Splanchnology
Department of Anatomy
王 配 军
down
Chapter 4 The General Description
? Difinition:means the study
of viscera(alimentary
system,respiratory
system,urinary system and
genital system)
? Association:
morphology location
function origin
Up down
Ⅰ, The general structure of viscera
Ⅰ ) The tubular organ
mucosa
submucosa
muscular coats
serosa/adventitia
Up down
Ⅱ )The parenchymatous
organ
hilum/porta
Up down
Ⅱ, The reference line and
abdominal regions
Ⅰ ) The comman used
reference lines of the
thorax
Anterior median line
Sternal line
Midclavicular line
Parasternal line
Up down
Anterior axillary line
Posterior axillary line
Midaxillary line
Scapular line
Paravertebral line
Posterior median line
Up down
Ⅱ ) Abdominal regions
Quadrants
Nine-area method
Up down
Chapter 5
The Alimentary System
Up down
Composition
Digestive tube
? Mouth
? Pharynx
? Esophagus
? Stomach
? Small
intestine
? Large
intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Superior digestive tube
Inferior digestive tube
Up down
Digestive glands
? Major salivary glands
? Liver
? Pancreas
Function,ingestion,digestion,
absorption,egesting
Up down
Section 1 The Oral Cavity
Consists of two parts
? Oral vestibule, between
cheeks and lip and teeth
? Oral cavity proper:
within arch of teeth
Up down
Boundaries
? Anterior and lateral,gum
and teeth
? Posterior,isthmus of fauces
? Roof,palate
? Floor,tongue,muscles and
mucous membrane
Oral vestibule leads,by the
space behind the molar teeth,
into the oral cavity proper
Up down
Ⅰ, Oral lips
Ⅱ, Cheek
Papilla of parotid duct
Up down
Ⅲ, Palate
Two parts
? Hard palate,anterior 2/3,
formed by the maxilla and
palatine bone
? Soft palate,posterior 1/3
? Velum palatinum
? Uvula
? Palatoglossal arch
? Palatopharyngeal arch
Up down
Isthmus of fauces
formed by posterior
border of velum
palatinum,both
side of palatoglossal
arches,and root of
tongue.
downUp
Ⅳ, Teeth
Ⅰ ) Classification and
arrangement
General features
? Two sets:
? Deciduous
? Permanent
? Classification:
? Incisors
? Canine
? Premolars
? Molars
Up down
Deciduous teeth,are 20 in number
? Ten teeth in each mandibular and maxillary arch
? Central incisor,lateral incisor,canine,first molar
and second molar in each quadrant
Upper jaw Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ total 20
Lower jaw in,in,can,mol,mol,
? Eruption,stars at about 6 month of age and
continues to beginning of 3rd year
? Shedding,occurs between 6th and 12th years with
replacement by permanent teeth
Up down
Up down
Permanent teeth (adult),are 32 in number
? Sixteen in each mandibular and maxillary arch
? Two incisors,one canine,two premolars,and three
molars in each quadrant
Upper jaw 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 total 32
Lower jaw
? First permanent molar－ appears at about 6 years
? Third molars (wisdom teeth)－ many erupt at any
time after 12 years of age or not at all (impaction).
Up down
Up down
Ⅱ ) General description
? Each tooth consists of 3 parts:
? Crown
? Neck
? Root
? Dental cavity－ contains
connective tissue,blood vessels
and nerves,and is continuous
with the periodontal tissue
through the root canal and
apical foramen.
Up down
Ⅲ ) Calcified tissues
? Dentine－ is a yellowish white tissue,
that forms the bulk of tooth.
? Enamel － is a head,brittle white
tissue that covers the crown of the
tooth
? Cement － is an unusual form of
bone that covers the root of the
tooth
Ⅳ ) Periodontal tissue
? Periodontal membrane
? Alveolar bone
? Gum
Up down
Ⅴ, Tongue － muscular organ
Ⅰ ) Morphology
Two parts,divided two parts by v-
shaped terminal sulcus
? Body of tongue － ant 2/3，
apex of tongue － free rounded
tip
? Root of tongue － post 1/3
At the apex of terminal sulcus is a
small median pit,the foramen
cecum of tongue
Up down
Ⅱ ) Lingual mucous membrane
? Papillae of tongue
? Filiform papillae
? fungiform papillae
? foliate papillae contain taste buds
? vallate papillae
? Lingual tonsil － masses of
submucosal lymphoid tissue on the root
of tongue
Up down
Inferior surface of
tongue
? Frenulum of tongue －
a midline fold of mucous
membrane connecting
tongue to floor of mouth
? Sublingual caruncle－
small elevation
? Sublingual fold
Up down
Ⅲ ) Muscles of tongue
? Intrinsic muscles of tongue
? Extrinsic muscles of tongue
? Genioglossus
? Arises from mental spine of
mandible and inserts into
either side of midline of
tongue
? Action,acting together
draw tongue forward and
downward; acting along
making apex of tongue to
opposite side
? Involved in determining shape
and position of tongue
Up down
Ⅵ, Major salivary glands
Ⅰ ) Parotid gland
? Superficial part
? Deep part
? Parotid duct,arises front
anterior border of gland,runs
over the masseter a finger’s
breadth below the zygomatic
arch to pierce the buccinator
and opens into the mouth
cavity,opposite the upper
second molar tooth
Up down
Ⅱ ) Submandibular
gland
? Position,lies in
submandibular triangle
? Duct opens on to sublingual
caruncle
Up down
Ⅲ ) Sublingual gland
? position,situated beneath
the mucous membrane of
the floor of mouth
? Ducts
? Major sublingual duct－
opens onto the sublingual
caruncle
? Minor sublingual ducts－
open onto the sublingual
fold
Up down
Section two The Pharynx
Ⅰ, Location and General
features
? A –fibromuscular tube,
part of digestive and
respiratory systems
? Extends from base of skull
to the inferior border of
cricoid cartilage (lower
border of C6 level)
Ⅱ, Division
Three segments
Up down
Ⅰ ) Nasopharynx － posterior
to nasal cavities
? Extends from the base of skull to
level of soft palate
? Features
? Pharyngeal opening of
auditory tube Tubal torus
? Pharyngeal recess
? Tubal tonsil
? Pharyngeal tonsil
Ⅱ ) Oropharynx － posterior
to oral cavity
? Lies below soft palate,extends to
upper border of epiglottis
Up down
Oropharynx
? Features
? Median glossoepiglottic fold
? Epiglottic vallecula
? Palatine tonsil － lies within
tonsillar fossa
Lymphatic ring－ consists of
pharyngeal tonsil,tubal tonsil,
Palatine tonsil,and lingual
tonsil,forming a circular band
of lymphoid tissue at
oropharyngeal isthmus
Up down
Ⅲ ) Laryngopharynx－ posterior to larynx
? Extends from upper border of epiglottis to the level
of lower border of C6
? Piriform recess－ a deep depression on each side of
aperture of larynx
Up down
Section 3 The Esophagus
Ⅰ, General features － a
muscular tuber about 25cm
long,connecting the pharynx
at level of C6 vertebra,
passes through the
diaphragm at level of T10
vertebra and after 1~2 cm
enters the stomach
Division:
? Cervical part
? Thoracic part
? Abdominal part
Up down
Ⅱ, Three constrictions
? At its beginning,15cm from
incisors,lies at level of C6,is
the narrowest part of the
esophagus
? Where it is crossed by left
main bronchus,25cm from
incisors,lies at level of
intervertebral disc between T4
and T5.
? Where it passes through the
esophageal hiatus of
diaphragm,40cm from
incisors,at level of T10
Up End
Department of Anatomy
王 配 军
down
Chapter 4 The General Description
? Difinition:means the study
of viscera(alimentary
system,respiratory
system,urinary system and
genital system)
? Association:
morphology location
function origin
Up down
Ⅰ, The general structure of viscera
Ⅰ ) The tubular organ
mucosa
submucosa
muscular coats
serosa/adventitia
Up down
Ⅱ )The parenchymatous
organ
hilum/porta
Up down
Ⅱ, The reference line and
abdominal regions
Ⅰ ) The comman used
reference lines of the
thorax
Anterior median line
Sternal line
Midclavicular line
Parasternal line
Up down
Anterior axillary line
Posterior axillary line
Midaxillary line
Scapular line
Paravertebral line
Posterior median line
Up down
Ⅱ ) Abdominal regions
Quadrants
Nine-area method
Up down
Chapter 5
The Alimentary System
Up down
Composition
Digestive tube
? Mouth
? Pharynx
? Esophagus
? Stomach
? Small
intestine
? Large
intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Superior digestive tube
Inferior digestive tube
Up down
Digestive glands
? Major salivary glands
? Liver
? Pancreas
Function,ingestion,digestion,
absorption,egesting
Up down
Section 1 The Oral Cavity
Consists of two parts
? Oral vestibule, between
cheeks and lip and teeth
? Oral cavity proper:
within arch of teeth
Up down
Boundaries
? Anterior and lateral,gum
and teeth
? Posterior,isthmus of fauces
? Roof,palate
? Floor,tongue,muscles and
mucous membrane
Oral vestibule leads,by the
space behind the molar teeth,
into the oral cavity proper
Up down
Ⅰ, Oral lips
Ⅱ, Cheek
Papilla of parotid duct
Up down
Ⅲ, Palate
Two parts
? Hard palate,anterior 2/3,
formed by the maxilla and
palatine bone
? Soft palate,posterior 1/3
? Velum palatinum
? Uvula
? Palatoglossal arch
? Palatopharyngeal arch
Up down
Isthmus of fauces
formed by posterior
border of velum
palatinum,both
side of palatoglossal
arches,and root of
tongue.
downUp
Ⅳ, Teeth
Ⅰ ) Classification and
arrangement
General features
? Two sets:
? Deciduous
? Permanent
? Classification:
? Incisors
? Canine
? Premolars
? Molars
Up down
Deciduous teeth,are 20 in number
? Ten teeth in each mandibular and maxillary arch
? Central incisor,lateral incisor,canine,first molar
and second molar in each quadrant
Upper jaw Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ total 20
Lower jaw in,in,can,mol,mol,
? Eruption,stars at about 6 month of age and
continues to beginning of 3rd year
? Shedding,occurs between 6th and 12th years with
replacement by permanent teeth
Up down
Up down
Permanent teeth (adult),are 32 in number
? Sixteen in each mandibular and maxillary arch
? Two incisors,one canine,two premolars,and three
molars in each quadrant
Upper jaw 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 total 32
Lower jaw
? First permanent molar－ appears at about 6 years
? Third molars (wisdom teeth)－ many erupt at any
time after 12 years of age or not at all (impaction).
Up down
Up down
Ⅱ ) General description
? Each tooth consists of 3 parts:
? Crown
? Neck
? Root
? Dental cavity－ contains
connective tissue,blood vessels
and nerves,and is continuous
with the periodontal tissue
through the root canal and
apical foramen.
Up down
Ⅲ ) Calcified tissues
? Dentine－ is a yellowish white tissue,
that forms the bulk of tooth.
? Enamel － is a head,brittle white
tissue that covers the crown of the
tooth
? Cement － is an unusual form of
bone that covers the root of the
tooth
Ⅳ ) Periodontal tissue
? Periodontal membrane
? Alveolar bone
? Gum
Up down
Ⅴ, Tongue － muscular organ
Ⅰ ) Morphology
Two parts,divided two parts by v-
shaped terminal sulcus
? Body of tongue － ant 2/3，
apex of tongue － free rounded
tip
? Root of tongue － post 1/3
At the apex of terminal sulcus is a
small median pit,the foramen
cecum of tongue
Up down
Ⅱ ) Lingual mucous membrane
? Papillae of tongue
? Filiform papillae
? fungiform papillae
? foliate papillae contain taste buds
? vallate papillae
? Lingual tonsil － masses of
submucosal lymphoid tissue on the root
of tongue
Up down
Inferior surface of
tongue
? Frenulum of tongue －
a midline fold of mucous
membrane connecting
tongue to floor of mouth
? Sublingual caruncle－
small elevation
? Sublingual fold
Up down
Ⅲ ) Muscles of tongue
? Intrinsic muscles of tongue
? Extrinsic muscles of tongue
? Genioglossus
? Arises from mental spine of
mandible and inserts into
either side of midline of
tongue
? Action,acting together
draw tongue forward and
downward; acting along
making apex of tongue to
opposite side
? Involved in determining shape
and position of tongue
Up down
Ⅵ, Major salivary glands
Ⅰ ) Parotid gland
? Superficial part
? Deep part
? Parotid duct,arises front
anterior border of gland,runs
over the masseter a finger’s
breadth below the zygomatic
arch to pierce the buccinator
and opens into the mouth
cavity,opposite the upper
second molar tooth
Up down
Ⅱ ) Submandibular
gland
? Position,lies in
submandibular triangle
? Duct opens on to sublingual
caruncle
Up down
Ⅲ ) Sublingual gland
? position,situated beneath
the mucous membrane of
the floor of mouth
? Ducts
? Major sublingual duct－
opens onto the sublingual
caruncle
? Minor sublingual ducts－
open onto the sublingual
fold
Up down
Section two The Pharynx
Ⅰ, Location and General
features
? A –fibromuscular tube,
part of digestive and
respiratory systems
? Extends from base of skull
to the inferior border of
cricoid cartilage (lower
border of C6 level)
Ⅱ, Division
Three segments
Up down
Ⅰ ) Nasopharynx － posterior
to nasal cavities
? Extends from the base of skull to
level of soft palate
? Features
? Pharyngeal opening of
auditory tube Tubal torus
? Pharyngeal recess
? Tubal tonsil
? Pharyngeal tonsil
Ⅱ ) Oropharynx － posterior
to oral cavity
? Lies below soft palate,extends to
upper border of epiglottis
Up down
Oropharynx
? Features
? Median glossoepiglottic fold
? Epiglottic vallecula
? Palatine tonsil － lies within
tonsillar fossa
Lymphatic ring－ consists of
pharyngeal tonsil,tubal tonsil,
Palatine tonsil,and lingual
tonsil,forming a circular band
of lymphoid tissue at
oropharyngeal isthmus
Up down
Ⅲ ) Laryngopharynx－ posterior to larynx
? Extends from upper border of epiglottis to the level
of lower border of C6
? Piriform recess－ a deep depression on each side of
aperture of larynx
Up down
Section 3 The Esophagus
Ⅰ, General features － a
muscular tuber about 25cm
long,connecting the pharynx
at level of C6 vertebra,
passes through the
diaphragm at level of T10
vertebra and after 1~2 cm
enters the stomach
Division:
? Cervical part
? Thoracic part
? Abdominal part
Up down
Ⅱ, Three constrictions
? At its beginning,15cm from
incisors,lies at level of C6,is
the narrowest part of the
esophagus
? Where it is crossed by left
main bronchus,25cm from
incisors,lies at level of
intervertebral disc between T4
and T5.
? Where it passes through the
esophageal hiatus of
diaphragm,40cm from
incisors,at level of T10
Up End
