear (v.)
seem是, 似乎，好像, 之意，表示对事物作出判断虽有一定的根
据，但仍有所怀疑。
look是, 貌似, 之意，指凭视觉作出的判断，但含有较多的真实
性。
appear 与 look一样，也是凭视觉的印象而产生的一种看法，担这
种看法可能是与实际不相符的。
? It seems like years since I last saw you,
自从上次跟你见面后，好像很久没见你了。
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 21
Unit 7
? Judging by her letter,she looks to be the best person for the
job,
从她的信看起来，她似乎是这工作最适当的人选。
? He appears to be your friend but I doubt if he is,
他看起来好像是你的朋友，不过我怀疑。
另外,appear,seem可跟 that-从句或不定式，而 look不行；
look,seem可跟 as if 从句，但 appear不行； seem可与 like连用，
而其它两者不行。但在很多场合它们是可以互用的。
? It appears/seems that he’s guilty,
看来他似乎有罪。
? It seems/looks asif there will be an election soon,
看情形似乎不久就会有选举。
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 22
Unit7
3.sense(n.),sensation (n.)和 feeling (n.)
sense表示感觉，感官（视觉，听觉，嗅觉，味觉等）。
sensation感觉，指通过五官传入，又经大脑施以统一化的感觉，
还指心理状态、兴奋、兴趣等到方面的感觉。
feeling感觉，普通用语，指寒冷、痛等的感觉。
? We get most of our knowledge through the five senses,
我们的大部分知识是通过五种官能得来的。
? I know the train had stopped,but I had the sensation that it was
moving backwards,
我知道火车已经停了，但是我觉得火车在后退。
? I have a feeling of hunger,
我感觉饿了。
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 23
1,… and yet less is know… (paragraph 1,line 1)
yet在此作连词用，表示, 可是，然而,,可以跟 and与 but一起用。
? She is a funny girl,(and/but)yet you can’t help liking her,
她人很滑稽，但你禁不住会喜欢她。
2,… over the centuries(paragraph 2,line2)
over在此作介词，表示, 在 …… 时间内，在 …… 过程中, 。
? Can we talk about it over dinner?
我们可以在晚饭时谈论此事吗？
? Over the years he’s become more and more patient,
经过这许多年他已经变得越来越有耐心了。
IV,Detail Study (Difficult Points)
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 24
3,… in order to… (paragraph 2,line 3)
in order to 表示, 为了，以便,,与之相似的表达方式有 so as to,
二者都可引导一个表示目的不定式短语。
另外,in order that与 so that是两个引导目的状语从句的连词短语。
In order that及 so that后面都接从句； so that 除了接目的状语从
句外，还可接结果状语从句。
? In order to save time,we used the computer,
为了节省时间,我们动用了电脑,
? I lent him my bike in order that he could save time,
我把自行车借给他,以便他能节省一些时间。
? He gets up early so that he won’t be late,
他早起床以便不迟到。
Unit 7
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 25
4.School-teachers have a description for this,(paragraph
4,line4)
学校教师这样描述这种情况。
5.Though,of course,there are times… (paragraph 4,line 8)
though可作连词和副词用，表示, 虽然 …… 但是 ……,即使 ……”,它
作副词时不用于句子开头。
? Poor though I am,I can afford beer,
我虽穷但我还喝得起啤酒。
? It’s hard work.I enjoy it though,
工作虽苦但是我干得挺快活的。
Unit 7
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 26
Unit 7
6.It will be a long time before a computer is invented
that can do this… (paragraph 7,line 5)
要发明一台能做这一切的计算机，还需要经过漫长的
时间 …… It
will be a long time before… 即是 It will take a long
time to do sth.。
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 27
1.The brain is the most complicated part of the human
body,and yet less is known about it than any other part,
2.Over the centuries,the cortex has grown,and it is now deeply
folded in order to provide a larger surface area without
requiring a greater total volume,
3.Very old people often remember incidents from their
childhood which have not come to their minds for sixty to
seventy years.If we have stored something in our memory,it
is there,
Schoolteachers have a description for this,saying that things
“go in one ear and out the other”,
4.It will be a very long time before a computer is invented that
can do this because imagination is a very difficult thing to
build into integrated circuits and silicon chips,
IV,Detail Study (Sentences Appreciation and Citing)
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 28
大 脑
大脑是人体最复杂的一部分。但是人们对它的认识却比任
何其他部分都少。它体积很小（正常人的人脑重约一公斤）,脑
袋较大的人并不意味着脑袋更聪明。
大脑皮层（外面部分）比大脑的实际大小更重要。大脑皮
层经过几个世纪的进化，现在已有了许多深深的褶皱以便在无
需增大体积的情况下提供更大的表面积。
大脑通过感官系统接受外界的信息。这些信息由眼睛、鼻
子、耳朵、嘴巴及身体的外表来聚集。然后储存在容量极大的
记忆里。实际上，科学家们并没有完全了解记忆是如何起作用
的，但他们也没有说明大脑储存的信息量有任何限度。同样，
信息看起来永不丢失。非常老的人们经常记得已有六七十年来
从没有在他们大脑出现过的童年往事。假如我们把信息存在大
脑里，它就会留在那里。但是我们能够把它提出来用吗？这可
是个难题。
IV,Detail Study (Translation)
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 29
Unit 7
我们接受到的一些信息只是进入短期记忆中，这种信息我们
只能保留一两分钟，然后就丢失。学生如果对哪门功课不感兴
趣的话，在课堂上他们好像常用短期记忆。学校教师描述这一
情况时说学生们, 左耳进右耳出, 。但如果孩子感兴趣的话，
他
就把信息储存在长期记忆里，且永远不丢失（当然，不过他也
有记不起来的时候）。
大脑通过运动神经系统把指令传送给身体，其使手臂和腿
部运动、眼睛注视、手掌开合、颌部上下活动等等。通过运动
神经系统我们甚至可以短时间内闭气，但不能长久。然而，使
身体去做一些不利于它的事是很困难的。试着用刀来割自己的
肉，用火柴来烧自己的身体，你会感到这是很难做到的。
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 30
Unit 7
还有大脑下意识控制的第三个系统，称作体内平衡系统。通过
这上系统，大脑告诉心脏跳多快，消化系统吸收多少食物，体内
的腺体什么时候出汗，流口水等。这些通常我们无法控制的，尽
管东方的某些苦行僧或印度的神秘主义者声称人们能控制体内平
衡系统中的许多部分。
所以大脑是人体器官一个复杂而精巧的部件。除了上文提到的
三个系统外，它还有一些特殊的功能。它可以利用储存的信息来
进行创造性思维，使人类在科学、艺术和技术方面获得惊人的进
步。要发明一台能做到这一切的电脑还需要一段漫长的时间，因
为要把想象力设计到集成电路和硅片上是一件非常困难的事。
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 31
V,Home Assignment,
1,Recite Text A;
2,Finish the exercises after Text A;
3,Prepare for a quiz on Text A;
4,Unit 7 Extensive Course,
Back
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 32
Unit Seven
Text A
The Brain
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 2
Unit Seven Text A
I,Pre-reading Task
II,Related Information
III,Outline& Summary
IV,Detailed Study
V,Home Assignment
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 3
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 4
I,Pre-reading Task,
1,We know more about the brain than
any other part of the body,
2,The largest one’s brain is,the cleverer he
will be,
3,A computer may some day replace the
human brain because of its performance,
Back
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 5
II,Related Information,
1,Short-term memory,
Short-term memory is the system used to
remember information,in use”,such as a
telephone number while one is dialing,Whether or
not short-term memory represents a separate
system,it does have certain clearly defined
characteristics,It is limited in storage capacity,
most people can repeat a 7- or 8- digit telephone
number,but not 10 or 11 digits,Short-term
memory appears to be related to speech,a string
of similar-sounding consonants such as BGCVTP
is less likely to be remembered correctly than a
string of dissimilar consonants such as KGRWFL,
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 6
Long-term memory,
The scientific study of long-tern memory began with the work of
Hermann Ebbinghuas,who eased the problem of measuring memory by
studding the rote learning of meaningless material,This approach to human
memory has been strongly criticized,notably by Sir Frederic Bartlett in the
1930s,for ignoring the crucial role of meaning in memory,Memory in
everyday life is rarely based on rote retention of detail,it relies heavily in
remembering the meaning of a passage,a conversation,or an event,The
difficulties involved in carrying out experiments and constructing and testing
theory of memory under naturalistic conditions,however,limited most
investigation up to the 1960s to studies of the rote memory,Stimulusrespnse
associationism was the dominant theoretical approach to memory at that time,
This approach assumed that the basic unit of memory was an association
between stimulus and response,and attempted to study this association,
which,when understood,would allow more complex memory phenomena to
be explained,
II,Related Information,
Back
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 7
III,Outline & Summary,
I) Outline,
1,(Para.1-2) The brain is the most complicated part of the
human body,Its size is not as important as the surface
area of the cortex,
2,(Para.3~6) The brain works through the Sensory System,
the Motor System and the Homeostatic System,
3,(Para,7) Conclusion
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 8
III,Outline & Summary,
II) Summary,
The brain is a complex and delicate part of the human
organism.It works in special ways through the three
systems:the Sensory system which functions as
receiving information from the outside world;the Motor
system which is of the function of sending instructions to
the body;the Homeostatic system which functions as
telling parts of the body how to work or more.But the
computer can’t do these ways nowadays because it
lacks imagination,
Back
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 9
1.complicated adj,
1.错综的，复杂的
The machine of a computer is very complicated,
电脑的机件是很复杂的。
2.费解的，棘手的
Don’t ask me such complicated questions,
不要问我这样复杂的问题。
IV,Detail Study (Words)
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 10
Unit 7
2,fold
U.1.折叠，对折
She folded the handkerchief and put it in her pocket,
她折好手绢，放进口袋。
2.合拢，交叠
The little child folded her hands in prayer,
这个小孩合上双手祈祷。
3.可折叠
If you’re going camping you’ll need a folding bed,
你如果要去露营，便需要一张能折叠的床。
n,褶层，褶痕
[记忆技巧 ]foldaway adj.可折叠的； folder n.纸夹，文书夹；
fivefold 五倍
[常用短语 ]fold in混合，拌入； fold up（商店）关闭，垮台
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 11
3.capacity n,
1.容量，容积，生产量
? This is a building of very large capacity,
这是一栋容量极大的建筑物。
2.能力，能量
? The book is beyond my son’s capacity,
这本书我儿子看不懂。
3.性格，地位，身份
? I’m speaking in my capacity as minister of trade,
我以贸易部长的身份说话。
[记忆技巧 ]capacious adj.容量大的
[常用短语 ]be filled to capacity 全满
Unit 7
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 12
4.limit
n,1.限度，界限，边界
? I can’t walk ten miles.I know my own limits,
我走不了十英里路，我了解自已体力的限度。
2.无法忍受的人或事
? You’re the limit! Can’t you make your mind up!
你真叫人忍受不了！难道你就不能作个决定！
u,1.限制，限定
? We must limit ourselves to one cake each,
我们必需限定自己一个人一块蛋糕。
[记忆技巧 ]limitation n,限制，缺陷； limited adj,受限制的，负有限责
任的； limiting adj,限制的； limitless adj,无限的，无止境的；
unlimited 无限的
[常用短语 ]limited liability 有限责任
Unit 7
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 13
5.absorb v,
1.吸收，吸取
? The clever boy absorbed all the knowledge his teachers could give
him,
那个聪明的男孩吸收了所有老师能传授给他的知识。
2.使全神贯注，使专心
? I was absorbed in a book and didn’t hear your call,
我正专心看书，没听到你在叫唤。
3.(指大国家，大公司）并吞，兼并
? Most little shops have been absorbed into big business,
大部分的小店都被并入大公司。
[记忆技巧 ]absorbent n./adj,吸收剂，能吸收的； absorbing adj,
引人入胜的； absorption n,吸收，专心，兼并
[常用短语 ]be absorbed in sth 被 …… 吸引住；专注于
Unit 7
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 14
6.focus
v,1.使 …… 集中于焦点，使 …… 合焦点
? The boy focused sun’s ray on a piece of wood with a burning
glass,
这个男孩用凸透镜使太阳光线的焦点集于一块木头上。
2.专心思考
? He must be very tired; he doesn’t seem to focus at all,
今天他一定很累；他似乎无法专心思考。
n,1.中心点，焦点
2.焦距
3.(注意力的）集中点
? She always wants to be the focus of attention,
她总是想成为注意的焦点。
[常用短语 ]focus on 使集中,in(to)/out of focus 清晰（不清晰），在焦
点上（外）
Unit 7
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 15
7.recall v,
1.回想起，记得
? I can’t recall seeing him,
我记不起见过他。
2.召回（某人）
? The government recalled the general after he lost the battle,
将军打败仗后，政府将他召回。
3.取回（某物）
? The makers have recalled a lot of cars that were unsafe,
制造厂已将许多不安全的车子收回了。
[记忆技巧 ]recallable adj,想得起来的
[常用短语 ]beyond/past recall 想不起来
Unit 7
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 16
1.come to (one’s)mind 想到；出现（某人的）脑海里
? Although I know it well,the name just won’t come to
my mind,
尽管很了解它，但我就是想不起名字。
? The meeting with the evil people comes to their
minds from time to time,
他们脑海里不时出现与那些罪恶之人相见的场面。
IV,Detail Study (Phrases)
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 17
2.go in one ear and out the other 左耳进右耳出
? The teacher’s direction to the boy went in one ear and out the
other,
老师对那个男孩的教导左耳进右耳出。
? Mother scolded Mary,but it just went in one ear and out the
other,
玛丽对母亲谴责是左耳进右耳出。
3.up and down 上下地，来去，来回
? The naughty boy,like a monkey,enjoys jumping up and
down,
那个玩皮男孩像个猴子一样喜欢上蹦下跳。
? People were walking up and down in front of the school,
在学校门前总有人来回穿行。
Unit 7
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 18
4.be interested in sth,对 …… 感兴趣
? I was interested in your remark,
我对你所说的感兴趣。
? He isn’t interested in the teacher’s direction so that he often
feel sleepy in class,
他对老师的教导不感兴趣，所以常在课堂上昏昏欲睡。
5.build into 使成为（某物）一部分；固定在某物上
? The rate of pay was built into her contract,
薪水的多少列明在她的合同里。
? The cupboards are built into the walls,
橱柜是嵌进墙里的。
Unit 7
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 19
1.incident(n.)与 accident(n.)
两者在作名词时都译为, 事故，事件,,但 incident着重于, 事
情,
事变，事件,,如 the Xi’an Incident 西安事变； accident 着重于
,（意外）事故,,常指, 天灾人祸, 等，如,a car accident 撞
车事故
,a fire accident 失火事故。再如,
? The quarrelling incident in the bus caused the traffic accident,
由于在车上吵架（件事）导了交通事故的发生。
（其中的 incident 与 accident 不能互换。）
另外,incident还可作形容词，表示, 附带的，有关系的如,
? These duties are incident upon me as a teacher,
这些是我身为教师的职责。
IV,Detail Study (Words Comparison)
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 20
Unit 7
2.seem(v.),look (v.)与 appear (v.)
seem是, 似乎，好像, 之意，表示对事物作出判断虽有一定的根
据，但仍有所怀疑。
look是, 貌似, 之意，指凭视觉作出的判断，但含有较多的真实
性。
appear 与 look一样，也是凭视觉的印象而产生的一种看法，担这
种看法可能是与实际不相符的。
? It seems like years since I last saw you,
自从上次跟你见面后，好像很久没见你了。
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 21
Unit 7
? Judging by her letter,she looks to be the best person for the
job,
从她的信看起来，她似乎是这工作最适当的人选。
? He appears to be your friend but I doubt if he is,
他看起来好像是你的朋友，不过我怀疑。
另外,appear,seem可跟 that-从句或不定式，而 look不行；
look,seem可跟 as if 从句，但 appear不行； seem可与 like连用，
而其它两者不行。但在很多场合它们是可以互用的。
? It appears/seems that he’s guilty,
看来他似乎有罪。
? It seems/looks asif there will be an election soon,
看情形似乎不久就会有选举。
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 22
Unit7
3.sense(n.),sensation (n.)和 feeling (n.)
sense表示感觉，感官（视觉，听觉，嗅觉，味觉等）。
sensation感觉，指通过五官传入，又经大脑施以统一化的感觉，
还指心理状态、兴奋、兴趣等到方面的感觉。
feeling感觉，普通用语，指寒冷、痛等的感觉。
? We get most of our knowledge through the five senses,
我们的大部分知识是通过五种官能得来的。
? I know the train had stopped,but I had the sensation that it was
moving backwards,
我知道火车已经停了，但是我觉得火车在后退。
? I have a feeling of hunger,
我感觉饿了。
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 23
1,… and yet less is know… (paragraph 1,line 1)
yet在此作连词用，表示, 可是，然而,,可以跟 and与 but一起用。
? She is a funny girl,(and/but)yet you can’t help liking her,
她人很滑稽，但你禁不住会喜欢她。
2,… over the centuries(paragraph 2,line2)
over在此作介词，表示, 在 …… 时间内，在 …… 过程中, 。
? Can we talk about it over dinner?
我们可以在晚饭时谈论此事吗？
? Over the years he’s become more and more patient,
经过这许多年他已经变得越来越有耐心了。
IV,Detail Study (Difficult Points)
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 24
3,… in order to… (paragraph 2,line 3)
in order to 表示, 为了，以便,,与之相似的表达方式有 so as to,
二者都可引导一个表示目的不定式短语。
另外,in order that与 so that是两个引导目的状语从句的连词短语。
In order that及 so that后面都接从句； so that 除了接目的状语从
句外，还可接结果状语从句。
? In order to save time,we used the computer,
为了节省时间,我们动用了电脑,
? I lent him my bike in order that he could save time,
我把自行车借给他,以便他能节省一些时间。
? He gets up early so that he won’t be late,
他早起床以便不迟到。
Unit 7
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 25
4.School-teachers have a description for this,(paragraph
4,line4)
学校教师这样描述这种情况。
5.Though,of course,there are times… (paragraph 4,line 8)
though可作连词和副词用，表示, 虽然 …… 但是 ……,即使 ……”,它
作副词时不用于句子开头。
? Poor though I am,I can afford beer,
我虽穷但我还喝得起啤酒。
? It’s hard work.I enjoy it though,
工作虽苦但是我干得挺快活的。
Unit 7
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 26
Unit 7
6.It will be a long time before a computer is invented
that can do this… (paragraph 7,line 5)
要发明一台能做这一切的计算机，还需要经过漫长的
时间 …… It
will be a long time before… 即是 It will take a long
time to do sth.。
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 27
1.The brain is the most complicated part of the human
body,and yet less is known about it than any other part,
2.Over the centuries,the cortex has grown,and it is now deeply
folded in order to provide a larger surface area without
requiring a greater total volume,
3.Very old people often remember incidents from their
childhood which have not come to their minds for sixty to
seventy years.If we have stored something in our memory,it
is there,
Schoolteachers have a description for this,saying that things
“go in one ear and out the other”,
4.It will be a very long time before a computer is invented that
can do this because imagination is a very difficult thing to
build into integrated circuits and silicon chips,
IV,Detail Study (Sentences Appreciation and Citing)
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 28
大 脑
大脑是人体最复杂的一部分。但是人们对它的认识却比任
何其他部分都少。它体积很小（正常人的人脑重约一公斤）,脑
袋较大的人并不意味着脑袋更聪明。
大脑皮层（外面部分）比大脑的实际大小更重要。大脑皮
层经过几个世纪的进化，现在已有了许多深深的褶皱以便在无
需增大体积的情况下提供更大的表面积。
大脑通过感官系统接受外界的信息。这些信息由眼睛、鼻
子、耳朵、嘴巴及身体的外表来聚集。然后储存在容量极大的
记忆里。实际上，科学家们并没有完全了解记忆是如何起作用
的，但他们也没有说明大脑储存的信息量有任何限度。同样，
信息看起来永不丢失。非常老的人们经常记得已有六七十年来
从没有在他们大脑出现过的童年往事。假如我们把信息存在大
脑里，它就会留在那里。但是我们能够把它提出来用吗？这可
是个难题。
IV,Detail Study (Translation)
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 29
Unit 7
我们接受到的一些信息只是进入短期记忆中，这种信息我们
只能保留一两分钟，然后就丢失。学生如果对哪门功课不感兴
趣的话，在课堂上他们好像常用短期记忆。学校教师描述这一
情况时说学生们, 左耳进右耳出, 。但如果孩子感兴趣的话，
他
就把信息储存在长期记忆里，且永远不丢失（当然，不过他也
有记不起来的时候）。
大脑通过运动神经系统把指令传送给身体，其使手臂和腿
部运动、眼睛注视、手掌开合、颌部上下活动等等。通过运动
神经系统我们甚至可以短时间内闭气，但不能长久。然而，使
身体去做一些不利于它的事是很困难的。试着用刀来割自己的
肉，用火柴来烧自己的身体，你会感到这是很难做到的。
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 30
Unit 7
还有大脑下意识控制的第三个系统，称作体内平衡系统。通过
这上系统，大脑告诉心脏跳多快，消化系统吸收多少食物，体内
的腺体什么时候出汗，流口水等。这些通常我们无法控制的，尽
管东方的某些苦行僧或印度的神秘主义者声称人们能控制体内平
衡系统中的许多部分。
所以大脑是人体器官一个复杂而精巧的部件。除了上文提到的
三个系统外，它还有一些特殊的功能。它可以利用储存的信息来
进行创造性思维，使人类在科学、艺术和技术方面获得惊人的进
步。要发明一台能做到这一切的电脑还需要一段漫长的时间，因
为要把想象力设计到集成电路和硅片上是一件非常困难的事。
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 31
V,Home Assignment,
1,Recite Text A;
2,Finish the exercises after Text A;
3,Prepare for a quiz on Text A;
4,Unit 7 Extensive Course,
Back
Unit Seven Text A
By Zhu Ruina 32
