第五章 昆虫的习性与行为
Habits and Behavior
一、昼夜节律与季节性
circadian and seasonal rhythm
? Diurnal Insects日出性昆虫：蝴蝶
? Nocturnal Insects夜出性昆虫：蛾子
? Crepuscular Insects弱光性昆虫：摇蚊
二、食性 feeding habits
? 1、植食性 phytophagy,草食性 herbivory
– Phytophagous insects feed on primary producers,
the algae and higher plants,
? 多食性 polyphagy,generalists that feed on many plant
groups.取食多个科的植物
– 舞毒蛾可以吃 485种植物
? 寡食性 oligophagy,feed on few plant taxa.只取食单科
植物
? 单食性 monophagy,feed on one plant taxon,只取食一、
二种植物
? 2、肉食性 carnivorous
– Prey - predators 螳螂捕蝉
– 寄生者 parasites
? parasitoids 类寄生
? Ectoparasitoids外寄生
? endoparasitoids内寄生
? 单寄生、聚寄生
? 原寄生、重寄生
? 3、腐食性 Saprophagous
– An eater of decaying organisms,
? 尸食性
? 粪食性
? 4、杂食性 omnivorous insects
– 动植物材料均可取食
? 5,蜡食性 wax-eating insects：大蜡螟
? 6,菌食性 Fungivorous Insects
? Some larvae of grain moth and geometers一些谷蛾,
尺蛾等
? Leaf-cutter ants
三,非随意应激性 Kinesis和 趋性 Taxis
? The integration of multiple reflexes associated with
movement of insect may be divisible into,kinesis
(pl,kineses) and taxis (pl,taxes),
? （一） 非随意应激性 kinesis (pl,kineses),in which
unorientated action varies according to stimulus
intensity,
– Kineses included akinesis,unstimulated lack of
movement,orthokinesis,in which speed depends upon
stimulus intensity,and klinokinesis,which is a ‘random
walk’ with course changes (turns) being made when
unfavourable stimuli are perceived and with the
frequency of turns depending on the intensity of the
stimulus,无变应激性、正态应激性、偏态应激性
? （二）趋性 Taxis (pl,taxes),An orientated
movement of an organism,
– Taxes can be divided into positive taxis and
negative taxis by the movement being directly
towards or away from the stimulus.分为正趋性、
负趋性
? 1,趋光性 phototaxis (light)
– 飞蛾投灯 light trapping
– 黑光灯诱虫
– 蚜虫：黄色光
– 蝴蝶：橙、红、黄
? 2,趋化性 chemotaxis ( taste and odour)
– 十字花科（含芥苷）：蚜虫、蝶类
Pseudocopulation:The attempted copulation of an insect with a flower,
– 甜味（糖醋液）,A sweet fermenting mixture of alcohol
plus brown sugar or molasses can be used as baits to lure
night-flying insects,a method termed ‘sugaring’,
–,腐臭味
– 性信息激素（性诱剂 Pheromone mass trapping）
? 3,趋湿性 Hygrotaxis (moisture)
? 4,趋流性 Rheotaxis (water current)
? 5,趋地性 Geotaxis (gravity)
? 6,趋声性 Phonotaxis (sound)
? 7,趋温性 Thermotaxis (temperature)
? 8,趋气流性 Anemotaxis (air current)
? 9,趋星性 Astrotaxis (solar,lunar or astral)
四、群集性 Aggregation
? population种群,colony集群
? Provisionality aggregation临时性群集：灯下的飞蛾
? seasonal aggregation季节性群集：蝗虫
? permanent aggregation永久性群集,honey bees、
ants (social insects——division of labour)
? 意义
– 有利于改变小气候
– 共同合作取食
– 共同防御天敌
– 有利于繁殖和个体发育
– 共同迁徙
五、扩散 dispersal和迁徙 (迁飞 )migration
? Emigration-immigration
? 原因
– 生境 habitat改变、食料不足时，另觅其他栖息之处
– 种群密度过高使得社群压力和进攻行为加强
– 处于低等级地位的个体被逐出，另觅栖息地
– 幼体发育成熟，最脱离亲代
– 解除滞育（粘虫）
? 意义
– 种群间个体得到交换，可防止因长期近亲繁殖而产生的不
良后果
– 使种群寻找、适应气候、食料等条件较好的生境
– 维持正常分布区以外的暂时性种群
– 扩大种群的分布区
六,Insect Defence
? For very many organisms,insects provide a
substantial food source and found everywhere,
? Some animals,termed insectivores,rely almost
exclusively on a diet of insects; omnivores may
eat them opportunistically; and even herbivores
unavoidably consume insects,Insectivores may be
vertebrates or invertebrates,including arthropods-
insects certainly eat other insects,Even plants lure,
trap and digest insects,
? Insects,however,actively or passively resist being
eaten,by means of a variety of protective devices-
the insect defences,
? 1,Defence by hiding
– （ 1） camouflage伪装（隐蔽色 cryptic
coloration，保护色 protective colour）
? Insect may camouflage,make it difficult to distinguish
from the general background in which it lives,by,
– resembling a uniform coloured background; resembling a
patterned background;
– having a patten to disrupt the outline;
– having a bizarre shape to disrupt the silhouette,as
demonstrated by some membracid leafhoppers,
– （ 2） 拟态 mimicry,mimesis,masquerade
– Mimicry,
? Batesian mimicry,It is the imitation by a generally
innocuous insect of a poisonous,stinging or
otherwise well-armed model,
– 可食者模拟不可食者
? Mullerian mimicry,Two or more equally poisonous
or distasteful insects share the same warning
patterns and thus mutually benefit,since predators
have only to learn to avoid them once,
– 两者均不可食
? 2,Secondary lines of defence
– Cryptic and mimicry insects are not absolutely
immune from predation,
– Once the deception is discovered,the prey may
have further defence available in reserve,
? Thanatosis
– This behaviour is not restricted to cryptic insects,even
visually obvious prey insects may feign death,
? Taking flight and suddenly revealing a flash of
conspicuous color from the hind wings
? Production of a startle display,
? 3,Mechanical defence
– Morphological structures
? Modified mouthparts
? Spiny legs
? Cuticular horns and spines
? Waxes,scales and powders secreted by body
? Noxious ovipositor
– Autotomy,shedding of limbs
? 4,Chemical defence
– Alarm pheromones
– Noxious chemical
– Distasteful odor
– Chemically-defended insects tend to have
high appearance to predators,i.e,they
usually non-cryptic,active,often relatively
large,long-lived and frequently aggregated
or social in behaviour,They often signal
themselves by warning coloration and even
sound production,
? 警戒色 warning coloration
– 胡蜂 wasp
? Collective defences in gregarious and social
insects
– Some gregarious larvae lie within a circle and
others form an outer ring with either their heads or
abdomens directed outwards,depending upon
which end secretes the noxious compounds,
– Social insects
? Specialized defensive soldiers
七、其他行为 Some Other Behaviours
动物行为学 Ethology
? 1,通讯 communication
– （ 1）视觉通讯 visual communication和发光 bioluminescence：
快乐、紧张不安、恐吓、顺从和妥协、求偶仪式、发光
? 杜牧的, 秋夕, 诗给我们记录了这样一幅画图：, 红烛秋光冷画
屏，轻罗小扇扑流萤。天阶夜色凉如水，坐看牵牛织女星。,
– （ 2）化学通讯 chemical communcation：散发性信息激素、
气味
– （ 3）听觉通讯 audio communcation：鸣叫、发声
? mosquito蚊子,cicada蝉,criket蟋蟀
–, 诗经 ?召南 ?草虫, 千古佳句, 喓喓 草虫（蝈蝈）,趯趯 阜螽（蚱
蜢、螽斯）。未见君子，忧心忡忡。亦既见止，亦既觏止，我心则
降 ······”
– （ 4）触觉通讯 tactile communcation
? 2,学习行为 learning behaviour
– Most insect behaviours are considered to be innate,
However,many behaviours are environmentally
and physiologically modified,
? By experimental teaching (using training and reward),
bees and ants can learn to run a maze and butterflies can
be induced to alter their favourite flower colour,
– Habitual behaviour习惯化行为
– Classical conditional behaviour经典的条件化行为
– Imprinting bihaviour印痕性行为
? 3,抚育行为 parental behavior
– Incubation behavior孵蛋
– Care of young
? 4,配偶制度 mating system
– 单配偶制
– 多配偶制
? 一雄多雌制（负子蝽）
? 一雌多雄制
– 影响因子
? 资源（主要指食物）情况
? 个体控制配偶的能力
? 5、种植行为、奴役行为、盗食共生、蚁贼行为
（社会性昆虫）
1） 种植行为 Fungus farming by leaf-cutting ants,
Fungus cultivation by termites
2） 盗食共生,一小蚁种与一大蚁种一起生活或筑
巢接近, 前者取食后者的废物或偷盗后者的食料 。
3） 蚁贼行为,小型种筑巢于大型种的巢旁边或巢
内, 并窜入其巢内取食其后代个体 。
8,共生 intergrowth,symbiosis
Habits and Behavior
一、昼夜节律与季节性
circadian and seasonal rhythm
? Diurnal Insects日出性昆虫：蝴蝶
? Nocturnal Insects夜出性昆虫：蛾子
? Crepuscular Insects弱光性昆虫：摇蚊
二、食性 feeding habits
? 1、植食性 phytophagy,草食性 herbivory
– Phytophagous insects feed on primary producers,
the algae and higher plants,
? 多食性 polyphagy,generalists that feed on many plant
groups.取食多个科的植物
– 舞毒蛾可以吃 485种植物
? 寡食性 oligophagy,feed on few plant taxa.只取食单科
植物
? 单食性 monophagy,feed on one plant taxon,只取食一、
二种植物
? 2、肉食性 carnivorous
– Prey - predators 螳螂捕蝉
– 寄生者 parasites
? parasitoids 类寄生
? Ectoparasitoids外寄生
? endoparasitoids内寄生
? 单寄生、聚寄生
? 原寄生、重寄生
? 3、腐食性 Saprophagous
– An eater of decaying organisms,
? 尸食性
? 粪食性
? 4、杂食性 omnivorous insects
– 动植物材料均可取食
? 5,蜡食性 wax-eating insects：大蜡螟
? 6,菌食性 Fungivorous Insects
? Some larvae of grain moth and geometers一些谷蛾,
尺蛾等
? Leaf-cutter ants
三,非随意应激性 Kinesis和 趋性 Taxis
? The integration of multiple reflexes associated with
movement of insect may be divisible into,kinesis
(pl,kineses) and taxis (pl,taxes),
? （一） 非随意应激性 kinesis (pl,kineses),in which
unorientated action varies according to stimulus
intensity,
– Kineses included akinesis,unstimulated lack of
movement,orthokinesis,in which speed depends upon
stimulus intensity,and klinokinesis,which is a ‘random
walk’ with course changes (turns) being made when
unfavourable stimuli are perceived and with the
frequency of turns depending on the intensity of the
stimulus,无变应激性、正态应激性、偏态应激性
? （二）趋性 Taxis (pl,taxes),An orientated
movement of an organism,
– Taxes can be divided into positive taxis and
negative taxis by the movement being directly
towards or away from the stimulus.分为正趋性、
负趋性
? 1,趋光性 phototaxis (light)
– 飞蛾投灯 light trapping
– 黑光灯诱虫
– 蚜虫：黄色光
– 蝴蝶：橙、红、黄
? 2,趋化性 chemotaxis ( taste and odour)
– 十字花科（含芥苷）：蚜虫、蝶类
Pseudocopulation:The attempted copulation of an insect with a flower,
– 甜味（糖醋液）,A sweet fermenting mixture of alcohol
plus brown sugar or molasses can be used as baits to lure
night-flying insects,a method termed ‘sugaring’,
–,腐臭味
– 性信息激素（性诱剂 Pheromone mass trapping）
? 3,趋湿性 Hygrotaxis (moisture)
? 4,趋流性 Rheotaxis (water current)
? 5,趋地性 Geotaxis (gravity)
? 6,趋声性 Phonotaxis (sound)
? 7,趋温性 Thermotaxis (temperature)
? 8,趋气流性 Anemotaxis (air current)
? 9,趋星性 Astrotaxis (solar,lunar or astral)
四、群集性 Aggregation
? population种群,colony集群
? Provisionality aggregation临时性群集：灯下的飞蛾
? seasonal aggregation季节性群集：蝗虫
? permanent aggregation永久性群集,honey bees、
ants (social insects——division of labour)
? 意义
– 有利于改变小气候
– 共同合作取食
– 共同防御天敌
– 有利于繁殖和个体发育
– 共同迁徙
五、扩散 dispersal和迁徙 (迁飞 )migration
? Emigration-immigration
? 原因
– 生境 habitat改变、食料不足时，另觅其他栖息之处
– 种群密度过高使得社群压力和进攻行为加强
– 处于低等级地位的个体被逐出，另觅栖息地
– 幼体发育成熟，最脱离亲代
– 解除滞育（粘虫）
? 意义
– 种群间个体得到交换，可防止因长期近亲繁殖而产生的不
良后果
– 使种群寻找、适应气候、食料等条件较好的生境
– 维持正常分布区以外的暂时性种群
– 扩大种群的分布区
六,Insect Defence
? For very many organisms,insects provide a
substantial food source and found everywhere,
? Some animals,termed insectivores,rely almost
exclusively on a diet of insects; omnivores may
eat them opportunistically; and even herbivores
unavoidably consume insects,Insectivores may be
vertebrates or invertebrates,including arthropods-
insects certainly eat other insects,Even plants lure,
trap and digest insects,
? Insects,however,actively or passively resist being
eaten,by means of a variety of protective devices-
the insect defences,
? 1,Defence by hiding
– （ 1） camouflage伪装（隐蔽色 cryptic
coloration，保护色 protective colour）
? Insect may camouflage,make it difficult to distinguish
from the general background in which it lives,by,
– resembling a uniform coloured background; resembling a
patterned background;
– having a patten to disrupt the outline;
– having a bizarre shape to disrupt the silhouette,as
demonstrated by some membracid leafhoppers,
– （ 2） 拟态 mimicry,mimesis,masquerade
– Mimicry,
? Batesian mimicry,It is the imitation by a generally
innocuous insect of a poisonous,stinging or
otherwise well-armed model,
– 可食者模拟不可食者
? Mullerian mimicry,Two or more equally poisonous
or distasteful insects share the same warning
patterns and thus mutually benefit,since predators
have only to learn to avoid them once,
– 两者均不可食
? 2,Secondary lines of defence
– Cryptic and mimicry insects are not absolutely
immune from predation,
– Once the deception is discovered,the prey may
have further defence available in reserve,
? Thanatosis
– This behaviour is not restricted to cryptic insects,even
visually obvious prey insects may feign death,
? Taking flight and suddenly revealing a flash of
conspicuous color from the hind wings
? Production of a startle display,
? 3,Mechanical defence
– Morphological structures
? Modified mouthparts
? Spiny legs
? Cuticular horns and spines
? Waxes,scales and powders secreted by body
? Noxious ovipositor
– Autotomy,shedding of limbs
? 4,Chemical defence
– Alarm pheromones
– Noxious chemical
– Distasteful odor
– Chemically-defended insects tend to have
high appearance to predators,i.e,they
usually non-cryptic,active,often relatively
large,long-lived and frequently aggregated
or social in behaviour,They often signal
themselves by warning coloration and even
sound production,
? 警戒色 warning coloration
– 胡蜂 wasp
? Collective defences in gregarious and social
insects
– Some gregarious larvae lie within a circle and
others form an outer ring with either their heads or
abdomens directed outwards,depending upon
which end secretes the noxious compounds,
– Social insects
? Specialized defensive soldiers
七、其他行为 Some Other Behaviours
动物行为学 Ethology
? 1,通讯 communication
– （ 1）视觉通讯 visual communication和发光 bioluminescence：
快乐、紧张不安、恐吓、顺从和妥协、求偶仪式、发光
? 杜牧的, 秋夕, 诗给我们记录了这样一幅画图：, 红烛秋光冷画
屏，轻罗小扇扑流萤。天阶夜色凉如水，坐看牵牛织女星。,
– （ 2）化学通讯 chemical communcation：散发性信息激素、
气味
– （ 3）听觉通讯 audio communcation：鸣叫、发声
? mosquito蚊子,cicada蝉,criket蟋蟀
–, 诗经 ?召南 ?草虫, 千古佳句, 喓喓 草虫（蝈蝈）,趯趯 阜螽（蚱
蜢、螽斯）。未见君子，忧心忡忡。亦既见止，亦既觏止，我心则
降 ······”
– （ 4）触觉通讯 tactile communcation
? 2,学习行为 learning behaviour
– Most insect behaviours are considered to be innate,
However,many behaviours are environmentally
and physiologically modified,
? By experimental teaching (using training and reward),
bees and ants can learn to run a maze and butterflies can
be induced to alter their favourite flower colour,
– Habitual behaviour习惯化行为
– Classical conditional behaviour经典的条件化行为
– Imprinting bihaviour印痕性行为
? 3,抚育行为 parental behavior
– Incubation behavior孵蛋
– Care of young
? 4,配偶制度 mating system
– 单配偶制
– 多配偶制
? 一雄多雌制（负子蝽）
? 一雌多雄制
– 影响因子
? 资源（主要指食物）情况
? 个体控制配偶的能力
? 5、种植行为、奴役行为、盗食共生、蚁贼行为
（社会性昆虫）
1） 种植行为 Fungus farming by leaf-cutting ants,
Fungus cultivation by termites
2） 盗食共生,一小蚁种与一大蚁种一起生活或筑
巢接近, 前者取食后者的废物或偷盗后者的食料 。
3） 蚁贼行为,小型种筑巢于大型种的巢旁边或巢
内, 并窜入其巢内取食其后代个体 。
8,共生 intergrowth,symbiosis
