Scientific English Writing
Section VII
The relative clause
1,Relative pronoun
that
which
who( whom)
whose
as
but
Ⅰ, Connectives
※ ＝
that
which + not
who
There is no rule in English but has exceptions.
?英语中没有无例外的规则。
? There was no single movement of hers but was
beautiful.
? There is no complicated problems but can be solved in
a few hours.
2,Relative adverbs
where
when
wherein = in which
whereby = by which
whereon = on which
whence = from which (comes)
mathematical expressions,equations,formulas,
“这里”，“式中”
place,extent,degree,point,case,situation ··
The places where small computers can be used appear
endless.
? 可以使用小型计算机的场合似乎是无止境的。
We must understand the reason why this circuit is used
here.
? 我们必须懂得这里使用该电路的原因。
Electromagnetic induction is the means whereby nearly all
the world’s electric power is produced.
The relative clause
1., of which” as adverbial in the sub-clause
consist of
be composed of
be made of
be made up of
be constructed of
Ⅱ, The correct choice of the preposition before
“which”
capable of
descriptive of
representative of
characteristic of
symptomatic of
be +
Specific diseases of which these abnormal muscle
contractions are symptomatic will be discussed later.
The two elements of which water is made are the gases
oxygen and hydrogen.
? 构成水的两种元素是气体氧和氢。
This is the maximum amount of amplification of which
the transistor is capable.
? 这是该晶体管所能给出的最大放大量。
2., of which” as attributive in the sub-clause
We can find a few conditions only two of which are
necessary.
? 我们能够找到几个条件，其中只有两个是必要条件。
The curve the Y-coordinate of every point on which is
zero is just the x-axis.
※ ※ 其每一点的 Y 坐标均为零的曲线就是 X 轴。
3,other prepositions + which
This depends on the ease with which a current flows.
? 这取决于电流流动的容易程度。
This is a process to which conservation of energy law
applies.
? 这是能量守恒定律适用的一个过程。
Iron is one of the metals with which we are most familiar.
? 铁是我们最熟悉的金属之一。
It is necessary to determine the wave length to which the
eye is most sensitive.
? 必须确定人眼最敏感的波长。
some commonly used patterns:
Ⅲ, None-restrictive relative clauses
in which case …
at which time
for which reason =because of which
from which
as a result of which
·· (main clause),
I1 is much greater than I2,in which case I2 can be
neglected.
? I1 远大于 I2,在这种情况下,I2可以忽略不计。（ neglect)
Some materials have a very high resistance,because of
which they can be used as insulators to prevent the
leakage of current.
? 有些物质的电阻很高，因此可以用作为绝缘体来防止漏电。
A beam of white light is separated into beams of various
colors,from which we conclude that white light is
actually a mixture of light of these different colors.
1,As
Ⅳ, other special connectives
“正如 ··· 那样”
“这一点”
? As we stated earlier,matrices can be used to solve
systems of equations.
? Transistors are small and efficient,as is well known
to us.
（ 1）
“顾名思义”
shows
indicates
implies
suggests
as the name
Such meters as we use to measure current are called
ammeters.
? 我们用来测量电流的这类仪表称为电流表。
such
the same
… as …（ 2）
2,since
During the ten years since this book was first published,
significant changes have been seen in electronics
industry,
? 自从本书首次出版以来的这十年间，电子工业已发生了巨
大变化。
Subjunctive mood
Ⅰ, The conditional subjective mood
If man made use of all the sunlight,he would have no
need for coal or other fuels.
? 人类如能把太阳光全部利用起来，那么就不需要煤和其他
燃料了。
If this method had been adopted at that time,much time
would have been saved.
? 如果当时采用了这种方法，就会节省好多时间。
(sub-
clause)if …
※※ A pattern
should
were to
…,…
Should these bombers encounter such an air-defense
system,the results could be fatal.
? 一旦这些轰炸机遇到这样的空防系统的话，其后果会是致命的。
万一，一旦，如果
1,They consider it necessary that this point _____(ground).
2,It is of paramount importance that correct measurement
______(carry) out at every step.
3,Their suggestion is that the water level ____(raise).
4,Long long ago,a scientist suggested that the earth
____(be) round.
Ⅱ, Subjunctive mood in nominal clauses
Blank filling:
Ⅱ, Subjunctive mood in some adverbial clause
as if (as though)
whether (omitted) … or
lest
+ v.( base form)
At that time it looked as if the answer to that problem
had been wrong.
? 当时看起来那个题的答案好像是错的
Any matter,be it air,wood or water,has weight.
? 任何物质，无论是空气、木头还是水，都具有重量。
Batteries should be kept in dry place lest electricity leak
away.
? 应该把电池放在干燥的地方以免走电。
Assignment:
P.69 Ⅱ, 2,3,7,8,9,10,11,14,16,18
Ⅲ,
P.77 Ⅱ, 1,3,4,6,9
Ⅲ,
Section VII
The relative clause
1,Relative pronoun
that
which
who( whom)
whose
as
but
Ⅰ, Connectives
※ ＝
that
which + not
who
There is no rule in English but has exceptions.
?英语中没有无例外的规则。
? There was no single movement of hers but was
beautiful.
? There is no complicated problems but can be solved in
a few hours.
2,Relative adverbs
where
when
wherein = in which
whereby = by which
whereon = on which
whence = from which (comes)
mathematical expressions,equations,formulas,
“这里”，“式中”
place,extent,degree,point,case,situation ··
The places where small computers can be used appear
endless.
? 可以使用小型计算机的场合似乎是无止境的。
We must understand the reason why this circuit is used
here.
? 我们必须懂得这里使用该电路的原因。
Electromagnetic induction is the means whereby nearly all
the world’s electric power is produced.
The relative clause
1., of which” as adverbial in the sub-clause
consist of
be composed of
be made of
be made up of
be constructed of
Ⅱ, The correct choice of the preposition before
“which”
capable of
descriptive of
representative of
characteristic of
symptomatic of
be +
Specific diseases of which these abnormal muscle
contractions are symptomatic will be discussed later.
The two elements of which water is made are the gases
oxygen and hydrogen.
? 构成水的两种元素是气体氧和氢。
This is the maximum amount of amplification of which
the transistor is capable.
? 这是该晶体管所能给出的最大放大量。
2., of which” as attributive in the sub-clause
We can find a few conditions only two of which are
necessary.
? 我们能够找到几个条件，其中只有两个是必要条件。
The curve the Y-coordinate of every point on which is
zero is just the x-axis.
※ ※ 其每一点的 Y 坐标均为零的曲线就是 X 轴。
3,other prepositions + which
This depends on the ease with which a current flows.
? 这取决于电流流动的容易程度。
This is a process to which conservation of energy law
applies.
? 这是能量守恒定律适用的一个过程。
Iron is one of the metals with which we are most familiar.
? 铁是我们最熟悉的金属之一。
It is necessary to determine the wave length to which the
eye is most sensitive.
? 必须确定人眼最敏感的波长。
some commonly used patterns:
Ⅲ, None-restrictive relative clauses
in which case …
at which time
for which reason =because of which
from which
as a result of which
·· (main clause),
I1 is much greater than I2,in which case I2 can be
neglected.
? I1 远大于 I2,在这种情况下,I2可以忽略不计。（ neglect)
Some materials have a very high resistance,because of
which they can be used as insulators to prevent the
leakage of current.
? 有些物质的电阻很高，因此可以用作为绝缘体来防止漏电。
A beam of white light is separated into beams of various
colors,from which we conclude that white light is
actually a mixture of light of these different colors.
1,As
Ⅳ, other special connectives
“正如 ··· 那样”
“这一点”
? As we stated earlier,matrices can be used to solve
systems of equations.
? Transistors are small and efficient,as is well known
to us.
（ 1）
“顾名思义”
shows
indicates
implies
suggests
as the name
Such meters as we use to measure current are called
ammeters.
? 我们用来测量电流的这类仪表称为电流表。
such
the same
… as …（ 2）
2,since
During the ten years since this book was first published,
significant changes have been seen in electronics
industry,
? 自从本书首次出版以来的这十年间，电子工业已发生了巨
大变化。
Subjunctive mood
Ⅰ, The conditional subjective mood
If man made use of all the sunlight,he would have no
need for coal or other fuels.
? 人类如能把太阳光全部利用起来，那么就不需要煤和其他
燃料了。
If this method had been adopted at that time,much time
would have been saved.
? 如果当时采用了这种方法，就会节省好多时间。
(sub-
clause)if …
※※ A pattern
should
were to
…,…
Should these bombers encounter such an air-defense
system,the results could be fatal.
? 一旦这些轰炸机遇到这样的空防系统的话，其后果会是致命的。
万一，一旦，如果
1,They consider it necessary that this point _____(ground).
2,It is of paramount importance that correct measurement
______(carry) out at every step.
3,Their suggestion is that the water level ____(raise).
4,Long long ago,a scientist suggested that the earth
____(be) round.
Ⅱ, Subjunctive mood in nominal clauses
Blank filling:
Ⅱ, Subjunctive mood in some adverbial clause
as if (as though)
whether (omitted) … or
lest
+ v.( base form)
At that time it looked as if the answer to that problem
had been wrong.
? 当时看起来那个题的答案好像是错的
Any matter,be it air,wood or water,has weight.
? 任何物质，无论是空气、木头还是水，都具有重量。
Batteries should be kept in dry place lest electricity leak
away.
? 应该把电池放在干燥的地方以免走电。
Assignment:
P.69 Ⅱ, 2,3,7,8,9,10,11,14,16,18
Ⅲ,
P.77 Ⅱ, 1,3,4,6,9
Ⅲ,
