昆虫形态学 Insect morphology
第二章 昆虫的头部和颈部
Chapter 2 Head and Cervix (Neck)
五,口器( mouthparts)
? 为什么口器是附肢演化来的?
? 解剖形态学证据
? a) 典型的昆虫口器 (Chewing Mouthparts)与结合
纲、唇足纲头部附肢结构最相似;
? b)典型的昆虫口器几乎发生于所有原始的
昆虫目中,如直翅目蝗虫等类群;其他
类型的口器均由咀嚼式口器衍化而来。
? Formed from appendages of
head segments
? Forms or Styles of feeding
apparatus,

labrum上唇,
mandibles( paired )上颚,
maxillae ( paired )下颚,
labium下唇,and
hypopharynx舌,
五部分组成。
Mouthparts 口器
chewing - solid food
(1) Sucking- fluid
food
? piercing and sucking
刺吸式
? Siphoning 虹吸式
? Sponging 舔吸式
? Rasping-sucking 锉
吸式
? Grasping –sucking
捕吸式
Typical mouthpart
Chewing Mouthparts 咀嚼式 口器
Mouth parts
Labium
Labrum –1
Upper lip
Labium – 1
Lower lip
Mandibles – 2
Jaws
Maxilla – 2
2nd Jaws
Hypopharynx –
1
Tongue like
一、咀嚼式口器
Chewing mouthparts
由五部分组成,
1) 上唇 labrum
?epipharynx,
头节 1的附肢,内侧有 内唇 。
? 2)上颚 mandible,or jaw
? paired appendages of segment 4,头节 4的一对附肢。
? sclerotized,usually articulations with the subgena,高度
骨化,与 颊下区 相联。
? In herbivorous forms there are both cutting edges(前端
的 切齿叶 incisor lobe) and grinding surfaces(后端的 臼
齿叶 molar lobe) on the mandible,
3) 下颚 maxillae
? Maxillae are the paired appendages
of segment 5,
? It consists of 5 parts,
? 轴 节 cardo(基部一节)
? 茎 节 stipes(下颚中央,相当于
基肢节)
? 外颚叶 galea(较大,有很多感觉
器官)
? 内颚叶 lacinia(有齿)
? 下颚须 maxillary palpus (pl,palps or
palpi)(有感觉作用,5节,相当于
端肢节)
4)下唇 labium,low lip
? paired appendages of segment 6,
? 后颏 postmentum:相当于下颚
的基节,又分为后端的 亚颏
submentum和前端的 颏 mentum;
? 前颏 prementum:相当于下颚
的茎节;
? 下唇须 labial palpus:相当于下
颚中的下颚须,分 3节;
? 唇叶 lingula:分 侧唇叶
paraglossa和 中唇叶 glossa,各相
当于下颚的外颚叶和内颚叶。
5) 舌 hypopharynx
? lobe,projecting ventrally into
the preoral cavity,
? 头部颚节区腹面体壁扩展出
来的袋装构造,具味觉作用。
? 昆虫真正的口 mouth:舌与唇基之间的部
位。
? 口前腔 preoral cavity:上唇与口器附肢在
口外形成的空腔。
? 食窦 cibarium,唾窦 salivarium
(2) 刺吸式口器 piercing-sucking mouthparts
? 蚜虫、蝽、虱、蚤、蚊等
? The labrum is usually small.
上唇很小,呈倒三角形;
? The major contributor to the
proboscis (rostrum) is the
labium,下唇演变成分节
的 喙( rostrum),前壁
内陷成 唇槽( labial
groove/gutter) 包藏上、
下颚口针;
?mandiblular and maxillary bristles,上颚、下
颚延长成 口针 stylets;
? The two maxillary bristles are interlocked within
the labial groove and form the food and
salivary canals.食窦和唾窦各形成筒状的泵
结构,食窦唧筒 和 唾窦唧筒 。
双刺吸式口器 Piercing-sucking mouthparts
? Mandibles,labrum,
laciniae of maxillae,and
hypopharynx are all
modified and formed
needle–like stylets,
? 上颚、上唇、舌及下颚
的内颚叶特化成六根口
针并藏于喙前的唇槽里,
如蚊子的口器。
(二)刮吸式口器 scratching mouthparts
? In maggots the true
head is completely
invaginated into the
thorax and the
mouthparts can be
seen as a pair of hooks.
十分退化,外部只见
到一对口针,上颚刀
片状,下颚呈长探针;
如蝇类幼虫的口器。
(三)锉吸式口器
rasping-sucking mouthparts
? Its mandibles is
unsymmetrical with the
right one degenerate or
disappear,
? The short beak (rostrum)
comprises labrum,part
of maxillae,and labium,
? 短小的喙由上唇、下颚
的一部分和下唇组成,
且左右上颚 不对称(右
上颚退化或消失) ——
蓟马
(四)捕吸式 grasping-sucking
mouthparts
? Its mandibles produced
and reaphook- formed,
The cibarium composed
of mandibles and maxillae.
上颚延长成镰刀状,上、
下颚合成食物道,如脉
翅目昆虫的幼虫:蚁狮、
蚜狮。
三、虹吸式口器 siphoning mouthparts
? Most adult Lepidoptera
obtain their food solely
by sucking up liquids
using suctorial
(haustellate,siphoning)
mouthparts that form a
proboscis or rostrum,
? 绝大多数鳞翅目成虫吸
食花蜜,如蝴蝶、蛾类
虹吸式口器
? 特点,
? The proboscis of moths and butterflies formed from the
greatly elongated maxillary galea,is extended by increases
in the haemolymph pressure,
? The mandibles are usually lost,the labrum is reduced to a
narrow transverse sclerite,and the labium is a small flap
(though its palps retain quite large),
四、舐吸式口器 sponging mouthparts
? 蝇类成虫特有
? The mandibles and maxillae disappeared only with
the maxillary palps present.上颚、下颚消失(故无
咀嚼功能),只剩下颚须存在。
? Labrum triangular.上唇三角形
? The proboscis is divisible into 3
parts,
? basiproboscis bears a pair of
maxillary palps.基喙
? mediproboscis (haustellum) is
mostly formed by prementum 中喙
? distiproboscises (labella) are
broad sponging pads,equipped with
Pseudotracheae along which food
passes to the oral aperture
(prestomum) 端喙(唇瓣),表
面具环沟状 拟气管,食物可经其
进入 唇瓣裂(前口 )。
五、嚼吸式口器 chewing-lapping
mouthparts
? In the advanced adult
Hymenoptera,such as
bees,the mouthparts are
of a chewing and
lapping type.为一部分
高等膜翅目昆虫所特
有,如蜜蜂
? 特点,
? 上唇,上颚同咀嚼式口器(稍延长)
? The mandibles become flattened and are used for grasping and
molding materials rather than bitting and cutting,
? 下颚、下唇同吮吸式
? The laciniae and maxillary palps reduced,but the galeae are much
enlarged,下颚的内颚叶、下颚须退化,外颚叶发达
? 下唇须和中唇舌发达,侧唇舌小
? The elongate and fused labial glossae formed a long
flexible ―tongue‖,which is surrounded by the maxillary
galeae and the labial palps to form a tubular proboscis
containing a food canal,中唇舌与下唇须愈合,并与
下颚的外颚叶联合在一起,吸蜜。
学习口器的意义
? 识别昆虫类型:口器是分类的重要特征
? 了解昆虫取食和为害特点
? 口器与化学防治的关系,
? 咀嚼式口器 ——胃毒剂、触杀剂
? 刺吸式口器 ——内吸剂
? 蚊子 ——熏蒸剂
? 虹吸式口器 ——糖醋液诱杀