Unit Seven Text B By Zhu Ruina 1
Unit Seven
Text B
How Your Memory Works
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 2
Unit Seven Text B
I,Pre-reading Task
II,Related Information
III,Outline & Summary
IV,Detailed Study
V,Home Assignment
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 3
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 4
I,Pre-reading Task,
1,What is most important in human
communication?
2,What are the three main memory processes
mentioned in the text?
3,What are the two memories described in
the passage?
Back
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 5
II,Related Information,
1.1 The colonies of the east coast,the 13 settlements in
the east coast of the US which formed the original United
States,
1.2 Pioneer Americans/ the Frontier Settlers,In
American history,the frontier was the westernmost at
any given time in the expansion of the nation,Historians
assume that the process of extending the frontier
westward bean in 1607 with the settlement of Jamestown
and ended around 1890,when there was no longer any
new land for homesteaders,
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 6
The Industrial Revolution,
the term Industrial Revolution describes the historical transformation
of traditional into modern societies by industrialization of the economy,
The main defining feature of the revolution was a dramatic increase in
per capital production that was made possible by the mechanization of
manufacturing and other process that were carried out in factories,Its
main social impact was that it changed an agrarian into an urban
industrial society,The historical term Industrial Revolution can be
applied to specific countries and periods of the past,but the process
know as industrialization is still going on,particularly in developing
countries,Since industrialization makes possible long-term increases
in production and income,economists seeking to create in developing
countries a process similar to the one that first occurred by accident in
18tb –century Britain have carefully studied the Industrial Revolution,
II,Related Information,
Back
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 7
III,Outline & Summary,
I) Outline,
1,(Para.1) Memory process and two kinds of memory,
2,(Para.3~5) Short-term Memory and experiments on it,
3,(Para,6) conclusion?
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 8
III,Outline & Summary,
II) Summary,
Scientists have discovered that people process
information in three steps and through two types of
memory,short term and long term,In one experiment
on the short-term memory,it was found that even
slight delays or interruptions can hinder information
from being retained,In another experiment it was
found that people asked to identify a certain number
will search through an entire set of memorized
numbers even after finding the answer required,How
the transformation from short-term to long tong-term
memory is accomplished remains a mystery,
Back
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 9
1,retain v,
1.保留，保持
? He has a good memory that retains facts,
他有个过目不忘的记忆力。
2.留住
? The farmers built a dam to retain the water of the lake,
农民修筑一道堤以蓄湖泊的水。
[记忆技巧 ]retainer n,侍从，门客
IV,Detail Study (Words)
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 10
Unit 7
2,flash v,
1.闪出，亮出，夸示
? He flashed a one-pound note at the man by the door,
他向门旁边的人亮出一张一英镑的钞票。
2.使发出闪光
? She flashed a sudden smile at him,
她突然投给他一丝微笑。
3.闪过，掠过，突然出现于心头
? It flashed into/across/through his mind that she
might have been married,
他突然醒悟到她能已结婚。
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 11
flash n,
1.闪光
? flashes of lightning 闪电
2.闪光灯（照相）
? Did you use flash? 你用了闪光灯吗？
[记忆技巧 ]flashbulb n.(照相用）闪光灯泡； flashlight n,
手电筒； flashback n.倒（插）叙
[常用短语 ]flash in the pan昙花一现； in/like a flash瞬间,
即刻； quick as a flash迅如闪电； flash back回想，回溯
Unit 7
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 12
Unit 7
3.specific
adj.1.明确的，具体的，不含糊的
? The book gives specific instructions on how to make
a desk,
这本书列出了制造桌子的详尽说明。
2.特殊的，特 定的，特有的
? A specific attribute of the elephant is its long trunk,
大象的特有属性就是它那长鼻子。
n,1.(多作复数）具体情况，细节
? The specifics of the accident were hazy,
事故的具体情况仍不清楚。
2.特效的
? There is no specific for cancer,
治癌症还没有什么特效药。
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 13
Unit 7
[记忆技巧 ]specifically adv.明确地，特有地，特殊地； specify
v.指定，详述，说明； specification n.指定，详细说明书
（或计划书），清单； species(单复数同）种类；
specimen标本，样品
[常用短语 ]specific gravity 比重
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 14
Unit 7
4.process
n.1.(大自然的）作用，活动
? Coal was formed out of dead forests by chemical processes,
煤是已死森林经过化学作用产生的。
2.(专技）隆起
? There are two bony processes on each side of the mouth,
嘴边有两块突骨。
3.步骤，过程，进程，（尤其生产的）工序
? The firm is now in the process of moving the machines to a new
factory,
公司现在正把机器移至新工厂。
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 15
v,1.加工，冲印（照片）
? Have your photographs been processed?
你的照片冲印了吗？
2.处理；小心准备，仔细检查
? The plans are now being processed,
计划现在正在审批。
[记忆技巧 ]proceed v.进行，开始； proceeding n.程序，进程；
procession行进，行列； procedure n.过程，步骤
[常用短语 ]in(the)process of在 …… 的过程中，经过（一段时间 )
Unit 7
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 16
Unit 7
5.identify v,
1.识别，认出，鉴定
? I identified the criminal,
我指认出了凶手。
2.认为 ……,一致，使等同于
? I’d identify the two tastes,
我要辨认出两回事种味道是否相同。
[记忆技巧 ]identification n.证明，证明身份的文件； identity n.身
份，本体，相同，相似； identical adj.同一的，完全相似的；
unidentified不能确认 的
[常用短语 ]identify with使某人与某物有联系，认为某物与某
物相等，认同； identity card 身份证
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 17
Unit 7
6.directly adv,
1.直接地，正好
? He lives directly opposite the church,
他正好住在教堂的对面。
2.马上，立即
? Answer me directly!
马上回答我！
3.不久，立刻，立即
? He should be here directly if you don’t mind waiting,
请等一下，他一会儿就来了。
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 18
Unit 7
directly conj,
一 …… 就 ……
? I came directly I got your message,
我一接到你的信就来了。
[记忆技巧 ]direct adj/v.直接的；指点、指引、指导、指挥、针
对； directive adj./n.训示的；指令； direction n.方向，指挥、
指示，说明； director n.处长、局长、主任，理事、导演
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 19
Unit 7
7.associate
v.1.使结交或结伙
? If we can associate the two firms,we will be much stronger,
我们能合并这两家公司的话，那力量就雄厚得多了。
2.联想
? I associate politics with war,
我把政治跟战争联系在一起。
n.1.(尤指工作中的）同事，伙伴
? He is not a friend but a business associate,
他并非朋友而是生意上的伙伴。
2.准会员
[记忆技巧 ]association n.协会，结合
[常用短语 ]be associated with与 …… 有联系； be in association with
sb.与某人有往来
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 20
1.no matter how 不管怎样
? And would you defend me no matter how all these
people attacked me?
不管所有这些人怎样攻击我，你会保护我吗？
? No matter how badly she had slept she always get up
early,
不管她睡得怎样的不好，她总是很早起床。
IV,Detail Study (Phrases)
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 21
Unit 7
2.over and over again 反复地，一遍又一遍地
? They sang the same sang over and over again at the
top of their voices,
他们一遍又一遍地大声唱着那首歌。
3.play a part in 在 …… 中起作用
? The teacher plays a very active part in this type of
classroom activity,
老师在这种课堂活动中起到非常积极的作用。
? Please explain the part that weather plays in our
country’s Trade,
请解释一下天气在我国贸易中起的作用。
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 22
Unit 7
4.a series of 一系列
? A series of wet days spoiled our vacation,
一系列的潮湿天气破坏了我们的假期。
? A whole series of mistakes have led to the present
dilemma,
一连串的错误导致了目前的困镜。
5.fade away 逐渐消失
? When the police arrived the crowd faded away,
警察到达时，人群都散去了。
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 23
Unit 7
6.as soon as 一 …… 就 ……
? Could you ring me up here as soon as he arrives?
你可以在他一到就在这儿打电话给我吗？
? I’ll return the book as soon as I have finished reading
it,
我一看完这本书就还给你。
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 24
1.process(n.)与 procedure(n.)
process特指制造、印刷、照相等的工作方法或过程。
procedure特别指会议或法律方面的程序或手续。
? The workers have developed a new process of dying,
工人们创造了一种新的染色法。
? So much time was spent on settling procedure that
little actual business was finished at the party political
meeting,
该政党政治会议在程序安排上花太多时间以致实际事
务完成得很少。
IV,Detail Study (Words Comparison)
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 25
Unit 7
2.in front of,in the front of 与 before
in front of指, 在某物（范围之外）的前面, ； in the front of指, 在某物
之内的前部, 。
? In front of the house was a tall tree,
房前有一棵高树。
? The living room is in the front of the house,
起居室是在房子的前部。
before指空间与时间均可，而 in front of 一般只指空间；表示次序时常
用
before,用于抽象意义时也一般用 before。
? He walks before me,
他走在我前面。
? We will never bow before difficulties,
我们永远不在困难面前低头。
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 26
Unit 7
3.entire(adj.),whole(adj.)与 total(adj.)
这三个词都可作, 全部, 讲。 Entire与 whole同义，一般情况
下可
交换使用；而 entire可以修饰抽象名词,whole却不能。
? He is in entire ignorance of it,
他完全不知道这事。
当修饰表示具体事物的名词时，多用 whole.如,
? I will tell you the whole story in detail,
我要把全部事实对你细说。
total则有较强的计算意味。如,
? The total number of the persons here is 125,
总人数是 125。
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 27
1…,the former kind… the latter kind.(paragraph 1,line5)
the former(刚提及的二者中的）前者,the latter(指刚提及
的二者中的）后者。
? Of the two suggestions,I prefer the former,
这两个建议中，我较喜欢前者。
? Of pigs and cows,the latter(=cows)are more valuable,
猪和牛比起来，后者较有价值。
而 latter则表示, 最近的，后来的, 。
? The engine has been greatly improved in latter models,
在最近的模型中引擎大大改善了。
IV,Detail Study (Difficult Points)
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 28
Unit 7
2.Subjects sit in small books,… （ paragraph3,line 2)
subject在此表示（被挑选来体验某物或接受实验的）研究对象；
实验品。
? Rabbits and mice are often subjects for medical experiments,
兔和老鼠经常被作为医疗实验品。
3…,interruption occurs that blocks their search for a
particular number.(paragraph 3,line8)
此处是定语从句太长，置于谓语 occurs的后面,blocks为定语从
句的谓语动词，意思相当开 prevent,
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 29
Unit 7
4.Surprisingly,people need to… (paragraph 5,line 1)
Surprisingly在此处相当于 It’s surprising that… 表示, 令人奇
怪的是,,类似 surprisingly这样的表达，即形容整个句子
的副词有（ un)fortunately,apparently,obviously等等。
5.depending on(paragraph 6,line 4)
depending on”依赖，视 ……,而定,,亦作 depend
upon,
? Whether the game will be played depends on the
weather,
球赛是否进行要看天气而定。
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 30
Unit 7
6…,or somewhere in between.(paragraph 6,line 4)
意思为, 或者处于两者之间,, in between表示, 处于（某种
位置、状态、空间）之间，如,
? I don’t care if she is black,while or in between,
我不介意她是黑是白，还是处于两者之间。
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 31
1,No matter how the message is sent,it must arrive in a form
that can be understood,retained,and later recalled by the
brain,
2,Psychologists know a great deal about the former kind of
memory,but the know very little about the latter kind,
3,A series of numbers is flashed on the screen,and the
subjects are asked to identify a specific number to the
right of the another number in the series,
4,The same event is organized and stored quite differently,
depending on whether a person is calm,in panic,or
somewhere in between,
5,Depressed persons can recall unpleasant memories
quickly because these memories are more meaningful to
them; that is,the memories are more directly associated
with people’s unpleasant experiences,
IV,Detail Study (Sentences Appreciation and Citing)
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 32
记忆是怎样起作用的
在人类所有记忆中，信息是从一个人的记忆传给另一个人的记忆
的。不管信息如何传递，都是以大脑能理解、保存，然后回的形式在
进行的。这三种记忆过程是怎样起作的呢？回答这个问题之前，我需
要考虑到有两种记忆：即短期记忆和长期记忆这一事实。心理学家对
前一种记忆了解颇多而对后一种了解却甚少。
在人的短期记忆中只能保留 5-7条信息。然而，除非你反复地背这
此信息，否则不到一分钟就会把它忘掉。这种短期记忆只是用来记忆
别人刚才告诉你的一个名字或电话号码。短期记忆在思考和理解中起
着重要作用。
很多心理学家都做过一个测试短记忆容量的标准的实验。受试者
被要求确认在这一系列数字中的某个数字右侧的另一个具体数字。心
理学家发现数字系列在屏幕闪过后立即问受试者问题时他们就能回答
IV,Detail Study (Translation)
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 33
得很好。这一组数字作为, 记忆影象, 很容易被记住。如果提问时
间
哪怕拖延半秒钟，记忆影像就会逐渐消失，其精确度也会大大降低
。当任何阻碍受试者搜寻一个特定数字的干扰发生时，他们也会很
快忘掉这组数字系列。
在另一个测试短期记忆的有趣实验中，心理学家叫志愿者记
住一张简单的数字表，例如 2,4,7,8。受试者被要求迅速判断出表上
是否有某一具体数字（如 7），科学家发现受试都能够每秒搜寻到
25-30个已记住的数字。这个测试也表明了当人们在脑海里搜寻记
住的数列时，他们会因认出了一个相应数字就停止而是继续把整个
数列搜寻完毕。
令人奇怪的是，人们需要在脑海里搜索整个已记住的数列；
很难理解的是为什么人们在他们找到了一个相应的数字后还会继续
搜寻。科学家解释说：, 一种可能的解答是搜寻整个数列实际上可
Unit 7
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 34
能比在中途停下来的搜寻速度还要快。, 事实上，心理学家利
用另一种方法要求受试者在找到测试数字后停止搜寻时，他们
的搜寻速度便慢多了。
科学家们对弄清短期心忆是如何变成长期记忆这一问题
很感兴趣。他们知道这个过程受到年龄、遗传基因、激素和环
境的影响。他们也知道，大脑储存信息的方式会因时间的不同
而不同，同一事件的组织及储存方式也不同，这要视一个人是
镇静、惊慌或者是处于两者之间而定。心情郁积的人能很快地
想起不愉快的往事。这种记忆对他们来说更有意义，也就是说
，这种记忆与他们不愉快的经历有着更直接的联系。记忆影像
如何储存，然后又被回忆起来，这个过程仍是一个未能解答的
问题。
Unit 7
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 35
V,Home Assignment,
1,Recite Text B;
2,Finish the exercises after Text B;
3,Prepare for a quiz on Text B;
4,Unit 7 Extensive Course
Back
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 36
Unit Seven
Text B
How Your Memory Works
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 2
Unit Seven Text B
I,Pre-reading Task
II,Related Information
III,Outline & Summary
IV,Detailed Study
V,Home Assignment
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 3
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 4
I,Pre-reading Task,
1,What is most important in human
communication?
2,What are the three main memory processes
mentioned in the text?
3,What are the two memories described in
the passage?
Back
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 5
II,Related Information,
1.1 The colonies of the east coast,the 13 settlements in
the east coast of the US which formed the original United
States,
1.2 Pioneer Americans/ the Frontier Settlers,In
American history,the frontier was the westernmost at
any given time in the expansion of the nation,Historians
assume that the process of extending the frontier
westward bean in 1607 with the settlement of Jamestown
and ended around 1890,when there was no longer any
new land for homesteaders,
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 6
The Industrial Revolution,
the term Industrial Revolution describes the historical transformation
of traditional into modern societies by industrialization of the economy,
The main defining feature of the revolution was a dramatic increase in
per capital production that was made possible by the mechanization of
manufacturing and other process that were carried out in factories,Its
main social impact was that it changed an agrarian into an urban
industrial society,The historical term Industrial Revolution can be
applied to specific countries and periods of the past,but the process
know as industrialization is still going on,particularly in developing
countries,Since industrialization makes possible long-term increases
in production and income,economists seeking to create in developing
countries a process similar to the one that first occurred by accident in
18tb –century Britain have carefully studied the Industrial Revolution,
II,Related Information,
Back
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 7
III,Outline & Summary,
I) Outline,
1,(Para.1) Memory process and two kinds of memory,
2,(Para.3~5) Short-term Memory and experiments on it,
3,(Para,6) conclusion?
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 8
III,Outline & Summary,
II) Summary,
Scientists have discovered that people process
information in three steps and through two types of
memory,short term and long term,In one experiment
on the short-term memory,it was found that even
slight delays or interruptions can hinder information
from being retained,In another experiment it was
found that people asked to identify a certain number
will search through an entire set of memorized
numbers even after finding the answer required,How
the transformation from short-term to long tong-term
memory is accomplished remains a mystery,
Back
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 9
1,retain v,
1.保留，保持
? He has a good memory that retains facts,
他有个过目不忘的记忆力。
2.留住
? The farmers built a dam to retain the water of the lake,
农民修筑一道堤以蓄湖泊的水。
[记忆技巧 ]retainer n,侍从，门客
IV,Detail Study (Words)
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 10
Unit 7
2,flash v,
1.闪出，亮出，夸示
? He flashed a one-pound note at the man by the door,
他向门旁边的人亮出一张一英镑的钞票。
2.使发出闪光
? She flashed a sudden smile at him,
她突然投给他一丝微笑。
3.闪过，掠过，突然出现于心头
? It flashed into/across/through his mind that she
might have been married,
他突然醒悟到她能已结婚。
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 11
flash n,
1.闪光
? flashes of lightning 闪电
2.闪光灯（照相）
? Did you use flash? 你用了闪光灯吗？
[记忆技巧 ]flashbulb n.(照相用）闪光灯泡； flashlight n,
手电筒； flashback n.倒（插）叙
[常用短语 ]flash in the pan昙花一现； in/like a flash瞬间,
即刻； quick as a flash迅如闪电； flash back回想，回溯
Unit 7
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 12
Unit 7
3.specific
adj.1.明确的，具体的，不含糊的
? The book gives specific instructions on how to make
a desk,
这本书列出了制造桌子的详尽说明。
2.特殊的，特 定的，特有的
? A specific attribute of the elephant is its long trunk,
大象的特有属性就是它那长鼻子。
n,1.(多作复数）具体情况，细节
? The specifics of the accident were hazy,
事故的具体情况仍不清楚。
2.特效的
? There is no specific for cancer,
治癌症还没有什么特效药。
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 13
Unit 7
[记忆技巧 ]specifically adv.明确地，特有地，特殊地； specify
v.指定，详述，说明； specification n.指定，详细说明书
（或计划书），清单； species(单复数同）种类；
specimen标本，样品
[常用短语 ]specific gravity 比重
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 14
Unit 7
4.process
n.1.(大自然的）作用，活动
? Coal was formed out of dead forests by chemical processes,
煤是已死森林经过化学作用产生的。
2.(专技）隆起
? There are two bony processes on each side of the mouth,
嘴边有两块突骨。
3.步骤，过程，进程，（尤其生产的）工序
? The firm is now in the process of moving the machines to a new
factory,
公司现在正把机器移至新工厂。
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v,1.加工，冲印（照片）
? Have your photographs been processed?
你的照片冲印了吗？
2.处理；小心准备，仔细检查
? The plans are now being processed,
计划现在正在审批。
[记忆技巧 ]proceed v.进行，开始； proceeding n.程序，进程；
procession行进，行列； procedure n.过程，步骤
[常用短语 ]in(the)process of在 …… 的过程中，经过（一段时间 )
Unit 7
Unit Seven Text B
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Unit 7
5.identify v,
1.识别，认出，鉴定
? I identified the criminal,
我指认出了凶手。
2.认为 ……,一致，使等同于
? I’d identify the two tastes,
我要辨认出两回事种味道是否相同。
[记忆技巧 ]identification n.证明，证明身份的文件； identity n.身
份，本体，相同，相似； identical adj.同一的，完全相似的；
unidentified不能确认 的
[常用短语 ]identify with使某人与某物有联系，认为某物与某
物相等，认同； identity card 身份证
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Unit 7
6.directly adv,
1.直接地，正好
? He lives directly opposite the church,
他正好住在教堂的对面。
2.马上，立即
? Answer me directly!
马上回答我！
3.不久，立刻，立即
? He should be here directly if you don’t mind waiting,
请等一下，他一会儿就来了。
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Unit 7
directly conj,
一 …… 就 ……
? I came directly I got your message,
我一接到你的信就来了。
[记忆技巧 ]direct adj/v.直接的；指点、指引、指导、指挥、针
对； directive adj./n.训示的；指令； direction n.方向，指挥、
指示，说明； director n.处长、局长、主任，理事、导演
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Unit 7
7.associate
v.1.使结交或结伙
? If we can associate the two firms,we will be much stronger,
我们能合并这两家公司的话，那力量就雄厚得多了。
2.联想
? I associate politics with war,
我把政治跟战争联系在一起。
n.1.(尤指工作中的）同事，伙伴
? He is not a friend but a business associate,
他并非朋友而是生意上的伙伴。
2.准会员
[记忆技巧 ]association n.协会，结合
[常用短语 ]be associated with与 …… 有联系； be in association with
sb.与某人有往来
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1.no matter how 不管怎样
? And would you defend me no matter how all these
people attacked me?
不管所有这些人怎样攻击我，你会保护我吗？
? No matter how badly she had slept she always get up
early,
不管她睡得怎样的不好，她总是很早起床。
IV,Detail Study (Phrases)
Unit Seven Text B
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Unit 7
2.over and over again 反复地，一遍又一遍地
? They sang the same sang over and over again at the
top of their voices,
他们一遍又一遍地大声唱着那首歌。
3.play a part in 在 …… 中起作用
? The teacher plays a very active part in this type of
classroom activity,
老师在这种课堂活动中起到非常积极的作用。
? Please explain the part that weather plays in our
country’s Trade,
请解释一下天气在我国贸易中起的作用。
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Unit 7
4.a series of 一系列
? A series of wet days spoiled our vacation,
一系列的潮湿天气破坏了我们的假期。
? A whole series of mistakes have led to the present
dilemma,
一连串的错误导致了目前的困镜。
5.fade away 逐渐消失
? When the police arrived the crowd faded away,
警察到达时，人群都散去了。
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Unit 7
6.as soon as 一 …… 就 ……
? Could you ring me up here as soon as he arrives?
你可以在他一到就在这儿打电话给我吗？
? I’ll return the book as soon as I have finished reading
it,
我一看完这本书就还给你。
Unit Seven Text B
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1.process(n.)与 procedure(n.)
process特指制造、印刷、照相等的工作方法或过程。
procedure特别指会议或法律方面的程序或手续。
? The workers have developed a new process of dying,
工人们创造了一种新的染色法。
? So much time was spent on settling procedure that
little actual business was finished at the party political
meeting,
该政党政治会议在程序安排上花太多时间以致实际事
务完成得很少。
IV,Detail Study (Words Comparison)
Unit Seven Text B
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Unit 7
2.in front of,in the front of 与 before
in front of指, 在某物（范围之外）的前面, ； in the front of指, 在某物
之内的前部, 。
? In front of the house was a tall tree,
房前有一棵高树。
? The living room is in the front of the house,
起居室是在房子的前部。
before指空间与时间均可，而 in front of 一般只指空间；表示次序时常
用
before,用于抽象意义时也一般用 before。
? He walks before me,
他走在我前面。
? We will never bow before difficulties,
我们永远不在困难面前低头。
Unit Seven Text B
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Unit 7
3.entire(adj.),whole(adj.)与 total(adj.)
这三个词都可作, 全部, 讲。 Entire与 whole同义，一般情况
下可
交换使用；而 entire可以修饰抽象名词,whole却不能。
? He is in entire ignorance of it,
他完全不知道这事。
当修饰表示具体事物的名词时，多用 whole.如,
? I will tell you the whole story in detail,
我要把全部事实对你细说。
total则有较强的计算意味。如,
? The total number of the persons here is 125,
总人数是 125。
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 27
1…,the former kind… the latter kind.(paragraph 1,line5)
the former(刚提及的二者中的）前者,the latter(指刚提及
的二者中的）后者。
? Of the two suggestions,I prefer the former,
这两个建议中，我较喜欢前者。
? Of pigs and cows,the latter(=cows)are more valuable,
猪和牛比起来，后者较有价值。
而 latter则表示, 最近的，后来的, 。
? The engine has been greatly improved in latter models,
在最近的模型中引擎大大改善了。
IV,Detail Study (Difficult Points)
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Unit 7
2.Subjects sit in small books,… （ paragraph3,line 2)
subject在此表示（被挑选来体验某物或接受实验的）研究对象；
实验品。
? Rabbits and mice are often subjects for medical experiments,
兔和老鼠经常被作为医疗实验品。
3…,interruption occurs that blocks their search for a
particular number.(paragraph 3,line8)
此处是定语从句太长，置于谓语 occurs的后面,blocks为定语从
句的谓语动词，意思相当开 prevent,
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Unit 7
4.Surprisingly,people need to… (paragraph 5,line 1)
Surprisingly在此处相当于 It’s surprising that… 表示, 令人奇
怪的是,,类似 surprisingly这样的表达，即形容整个句子
的副词有（ un)fortunately,apparently,obviously等等。
5.depending on(paragraph 6,line 4)
depending on”依赖，视 ……,而定,,亦作 depend
upon,
? Whether the game will be played depends on the
weather,
球赛是否进行要看天气而定。
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Unit 7
6…,or somewhere in between.(paragraph 6,line 4)
意思为, 或者处于两者之间,, in between表示, 处于（某种
位置、状态、空间）之间，如,
? I don’t care if she is black,while or in between,
我不介意她是黑是白，还是处于两者之间。
Unit Seven Text B
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1,No matter how the message is sent,it must arrive in a form
that can be understood,retained,and later recalled by the
brain,
2,Psychologists know a great deal about the former kind of
memory,but the know very little about the latter kind,
3,A series of numbers is flashed on the screen,and the
subjects are asked to identify a specific number to the
right of the another number in the series,
4,The same event is organized and stored quite differently,
depending on whether a person is calm,in panic,or
somewhere in between,
5,Depressed persons can recall unpleasant memories
quickly because these memories are more meaningful to
them; that is,the memories are more directly associated
with people’s unpleasant experiences,
IV,Detail Study (Sentences Appreciation and Citing)
Unit Seven Text B
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记忆是怎样起作用的
在人类所有记忆中，信息是从一个人的记忆传给另一个人的记忆
的。不管信息如何传递，都是以大脑能理解、保存，然后回的形式在
进行的。这三种记忆过程是怎样起作的呢？回答这个问题之前，我需
要考虑到有两种记忆：即短期记忆和长期记忆这一事实。心理学家对
前一种记忆了解颇多而对后一种了解却甚少。
在人的短期记忆中只能保留 5-7条信息。然而，除非你反复地背这
此信息，否则不到一分钟就会把它忘掉。这种短期记忆只是用来记忆
别人刚才告诉你的一个名字或电话号码。短期记忆在思考和理解中起
着重要作用。
很多心理学家都做过一个测试短记忆容量的标准的实验。受试者
被要求确认在这一系列数字中的某个数字右侧的另一个具体数字。心
理学家发现数字系列在屏幕闪过后立即问受试者问题时他们就能回答
IV,Detail Study (Translation)
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 33
得很好。这一组数字作为, 记忆影象, 很容易被记住。如果提问时
间
哪怕拖延半秒钟，记忆影像就会逐渐消失，其精确度也会大大降低
。当任何阻碍受试者搜寻一个特定数字的干扰发生时，他们也会很
快忘掉这组数字系列。
在另一个测试短期记忆的有趣实验中，心理学家叫志愿者记
住一张简单的数字表，例如 2,4,7,8。受试者被要求迅速判断出表上
是否有某一具体数字（如 7），科学家发现受试都能够每秒搜寻到
25-30个已记住的数字。这个测试也表明了当人们在脑海里搜寻记
住的数列时，他们会因认出了一个相应数字就停止而是继续把整个
数列搜寻完毕。
令人奇怪的是，人们需要在脑海里搜索整个已记住的数列；
很难理解的是为什么人们在他们找到了一个相应的数字后还会继续
搜寻。科学家解释说：, 一种可能的解答是搜寻整个数列实际上可
Unit 7
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 34
能比在中途停下来的搜寻速度还要快。, 事实上，心理学家利
用另一种方法要求受试者在找到测试数字后停止搜寻时，他们
的搜寻速度便慢多了。
科学家们对弄清短期心忆是如何变成长期记忆这一问题
很感兴趣。他们知道这个过程受到年龄、遗传基因、激素和环
境的影响。他们也知道，大脑储存信息的方式会因时间的不同
而不同，同一事件的组织及储存方式也不同，这要视一个人是
镇静、惊慌或者是处于两者之间而定。心情郁积的人能很快地
想起不愉快的往事。这种记忆对他们来说更有意义，也就是说
，这种记忆与他们不愉快的经历有着更直接的联系。记忆影像
如何储存，然后又被回忆起来，这个过程仍是一个未能解答的
问题。
Unit 7
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 35
V,Home Assignment,
1,Recite Text B;
2,Finish the exercises after Text B;
3,Prepare for a quiz on Text B;
4,Unit 7 Extensive Course
Back
Unit Seven Text B
By Zhu Ruina 36
