第三章 昆虫的胸部
Chapter 3 Thorax of Insects
一、昆虫的颈 Neck
? supporting the head and articulating it with the prothorax
? cervical sclerites 颈片（颈部骨片的统称）
二、胸部的基本构造
? The thorax,is composed of three
segments
? prothroax前胸
? mesothorax中胸
? metathorax后胸
? In most winged insects,mesothorax
and metathorax form a pterothorax,
bearing the wings,
? The thorax is the center of
locomotory,
? Legs,fore,mid,and hind leg
? Wings,前翅 forewings、后翅
hindwings
原始昆虫体节的发展
? 体节分,
? 背板 notum (tergum)、背片 (tergite)
? 腹板 sternum、腹片 sternite
? 侧区 pleuron、侧片 pleurite
? 足 legs
? 气门 spiracle
? 基肢节,
? 亚基节 subcoxa→ 侧板
? 基节 coxa
? 端肢节 telopodite
（一）前胸 prothorax
?no wings,structure
usually simple,
?前胸背板 pronotum
?Simple,small,but in some
insects they are highly
modified,蝗虫、蝼蛄、菱
蝗；角蝉、耳蝉
? 前胸侧板 propleuron
? Usually divided into episternum and
epimeron by pleural sulcus,
? 侧沟 将侧板分为 前侧片 和 后侧片
? 侧基突 pleural articulation：侧沟下
端与胸足相抵的关节突
? 前胸腹板 prosternum
? Usually undeveloped,sometimes with
special structures,
叩头虫的 关键
（二）翅胸 Pterothorax
? 1,背板 tergum
? 前脊沟 antecostal sulcus,前盾沟 prescutal sulcus,盾间沟 scutoscutellar sulcus
? 背片划分为
? 端背片 acrotergite, 前盾片 prescutum,主背片
? 盾片 scutum、小盾片 scutellum
? 2,侧板 pleuron
? 侧沟凹进成侧内脊，并将侧板分成 前侧片
episternum和 后侧片 epimeron
? 侧沟下端的突起为 侧基突 pleural articulation,
上端为 侧翅突 pleural wing process
? 上侧片 epipleurites：侧翅突前后的膜质区中
的骨片，包括前上侧片 basalare和后上侧片
subalare
? Orientation
? Base of removed
structures
? Sclerites (stippling
indicates conjunctiva)
? Sutures &
invaginations
? Articulation points
(condyles)
Pterothorax
Lateral View
? 3.腹板 sternum
? 前腹沟 presternal
sulcus
? 腹脊沟 sternacostal
sulcus
? 将腹板分为
? 前腹片 presternum
? 主腹片 eusternum (具
叉腹片 furcasternum)：
基腹片 basisternum、
小腹片 sternellum
? 具刺腹片
spinasternite(间腹片
intersternite ),内有
刺突，称内刺突 spina
第 三 节 昆 虫 的 足
Legs of adult insects
一、胸足的构造及类型
Structure of legs
? Three pairs of walking legs on
thorax,
? Each leg consist of five parts
? Coxa基节
? Trochanter转节
? Femur腿节
? Tibia胫节
? Tarsus跗节：常分 2-5个亚节，
称跗分节 tarsomere
前跗节 pretarsus
? ungues (claws)
跗节爪
? unguitractor
plate掣爪片
arolium中垫
? empodium爪
间突
二、足的特化和适应
Leg Adaptations and Modifications
? Typically the legs are concerned with walking
and running,but they may be specialized for a
variety of functions,
? Jumping
? Swimming
? Grasping
? Digging
? Sound production
? Cleaning
? 跳跃足 Jumping
(Saltatorial) leg
? Grasshoppers,
fleabeetles,
? adapted for jumping
? 后足腿节特别发达，
胫节细长
? 捕捉足 Grasping
(Raptorial) leg
? Praying mantids
? catching and holding
prey
? 腿节腹面有槽，胫
节可嵌在腿节的槽
中
?开掘足 Digging
(Fossorial) leg
? 蝼蛄 Mole crickets,蝉
cicadas
? digging in soil,
? forelegs large,heavily
sclerotized,and
posses stout claws,
? tibia are flattened,
with teeth,
? tarsomeres reduced in
number or may
disappear entirely,
? 游泳足 Swimming
(Natatorial) leg
? Diving bugs and Water
beetles 负子蝽、龙虱、
水龟甲
? swimming
? tibia and tarsus of
hindlegs flattened，
bearring rigid hairs
around the periphery,
? 抱握足 Clasping leg
? grasping
? predaceous diving
beetles,ectoparasitic
lice
? used for hanging onto
the female during
mating（前足跗节特
别膨大、宽扁，有吸
盘构造）
? 携粉足 Pollen-
carrying leg
? Honeybee,hindlegs
? pollen collection
? 花粉刷 comb,
? pollen basket花粉
篮
? 攀悬足 Clinging
(Scansorial) legs
? louse
? leg is short and thick
? Tip with a single,
large claw which
folds back against
the tibial process,
猜猜看：下面这些足各属于什么类型？
Chapter 3 Thorax of Insects
一、昆虫的颈 Neck
? supporting the head and articulating it with the prothorax
? cervical sclerites 颈片（颈部骨片的统称）
二、胸部的基本构造
? The thorax,is composed of three
segments
? prothroax前胸
? mesothorax中胸
? metathorax后胸
? In most winged insects,mesothorax
and metathorax form a pterothorax,
bearing the wings,
? The thorax is the center of
locomotory,
? Legs,fore,mid,and hind leg
? Wings,前翅 forewings、后翅
hindwings
原始昆虫体节的发展
? 体节分,
? 背板 notum (tergum)、背片 (tergite)
? 腹板 sternum、腹片 sternite
? 侧区 pleuron、侧片 pleurite
? 足 legs
? 气门 spiracle
? 基肢节,
? 亚基节 subcoxa→ 侧板
? 基节 coxa
? 端肢节 telopodite
（一）前胸 prothorax
?no wings,structure
usually simple,
?前胸背板 pronotum
?Simple,small,but in some
insects they are highly
modified,蝗虫、蝼蛄、菱
蝗；角蝉、耳蝉
? 前胸侧板 propleuron
? Usually divided into episternum and
epimeron by pleural sulcus,
? 侧沟 将侧板分为 前侧片 和 后侧片
? 侧基突 pleural articulation：侧沟下
端与胸足相抵的关节突
? 前胸腹板 prosternum
? Usually undeveloped,sometimes with
special structures,
叩头虫的 关键
（二）翅胸 Pterothorax
? 1,背板 tergum
? 前脊沟 antecostal sulcus,前盾沟 prescutal sulcus,盾间沟 scutoscutellar sulcus
? 背片划分为
? 端背片 acrotergite, 前盾片 prescutum,主背片
? 盾片 scutum、小盾片 scutellum
? 2,侧板 pleuron
? 侧沟凹进成侧内脊，并将侧板分成 前侧片
episternum和 后侧片 epimeron
? 侧沟下端的突起为 侧基突 pleural articulation,
上端为 侧翅突 pleural wing process
? 上侧片 epipleurites：侧翅突前后的膜质区中
的骨片，包括前上侧片 basalare和后上侧片
subalare
? Orientation
? Base of removed
structures
? Sclerites (stippling
indicates conjunctiva)
? Sutures &
invaginations
? Articulation points
(condyles)
Pterothorax
Lateral View
? 3.腹板 sternum
? 前腹沟 presternal
sulcus
? 腹脊沟 sternacostal
sulcus
? 将腹板分为
? 前腹片 presternum
? 主腹片 eusternum (具
叉腹片 furcasternum)：
基腹片 basisternum、
小腹片 sternellum
? 具刺腹片
spinasternite(间腹片
intersternite ),内有
刺突，称内刺突 spina
第 三 节 昆 虫 的 足
Legs of adult insects
一、胸足的构造及类型
Structure of legs
? Three pairs of walking legs on
thorax,
? Each leg consist of five parts
? Coxa基节
? Trochanter转节
? Femur腿节
? Tibia胫节
? Tarsus跗节：常分 2-5个亚节，
称跗分节 tarsomere
前跗节 pretarsus
? ungues (claws)
跗节爪
? unguitractor
plate掣爪片
arolium中垫
? empodium爪
间突
二、足的特化和适应
Leg Adaptations and Modifications
? Typically the legs are concerned with walking
and running,but they may be specialized for a
variety of functions,
? Jumping
? Swimming
? Grasping
? Digging
? Sound production
? Cleaning
? 跳跃足 Jumping
(Saltatorial) leg
? Grasshoppers,
fleabeetles,
? adapted for jumping
? 后足腿节特别发达，
胫节细长
? 捕捉足 Grasping
(Raptorial) leg
? Praying mantids
? catching and holding
prey
? 腿节腹面有槽，胫
节可嵌在腿节的槽
中
?开掘足 Digging
(Fossorial) leg
? 蝼蛄 Mole crickets,蝉
cicadas
? digging in soil,
? forelegs large,heavily
sclerotized,and
posses stout claws,
? tibia are flattened,
with teeth,
? tarsomeres reduced in
number or may
disappear entirely,
? 游泳足 Swimming
(Natatorial) leg
? Diving bugs and Water
beetles 负子蝽、龙虱、
水龟甲
? swimming
? tibia and tarsus of
hindlegs flattened，
bearring rigid hairs
around the periphery,
? 抱握足 Clasping leg
? grasping
? predaceous diving
beetles,ectoparasitic
lice
? used for hanging onto
the female during
mating（前足跗节特
别膨大、宽扁，有吸
盘构造）
? 携粉足 Pollen-
carrying leg
? Honeybee,hindlegs
? pollen collection
? 花粉刷 comb,
? pollen basket花粉
篮
? 攀悬足 Clinging
(Scansorial) legs
? louse
? leg is short and thick
? Tip with a single,
large claw which
folds back against
the tibial process,
猜猜看：下面这些足各属于什么类型？
