Section B Microbial metabolism
脊
基质
B2 Electron Transport,
Oxidative Phosphorylation and
β-oxiantion of Fatty Acids
电子传递,氧化磷酸化和
脂肪酸的 β-氧化
1,Electron Transport
? 1.1 电子传递,There is a electron transport chain,It is used to transport electron,In
the electron transport chain,a series of balanced oxidation and reduction reactions
drives the movement of electrons through the carrier series from NADH to oxygen,
During this process energy is released and ATP is synthesized
辅酶 Q
辅酶 QH2
脱氢酶 脱氢酶 细胞色素氧化酶
还原型
氧化型
黄素蛋白 辅酶 Q 细胞色素
H 2 O
1 / 2 O 2
2a 32a 1
2
A T P
2 F e 2+
2 F e 3+2 F e 2+
2 F e 3+
2c
2 F e 2+
2 F e 3+
A T P
2b
2 F e 3+
2 F e 2+
F A D
F A D H 2
A T P
N A D H 2
N A D
A
AH
1,Electron Transport
? 1.2 电子传递的五类物质:
? NADH dehydrogenases.Enzymes that catalyse transfer of hydrogen atoms from reduced
NAD to flavoproteins.
? Flavoproteins.Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD),The
flavins are reduced by accepting a hydrogen atom from NADH and oxidized by losing an
electron,
? Electron carriers,cytochromes.Cytochromes are porphyrin containing proteins each of
which can be reduced or oxidized by the loss of a single electron.
? Iron sulfur proteins.These are carriers of electrons with a range of reduction potentiales.
? Quinones.These are lipid-soluble carriers that can diffuse through membranes carrying
electrons from iron-sulfur proteins to cytochromes.
? Flavoprotein(黄素蛋白),黄素蛋白是一种 FAD为辐基的蛋白,他的作用
是依靠 FAD传递氢。
? Quinones(醌类),具有传递氢和电子的作用。
? 细胞色素( b,c,a),是一类以铁卟啉衍生物为辐基的蛋白质,传递电子。
O
O
C H 3 O
C H 3 O
C H 3
(C H 2 C H C C H 2 )n H
C H 3
n = 6 - 1 0
1,Electron Transport
? 1.3 Oxidative phosphorylation, the flow of protons down the electron
transport chain couples with the synthesis of ATP,the terminal electron
accepter is oxygen,nitrate,sulfate or carbon dioxide.
? 氧化磷酸化:底物在氧化过程中脱下的氢和电子沿电子传递链转
移, 最终交给氧, 电子在传递过程中伴有 ATP的产生 。 这种 ATP的
产生方式称为氧化磷酸化 。
? 底物水平的磷酸化:底物在氧化过程中, 产生一些高能中间体,
这些高能中间体将键能交给 ADP,使之磷酸化产生 ATP过程 。
2.Fatty acid oxidation β-oxidation
? 2.1 脂肪酸的氧化由四步反应组成,oxidation(氧化) Hydration(水合)
oxidation(氧化) thiolysis(硫解)
Prestate---the activation of the fatty acid
? the activation of the fatty acid happened in the cytosol or outside the mitochondria
to form Acetyl CoA,then enter into the mitochondria to be oxidized.
R C H 2 C H 2 C H 2 C O O H + A T P R C H 2 C H 2 C H 2 C
O
A M P + PPi
脂酰 C o A 合 成酶
R C H 2 C H 2 C H 2 C
O
A M P + C oA S H R C H 2 C H 2 C H 2 C
O
S C oA + A M P
RCH2CH2CH2C
O
SCoA
FAD FADH2
RCH2C C
H
H
C
O
SCoA
脂酰 CoA脱氢酶oxidation
hydration
RCH2 CH CH C
O
SCoA
OH
RCH2 C CH C
O
SCoA
O烯脂酰 CoA脱氢酶
NAD+ NADH + H+
oxidation
RCH2 C CH C
O
SCoA
O
RCH2C
O
SCoA CH3C
O
SCoA
CoASH
+
硫解酶thiolysis
烯脂酰 C o A 水合酶
H 2 O
R C H 2 C H C H C
O
S C oA
O H
R C H 2 C C
H
H
C
O
S C oA
2.Fatty acid oxidation β-oxidation
? 2.2 脂肪酸的完全氧化可以产生大量的能量。例如软脂酸(含 16碳)经
过 7次 ?-氧化,可以生成 8个乙酰 CoA,每一次 ?-氧化,还将生成 1分子
FADH2和 1分子 NADH。软脂酸完全氧化的反应式为:
? 按照一个 NADH产生 3个 ATP,1个 FADH2产生 2个 ATP,1个乙酰 CoA完全氧化
产生 12个 ATP计算,1分子软脂酰 CoA在分解代谢过程中共产生 131个 ATP。
? 由于软脂酸转化成软脂酰 CoA时消耗了 1分子 ATP中的两个高能磷酸键的能
量( ATP分解为 AMP,可视为消耗了 2个 ATP),因此,1分子软脂酸完全氧
化净生成 131 – 2 = 129 个 ATP。
C16H31CO~ SCoA + 7CoA-SH + 7 FAD + NAD+ +7 H2O ???
??? 8 CH3CO~ SCoA + 7 FADH2 + 7 NADH + 7 H+
4,Anaerobic respiration(厌氧呼吸)
? 4.1 一些没有能力利用氧气作为最终电子受体的原核微生物行厌氧呼吸。这
些微生物也被称为专性厌氧微生物。其他的原核微生物偶然行厌氧呼吸。厌
氧呼吸产生的能量比好氧呼吸少。在厌氧呼吸中,硝酸盐、硫酸盐和二氧化
碳都可以作为最终电子受体。
? 4.2 硝酸盐呼吸是一种厌氧呼吸,以硝酸盐作为最终的电子受体,反应的第
一步被硝酸盐还原酶催化。硝酸盐还原酶只有在无氧的条件下才能够被合成。
葡萄球菌和肠细菌将硝酸盐还原成亚硝酸盐。但是,其他的一些细菌能够继
续将亚硝酸盐还原成氨和氮气。这种酶促反应称之为反硝化作用。
? 4.2 反硝化作用在氮素循化和水处理工程中起着重要作用,若没有反硝化作
用,氮素就会在水中积累,水质变坏,自然界的氮素循环也会中断。
C 6 H 1 2 O 6 + 1 2 N O 3 6H 2 O- + 6 C O 2 + 1 2 N O 2- + Q
C 6 H 1 2 O 6 + 4 N O 3 6H 2 O- + 6 C O 2 + 2 N 2 + Q
3.Respiration(呼吸作用类型)
3.1 Aerobic respiration( 有氧呼吸) oxygen is used as a terminal electron
acceptor,so aerobic respiration includes glycolysis,citric acid circle and electron
transport chain,
3.2 Anaerobic respiration(厌氧呼吸) the alternative terminal electron
acceptor can be nitrate,sulfate and carbon dioxide,called nitrate respiration,
sulfate respiration and carbon dioxide respiration,
3.3 Fermentation(发酵) Fermentation is an incomplete oxidation of an
organic substrate,an electron donor becomes reduced directly by NADH,and
energy is trapped by substrate level phosphorylation
C6H12O6+6O2=6CO2+6H2O
Exercise 2:
? Ⅰ.Explaining the flowing words
? 1.NAD+ 2.Fermentation 3.Electron transport chain 4,Chmo-organotroph 5,Photo-
lithotrophs 6.Glycolysis 7,Citric acid cycle
? Ⅱ.Answering these questions
? 1.Have the aerobic respiration the differentiation with the
anaerobic respiration?
? 2.Under the aerobic condition,how much does a glucose can
generate ATP? and a stearic acid?(硬脂酸或者十八烷酸)
? 3.What is the substrate level phosphorylation? What is the
oxidative phosphorylation?
脊
基质
B2 Electron Transport,
Oxidative Phosphorylation and
β-oxiantion of Fatty Acids
电子传递,氧化磷酸化和
脂肪酸的 β-氧化
1,Electron Transport
? 1.1 电子传递,There is a electron transport chain,It is used to transport electron,In
the electron transport chain,a series of balanced oxidation and reduction reactions
drives the movement of electrons through the carrier series from NADH to oxygen,
During this process energy is released and ATP is synthesized
辅酶 Q
辅酶 QH2
脱氢酶 脱氢酶 细胞色素氧化酶
还原型
氧化型
黄素蛋白 辅酶 Q 细胞色素
H 2 O
1 / 2 O 2
2a 32a 1
2
A T P
2 F e 2+
2 F e 3+2 F e 2+
2 F e 3+
2c
2 F e 2+
2 F e 3+
A T P
2b
2 F e 3+
2 F e 2+
F A D
F A D H 2
A T P
N A D H 2
N A D
A
AH
1,Electron Transport
? 1.2 电子传递的五类物质:
? NADH dehydrogenases.Enzymes that catalyse transfer of hydrogen atoms from reduced
NAD to flavoproteins.
? Flavoproteins.Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD),The
flavins are reduced by accepting a hydrogen atom from NADH and oxidized by losing an
electron,
? Electron carriers,cytochromes.Cytochromes are porphyrin containing proteins each of
which can be reduced or oxidized by the loss of a single electron.
? Iron sulfur proteins.These are carriers of electrons with a range of reduction potentiales.
? Quinones.These are lipid-soluble carriers that can diffuse through membranes carrying
electrons from iron-sulfur proteins to cytochromes.
? Flavoprotein(黄素蛋白),黄素蛋白是一种 FAD为辐基的蛋白,他的作用
是依靠 FAD传递氢。
? Quinones(醌类),具有传递氢和电子的作用。
? 细胞色素( b,c,a),是一类以铁卟啉衍生物为辐基的蛋白质,传递电子。
O
O
C H 3 O
C H 3 O
C H 3
(C H 2 C H C C H 2 )n H
C H 3
n = 6 - 1 0
1,Electron Transport
? 1.3 Oxidative phosphorylation, the flow of protons down the electron
transport chain couples with the synthesis of ATP,the terminal electron
accepter is oxygen,nitrate,sulfate or carbon dioxide.
? 氧化磷酸化:底物在氧化过程中脱下的氢和电子沿电子传递链转
移, 最终交给氧, 电子在传递过程中伴有 ATP的产生 。 这种 ATP的
产生方式称为氧化磷酸化 。
? 底物水平的磷酸化:底物在氧化过程中, 产生一些高能中间体,
这些高能中间体将键能交给 ADP,使之磷酸化产生 ATP过程 。
2.Fatty acid oxidation β-oxidation
? 2.1 脂肪酸的氧化由四步反应组成,oxidation(氧化) Hydration(水合)
oxidation(氧化) thiolysis(硫解)
Prestate---the activation of the fatty acid
? the activation of the fatty acid happened in the cytosol or outside the mitochondria
to form Acetyl CoA,then enter into the mitochondria to be oxidized.
R C H 2 C H 2 C H 2 C O O H + A T P R C H 2 C H 2 C H 2 C
O
A M P + PPi
脂酰 C o A 合 成酶
R C H 2 C H 2 C H 2 C
O
A M P + C oA S H R C H 2 C H 2 C H 2 C
O
S C oA + A M P
RCH2CH2CH2C
O
SCoA
FAD FADH2
RCH2C C
H
H
C
O
SCoA
脂酰 CoA脱氢酶oxidation
hydration
RCH2 CH CH C
O
SCoA
OH
RCH2 C CH C
O
SCoA
O烯脂酰 CoA脱氢酶
NAD+ NADH + H+
oxidation
RCH2 C CH C
O
SCoA
O
RCH2C
O
SCoA CH3C
O
SCoA
CoASH
+
硫解酶thiolysis
烯脂酰 C o A 水合酶
H 2 O
R C H 2 C H C H C
O
S C oA
O H
R C H 2 C C
H
H
C
O
S C oA
2.Fatty acid oxidation β-oxidation
? 2.2 脂肪酸的完全氧化可以产生大量的能量。例如软脂酸(含 16碳)经
过 7次 ?-氧化,可以生成 8个乙酰 CoA,每一次 ?-氧化,还将生成 1分子
FADH2和 1分子 NADH。软脂酸完全氧化的反应式为:
? 按照一个 NADH产生 3个 ATP,1个 FADH2产生 2个 ATP,1个乙酰 CoA完全氧化
产生 12个 ATP计算,1分子软脂酰 CoA在分解代谢过程中共产生 131个 ATP。
? 由于软脂酸转化成软脂酰 CoA时消耗了 1分子 ATP中的两个高能磷酸键的能
量( ATP分解为 AMP,可视为消耗了 2个 ATP),因此,1分子软脂酸完全氧
化净生成 131 – 2 = 129 个 ATP。
C16H31CO~ SCoA + 7CoA-SH + 7 FAD + NAD+ +7 H2O ???
??? 8 CH3CO~ SCoA + 7 FADH2 + 7 NADH + 7 H+
4,Anaerobic respiration(厌氧呼吸)
? 4.1 一些没有能力利用氧气作为最终电子受体的原核微生物行厌氧呼吸。这
些微生物也被称为专性厌氧微生物。其他的原核微生物偶然行厌氧呼吸。厌
氧呼吸产生的能量比好氧呼吸少。在厌氧呼吸中,硝酸盐、硫酸盐和二氧化
碳都可以作为最终电子受体。
? 4.2 硝酸盐呼吸是一种厌氧呼吸,以硝酸盐作为最终的电子受体,反应的第
一步被硝酸盐还原酶催化。硝酸盐还原酶只有在无氧的条件下才能够被合成。
葡萄球菌和肠细菌将硝酸盐还原成亚硝酸盐。但是,其他的一些细菌能够继
续将亚硝酸盐还原成氨和氮气。这种酶促反应称之为反硝化作用。
? 4.2 反硝化作用在氮素循化和水处理工程中起着重要作用,若没有反硝化作
用,氮素就会在水中积累,水质变坏,自然界的氮素循环也会中断。
C 6 H 1 2 O 6 + 1 2 N O 3 6H 2 O- + 6 C O 2 + 1 2 N O 2- + Q
C 6 H 1 2 O 6 + 4 N O 3 6H 2 O- + 6 C O 2 + 2 N 2 + Q
3.Respiration(呼吸作用类型)
3.1 Aerobic respiration( 有氧呼吸) oxygen is used as a terminal electron
acceptor,so aerobic respiration includes glycolysis,citric acid circle and electron
transport chain,
3.2 Anaerobic respiration(厌氧呼吸) the alternative terminal electron
acceptor can be nitrate,sulfate and carbon dioxide,called nitrate respiration,
sulfate respiration and carbon dioxide respiration,
3.3 Fermentation(发酵) Fermentation is an incomplete oxidation of an
organic substrate,an electron donor becomes reduced directly by NADH,and
energy is trapped by substrate level phosphorylation
C6H12O6+6O2=6CO2+6H2O
Exercise 2:
? Ⅰ.Explaining the flowing words
? 1.NAD+ 2.Fermentation 3.Electron transport chain 4,Chmo-organotroph 5,Photo-
lithotrophs 6.Glycolysis 7,Citric acid cycle
? Ⅱ.Answering these questions
? 1.Have the aerobic respiration the differentiation with the
anaerobic respiration?
? 2.Under the aerobic condition,how much does a glucose can
generate ATP? and a stearic acid?(硬脂酸或者十八烷酸)
? 3.What is the substrate level phosphorylation? What is the
oxidative phosphorylation?