Systematic Anatomy
主讲：李文春
down
【 目的和要求 】
1,掌握人体的标准姿势, 方位术语, 轴和面 。
2,了解系统解剖学的任务, 分科及发展简史 。
3,掌握骨的分类, 了解骨的表面形态, 掌握骨的
构造 。
4,了解骨的化学成分和物理性质 。
5,掌握椎骨的一般形态, 各部椎骨的主要特征 。
6,掌握胸骨的分部及重要标志 。
7,掌握肋的组成, 形态结构 。
上页
Introduction
一,Concept and division
Human Anatomy is the
science which deals with the
gross morphology and spatial
interrelations of the structure
of the body,For medical
students,human anatomy is the
basic course of preclinical and
clinical curriculum,
downUp
systematic anatomy
macroanatomy
巨视解剖 regional anatomy
histology
microanatomy cytology
微视解剖 embryology
surgical anatomy
surface anatomy
X-ray anatomy
sectional anatomy
locomotive anatomy
human
anatomy
（ division）
downUp
Digestive system
systematic anatomy regional anatomy
downUp
skin
Histology Embryology
downUp
surgical anatomy surface anatomy
downUp
X-ray anatomy sectional anatomy
downUp
locomotive anatomy
downUp
四,The parts and systems of the body
Ⅰ,the human body is
divided into ten parts.
the head
the neck
the thorax
the back
the abdomen
the pelvis and perineum
the upper limbs
the lower limbs
downUp
Locomotor system 运动系统
Alimentary (Digestive) system 消化系统
Respiratory system 呼吸系统
Urinary system 泌尿系统
Reproductive system 生殖系统
Endocrine system 内分泌系统
Circulatory system 脉管系统
Sense organs 感觉器
Nervous system 神经系统
Ⅱ,There are nine systems in human body
downUp
五,The anatomical position,terms of direction,
axis and planes
downUp
Ⅰ,The anatomical
position
解剖学姿势
Ⅱ,The terms of direction
Superior and inferior
Anterior and posterior
(ventral) and ( dorsal)
Medial and lateral
Internal and external
Superficial and profound
Proximal近 and distal远
Ulnar 尺 and radial桡
Tibial胫 and fibular 腓
downUp
Ⅲ,The axis and planes
vertical axis
axis sagittal axis
frontal axis
sagittal plane
planes frontal plane
horizontal plane
vertical axis
sagittal axis
frontal axis
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运 动 系 统
Locomotor system
downUp
The locomotor system consists of bones,
joints and muscles
origin
belly
tendon
insertion
downUp
Chapter 1 Osteology 骨学
According to the
location of the bones,it
can be divided into
skull,bones of trunk,
bones of limbs,The
former two form the
axial bone
Section 1 The general description
downUp
一,The shape and classification
of the bones
long bones 长骨
short bones 短骨
flat bones 扁骨
irregular bones 不规则骨
downUp
1,long bones are found in
limbs,it consists of a body
and two ends.
Medullary cavity
Epiphysis
Epiphysial cartilage
downUp
2.short bones
the short bones
distribute in wrist
and foot.
downUp
3,flat bones
they distribute in skull and chest.
downUp
4,irregular bones
the irregular bones are greatly varied in
shape,such as cranial bones and vertebrae.
sinus
downUp
二,the structure of bones
The living bones consist
of bony substance 骨质,
periosteum 骨膜 and bone
marrow 骨髓, Periosteum
Bony
substance
Bone
marrow
downUp
1.bony substance：
(1) Compact bone:坚实致密，配布于骨表面 。
(2) Spongy bone,呈海绵状，配布于骨的内
部，由骨小梁组成。
downUp
2,periosteum
It covers the surface of the
bone (except the articular
part),it consists of two layers,
an outer and an inner
membrane,The periosteum
abounds with blood vessels,
nerves and lymphatic vessels,
the inner layer has a lot of
bone forming cells 成骨细胞,
downUp
Periosteum
3,bone marrow:
bone marrow is found in
the medullary cavities of long
bones and within spaces in
spongy bone,There are two
kinds of bone marrow,red
and yellow, Under 5 years old,
there are all red marrow in
the medullary cavity,but after
5 years old the red marrow
can turn into yellow marrow.
Red marrow
Yellow marrow
downUp
三,The chemical composition and physical
properties of bone
organicinorganic
Living
bones are
plastic
tissues with
organic and
inorganic.
downUp
Section 2 The axial bone 中轴骨
一,The bones of trunk躯干骨
The bones of trunk
include the vertebrae,the
sternum and the ribs,which
provide framework 支架 for
the vertebral column脊柱,
the thoracic cage胸廓 and the
pelvis骨盆,
downUp
(一） The vertebrae 椎骨
In a child,the normal
number of the separate
vertebrae is 32 or 33.
Cervical 颈 vertebrae,C7
Thoracic胸 vertebrae,T12
Lumbar腰 vertebrae,L5
Sacral骶 vertebrae,S5
Coccygeal尾 vertebrae,Co3~4
downUp
1,The general features of the vertebrae
vertebral body 椎体
vertebral foramen
vertebral canal
vertebral arch 椎弓
pedicle of vertebral arch
intervertebral foramen
laminae of vertebral arch
spinous process
Seven processes transverse processes
articular processes
downUp
2,The main characteristics of vertebrae in
each region
(1) Thoracic vertebrae 胸椎
① the body is heart-shaped.
② costal fovea.
③ articular facets of articular
processes are relatively vertical.
④ the spinous process are
long and downward sloping
downUp
(2) Cervical vertebrae 颈椎
① the body is small.
② articular facets of articular
processes are relatively horizontal.
③ vertebral foramen is large
and is nearly triangular.
④ there are the transverse
foramen.
⑤ the spinous process are
short and bifid.
downUp
(2) Cervical vertebrae 颈椎
⑥ the first cervical
vertebrae is known as atlas
寰椎,
⑦ the second cervical
vertebrae is known as axis
枢椎,
⑧ the seventh cervical
vertebrae is known as
vertebra prominens 隆椎,
downUp
(3) Lumbar vertebrae 腰椎
① the body is large.
② vertebral foramen is
triangular,
③ articular facets of articular
processes are almost sagittal.
④ the spinous process are
strong,short,square and
horizontal,
downUp
(4) The sacrum 骶骨
promontory 岬
anterior sacral foramina
sacral hiatus 骶管裂孔
sacral cornu 骶角
(5) The coccyx
downUp
(二） The sternum 胸骨
It consists of three
parts,the manubrium柄,
body 体 and xiphoid
process 剑突
sternal angle 胸骨角
downUp
(三） The ribs (costae) 肋
A rib consists of the
costal bone 肋骨 and
costal cartilage肋软骨,
true ribs,1~7
false ribs,8~12
costal arch,8~10
floating ribs,11~12
downUp
(三） The ribs(costae)
costal bone
costal head
costal neck
costal tubercle
shaft of rib
costal angle
costal groove
costal cartilage.
downUp
【 思考题 】
1,简述骨的构造 。
2,椎骨有哪些共同特征？
3,颈椎在形态上有何特点？
4,在活体上, 能摸到躯干骨的哪些重要的
骨性标志？
5,胸骨角位于何处？ 有何临床意义？
上页 下页
Up
小 结
主讲：李文春
down
【 目的和要求 】
1,掌握人体的标准姿势, 方位术语, 轴和面 。
2,了解系统解剖学的任务, 分科及发展简史 。
3,掌握骨的分类, 了解骨的表面形态, 掌握骨的
构造 。
4,了解骨的化学成分和物理性质 。
5,掌握椎骨的一般形态, 各部椎骨的主要特征 。
6,掌握胸骨的分部及重要标志 。
7,掌握肋的组成, 形态结构 。
上页
Introduction
一,Concept and division
Human Anatomy is the
science which deals with the
gross morphology and spatial
interrelations of the structure
of the body,For medical
students,human anatomy is the
basic course of preclinical and
clinical curriculum,
downUp
systematic anatomy
macroanatomy
巨视解剖 regional anatomy
histology
microanatomy cytology
微视解剖 embryology
surgical anatomy
surface anatomy
X-ray anatomy
sectional anatomy
locomotive anatomy
human
anatomy
（ division）
downUp
Digestive system
systematic anatomy regional anatomy
downUp
skin
Histology Embryology
downUp
surgical anatomy surface anatomy
downUp
X-ray anatomy sectional anatomy
downUp
locomotive anatomy
downUp
四,The parts and systems of the body
Ⅰ,the human body is
divided into ten parts.
the head
the neck
the thorax
the back
the abdomen
the pelvis and perineum
the upper limbs
the lower limbs
downUp
Locomotor system 运动系统
Alimentary (Digestive) system 消化系统
Respiratory system 呼吸系统
Urinary system 泌尿系统
Reproductive system 生殖系统
Endocrine system 内分泌系统
Circulatory system 脉管系统
Sense organs 感觉器
Nervous system 神经系统
Ⅱ,There are nine systems in human body
downUp
五,The anatomical position,terms of direction,
axis and planes
downUp
Ⅰ,The anatomical
position
解剖学姿势
Ⅱ,The terms of direction
Superior and inferior
Anterior and posterior
(ventral) and ( dorsal)
Medial and lateral
Internal and external
Superficial and profound
Proximal近 and distal远
Ulnar 尺 and radial桡
Tibial胫 and fibular 腓
downUp
Ⅲ,The axis and planes
vertical axis
axis sagittal axis
frontal axis
sagittal plane
planes frontal plane
horizontal plane
vertical axis
sagittal axis
frontal axis
downUp
运 动 系 统
Locomotor system
downUp
The locomotor system consists of bones,
joints and muscles
origin
belly
tendon
insertion
downUp
Chapter 1 Osteology 骨学
According to the
location of the bones,it
can be divided into
skull,bones of trunk,
bones of limbs,The
former two form the
axial bone
Section 1 The general description
downUp
一,The shape and classification
of the bones
long bones 长骨
short bones 短骨
flat bones 扁骨
irregular bones 不规则骨
downUp
1,long bones are found in
limbs,it consists of a body
and two ends.
Medullary cavity
Epiphysis
Epiphysial cartilage
downUp
2.short bones
the short bones
distribute in wrist
and foot.
downUp
3,flat bones
they distribute in skull and chest.
downUp
4,irregular bones
the irregular bones are greatly varied in
shape,such as cranial bones and vertebrae.
sinus
downUp
二,the structure of bones
The living bones consist
of bony substance 骨质,
periosteum 骨膜 and bone
marrow 骨髓, Periosteum
Bony
substance
Bone
marrow
downUp
1.bony substance：
(1) Compact bone:坚实致密，配布于骨表面 。
(2) Spongy bone,呈海绵状，配布于骨的内
部，由骨小梁组成。
downUp
2,periosteum
It covers the surface of the
bone (except the articular
part),it consists of two layers,
an outer and an inner
membrane,The periosteum
abounds with blood vessels,
nerves and lymphatic vessels,
the inner layer has a lot of
bone forming cells 成骨细胞,
downUp
Periosteum
3,bone marrow:
bone marrow is found in
the medullary cavities of long
bones and within spaces in
spongy bone,There are two
kinds of bone marrow,red
and yellow, Under 5 years old,
there are all red marrow in
the medullary cavity,but after
5 years old the red marrow
can turn into yellow marrow.
Red marrow
Yellow marrow
downUp
三,The chemical composition and physical
properties of bone
organicinorganic
Living
bones are
plastic
tissues with
organic and
inorganic.
downUp
Section 2 The axial bone 中轴骨
一,The bones of trunk躯干骨
The bones of trunk
include the vertebrae,the
sternum and the ribs,which
provide framework 支架 for
the vertebral column脊柱,
the thoracic cage胸廓 and the
pelvis骨盆,
downUp
(一） The vertebrae 椎骨
In a child,the normal
number of the separate
vertebrae is 32 or 33.
Cervical 颈 vertebrae,C7
Thoracic胸 vertebrae,T12
Lumbar腰 vertebrae,L5
Sacral骶 vertebrae,S5
Coccygeal尾 vertebrae,Co3~4
downUp
1,The general features of the vertebrae
vertebral body 椎体
vertebral foramen
vertebral canal
vertebral arch 椎弓
pedicle of vertebral arch
intervertebral foramen
laminae of vertebral arch
spinous process
Seven processes transverse processes
articular processes
downUp
2,The main characteristics of vertebrae in
each region
(1) Thoracic vertebrae 胸椎
① the body is heart-shaped.
② costal fovea.
③ articular facets of articular
processes are relatively vertical.
④ the spinous process are
long and downward sloping
downUp
(2) Cervical vertebrae 颈椎
① the body is small.
② articular facets of articular
processes are relatively horizontal.
③ vertebral foramen is large
and is nearly triangular.
④ there are the transverse
foramen.
⑤ the spinous process are
short and bifid.
downUp
(2) Cervical vertebrae 颈椎
⑥ the first cervical
vertebrae is known as atlas
寰椎,
⑦ the second cervical
vertebrae is known as axis
枢椎,
⑧ the seventh cervical
vertebrae is known as
vertebra prominens 隆椎,
downUp
(3) Lumbar vertebrae 腰椎
① the body is large.
② vertebral foramen is
triangular,
③ articular facets of articular
processes are almost sagittal.
④ the spinous process are
strong,short,square and
horizontal,
downUp
(4) The sacrum 骶骨
promontory 岬
anterior sacral foramina
sacral hiatus 骶管裂孔
sacral cornu 骶角
(5) The coccyx
downUp
(二） The sternum 胸骨
It consists of three
parts,the manubrium柄,
body 体 and xiphoid
process 剑突
sternal angle 胸骨角
downUp
(三） The ribs (costae) 肋
A rib consists of the
costal bone 肋骨 and
costal cartilage肋软骨,
true ribs,1~7
false ribs,8~12
costal arch,8~10
floating ribs,11~12
downUp
(三） The ribs(costae)
costal bone
costal head
costal neck
costal tubercle
shaft of rib
costal angle
costal groove
costal cartilage.
downUp
【 思考题 】
1,简述骨的构造 。
2,椎骨有哪些共同特征？
3,颈椎在形态上有何特点？
4,在活体上, 能摸到躯干骨的哪些重要的
骨性标志？
5,胸骨角位于何处？ 有何临床意义？
上页 下页
Up
小 结
