Microbiology of Water
Treatment
—— Zhu Tiequn
Contents
Section A – The microbial world
Section B – Microbial metabolism
Section C – Information storage and
transfer
Section D – Bacterial structure and
function
Section E – Bacterial genetics
Section F – Bacteria and Archaea in
the environment
Section G – Eukaryotic microbes,an
overview
Section H – The fungi and related
phyla
Section I – The Chlorophyta and
Protista
Section J – The viruses
补充 1:环境因素对微生物生长
的影响
补充 2:微生物在自然环境中的
作用
补充 3.环境微生物污染、监测及
控制
补充 4:微生物在废水处理中的
应用
微生物实验,6个
A1 The Microbial world
Section A The Microbial world
Objectives
1.What is a microbe( 微生物)?
2.Prokaryotes( 原核生物) and eukaryotes( 真核生物)
3.The importance of microbiology(微生物学)
Microbe Approximate range of sizes Nature of cell
Viruses 0.01~0.25? Acellular( 非细胞的)
Bacteria 0.1~750 ? Prokaryote( 原核细胞 )
Fungi 2 ? ~1m Eukaryote( 真核细胞)
Protista 2~1000 ? Eukaryote
1.What is a microbe?
1.1 Microbe, Microbe is used to describe an organism that is so small that,
normally,it cannot be seen without the aid of a microscope,
1.2 the category,Viruses( 病毒),Bacteria( 细菌),Archaea( 古细
菌), fungi( 真菌) and protista( 原生生物)
1.3 Their sizes and cell type
Relative sizes of cells and their components
1.What is a microbe?
1.4 Biological Classification
The biological classification system that we still use for plants
and animals,is relatively minor modified,for fungi and
microorganisms,It is a system that starts with a few categories at
the highest level,and further sub-divides them at each lower level,
The levels were given names that are already familiar to you
Kingdom ( 界)
Phylum( 门)
Class ( 纲)
Order ( 目)
Family ( 科)
Genus ( 属)
Species( 种)
1.What is a microbe?
1.5 Microbial Classification
Virus kingdom——Virus
Prokaryote kingdom
Fungi kingdom
Protogene eukaryote kingdom
Bacteria phylum
Blue algae phylum——Cyanobacteria
(蓝细菌)
Bacteria( 细菌)
Actinomyceto( 放线菌)
Mold( 霉菌)
Yeast( 酵母菌)
Algae( 藻类)
protozoa( 原生动物)
1.What is a microbe?
1.5 Microbial nomenclature( 命名法) ——binomial species name
For example,Staphylococcus aureus Rosenbach
Staphylococcus ( 属名)葡萄球菌
aureus( 种名)金黄色的
Rosenbach( 命名人)
For example:Escherichia coli Escherich
Escherichia( 埃希氏杆菌属)
coli( 大肠菌,原意是从结肠 colon分离出来的)
Escherich(最早分离人)
2.Prokaryotes and eukaryotes
The first cell
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
2.Prokaryotes and eukaryotes
原核生物 真核生物
遗传物质和复制的组装:
1.DNA在细胞中游离;
2.只有一个染色体;
3.DNA与类组蛋白连系;
4.含有染色体外的遗传物质,称为质粒;
5.在 mRNA中没有发现内含子;
6.细胞二等分分裂,只有无性繁殖;
7.遗传信息可以通过接合、转导、转化发生。
遗传物质和复制的组装:
1,DNA在膜包围的核中,只有一个核仁;
2.多于一个染色体,每个染色体是双拷

3.DNA与组蛋白连系;
4.只在酵母中发现质粒;
5.所有基因中都发现内含子;
6.细胞分裂为有丝分裂;
7.遗传信息交换发生在有性繁殖过程,
减数分裂导致产生单倍体细胞,它们能
融合。
原核生物和真核生物遗传和细胞组装上的主要区别(一)
2.Prokaryotes and eukaryotes
原核生物 真核生物
细胞的组装:
1.质膜含有 hopanoids,脂多糖和磷壁酸;
2.能量代谢与细胞质膜连系;
3.光合作用一细胞质中的膜系统和泡囊联系;
4.由一根蛋白鞭毛丝构成鞭毛;
5,核糖体 ——70s;
6.肽聚糖的细胞壁(只有真细菌有,古细菌
中是不同的多聚体。
细胞的组装:
1,质膜含有固醇;
2.多数情况下在线粒体中发生;
3.藻类和植物细胞中存在叶绿体 …
4.鞭毛有 9+2微管排列的复杂结构
5.核糖体 ——80s( 线粒体和叶绿体中的
核糖体是 70s)
6.多糖的细胞壁,一般是纤维素或者几
丁质。
原核生物和真核生物遗传和细胞组装上的主要区别(二)
2.Prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Prop erty Prok ay ot ic Euk ary ot ic
Si z e Small Larger
Nucleu s No Yes
DNA One - sm all,
circu lar
Sev eral -
larg e,lin ear
Orga nel les Few o r n on e Many
Cell w al l Yes Yes – pl ants
No – anima ls
Cellu la r
Orga ni z at io n
Main ly
Uni cellu lar
Mul ti - cellu lar
di ff erent i atio n
The major differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
These Microbes?
Prokaryotes, Bacteria,Archaea,Actinomyceto
Eukaryotes, Fungi,Algae,Protozoa
Acellular,Viruses
For example 1,Prokaryotes
Bacteria
For example 1,Prokaryotes
Bacteria and It’s Flagella
For example 1,Prokaryotes
E.coli
For example 1,Prokaryotes
A"general" bacterium
For example 1,Prokaryotes
Archeabacteria
For example 2,Eukaryotes ( Protozoa)
Protozoa
For example 2,Eukaryotes ( Protozoa)
Protozoa
For example 2,Eukaryotes ( Protozoa)
Microscopic,single-celled "animals",more complex and larger than
bacteria
– 10000-15000 nm
– eucaryotic (DNA in nucleus within cell)
– Most not pathogenic
Most are motile.
Aquatic with animal-like characteristics
Ingest organic matter for nutrients.
For example 2,Eukaryotes( Algae)
For example 2,Eukaryotes ( Fungi)
Very diverse group of eukaryotes,
Yeasts are unicellular and spherical
For example 2,Eukaryotes
Eukaryotic Cell
For example 3,Acellular viruses
For example 3,Acellular viruses
For example 3,Acellular viruses
Consist of nucleic acid and protein.
Intracellular parasites
– very small (20-100 nm),very simple
– not composed of cells
– Need to infect host cells to replicate
3.The importance of microbiology
Environment
Medicine
Agriculture
Food
Biotechnology
research
For example,Environment
1676年荷兰人列文虎克
用自磨镜片,制造了一架能
放大 266倍的原始显微镜检查
了污水、齿垢、粪便等,发
现了许多肉眼看不见的微小
生物,正确描述了微生物的
形态有球形、杆状和螺旋形,
为微生物的存在提供了科学
依据。
(Louis Pasteur,1822~1895)
首先实验证明有机物发酵和
腐败是由微生物引起,而酒
类变质是因污染了杂菌所致,
而非自然发生。自此,微生
物学成为一门独立学科。
(Robert Koch,1843~1910)创用固体培养
基,使有可能将细菌从环境或病人排
泄物等标本中分离成为纯培养,利于
对各种细菌的特性分别研究。他还创
用了染色方法和实验动物感染,为发
现多种传染病的病原菌提供实验手段。
科赫法则,1.特殊的病原菌应在同一
疾病中查见,在健康人中不存在; 2.
该病原菌能被分离培养得纯种; 3.该
纯培养物接种至易感动物,能产生同
样病症; 4.自人工感染的实验动物体
内能重新分离得该病原菌纯培养。
Exercise
Answer these questions:
1,Is what a microorganism? Which does
microorganism include main groups?
2.Which differentiations does the eukaryotes
have with prokaryotes?