昆虫形态学 Insect morphology
第一章 昆虫的外部形态
Chapter 1 External
Morphology
Snodgrass (1935),Principles of Insect Morphology
一、体制 General Body Plan
? Three axes of bilaterally
symmetrical body
? Longitudinal,also
termed cephalic to
caudal 纵向)
? Dorsoventral,or dorsal
to ventral背腹向
? Transverse,or lateral
to the opposite lateral.
横向
? For appendages,proximal = near body,whereas
distal or apical = distant from body,
附肢,靠近身体的部位为基部,反之为端部
? Structures may be described as mesal,or medial,if
they are nearer to the midline (median line),or
lateral if they are closer to the body margin,
靠近中线的部位称为中部,反之则为侧区
二, Exoskeleton外骨骼
? Exocuticle (exoskeleton),
表皮硬化形成外骨骼
? Segment/somite 体节
? conjunctival or inter-segmental membrane 节间膜
? Sclerite 骨片
三, Tagmosis 体躯分段
? Insect segments amalgamation( fusion) into
functional units.体节融合成为体段。
? Tagmosis体段 → 头 head,胸 thorax,腹 abdomen,
Head,4-6-segmented;
Thorax,3-segmented;
Abdomen,11-segmented
( 4) Sclerites and Regions of Body
体面和骨化区
? dorsal side 背面 ——
背板 tergum; pl,terga — 背片 tergite
? pleural side 侧面 ——
侧板 pleuron; pl,pleura— 侧片 pleurite
? ventral side 腹面 ——
腹板 sternum; pl,sterna— 腹片 sternite
sulcus and suture沟和缝
?sulcus; pl,sulci沟
Suture缝
ridge and apodeme内脊和内突
? ridge内脊
? apodeme内突
(5) 内骨骼 Endoskeleton
(6) Appendages 附肢
? Primitively each segment bore a pair of
appendages,原始每节有一对附肢。
? Head, highly modified into mouthpart and
antennae,
头部附肢特化成触角和口器 。
? Thorax,legs 胸足
? Abdomen,highly modified and forming genitalia,
腹部附肢特化为生殖器
第二章 昆虫的头部
Chapter 2 Head of Insects
一、头部的起源 The origin of insect head
? 头部的分节一直存在争议
? 证据:胚胎发育、古昆虫化石
? 个体发育 Ontogeny
? 系统发育 phylogeny
? 生物发生律 Biogenetic law (重演律 recapitulation law)
? Insect head from 3 to 7 segments,
? Remple (1975),
? Acron原头 ;
? Three preoral segments口前节
? labral上唇节
? antennal触角节,
? postantennal segment触角后节
? Three postoral (gnathal) segments口后节
(颚节)
? mandibular上颚节
? maxillary下颚节
? labial segment下唇节
二,头部基本构造
General structure
( 1)头壳外形
? Frontal view
? Lateral view
? Sclerotized structures inside the head
? Visual organs
? Antenna
? Mouthparts
(2) Endoskeleton 头部的内
骨骼
? The origin of Endoskeleton
体壁内陷形成(同源于外
骨骼)
? Tentorium幕骨:头部内骨
骼的统称。 一对幕骨前臂 anterior
tentorial arms和一对幕骨后臂 posterior
tentorial arms。
? 前幕骨陷( anterior tentorial
pits)
? 后幕骨陷( posterior tentorial
pits )
? B,sulcus 沟
? 额唇基沟 frontoclypeal sulcus
? 额颊沟 frontogenal sulcus
? 颅中沟 midcranial sulcus
? 围眼沟 ocular sulcus
? 后头沟 occipital sulcus
? 次后头沟 postoccipital sulcus
A、蜕裂线
ecdysial line,
Often Y-shaped
- splits at moulting,
( 3) Ecdysial line
& sulcus
蜕裂线和沟
1、额唇基区
frontoclypeus area
2、颅侧区
parietals
3、后头区
occipital area
4、次后头区
postoccipital area
5、颊下区
subgenal area
( 4) Head Regions 头部的分区
三、头部的型式(头式)
划分标准,orientation
? 下口式 hypognathous type
? 前口式 prognathous type
? 后口式 opisthognathous type
四,头部的感觉器官
Sensory Organs on Head
? Compound eyes 复眼位于头部背侧区
? Paired,symmetric
? Image-forming
? Different groups with different structured compound eyes,
Variable capability to perceive different wavelengths
? Apis cannot see red,but can see UV(紫外光)
Compound eye 复眼
? The compound eye,ommatidia,
Each ommatidium is hexagon and
resembles a simple stemma(侧单眼),
?Between 1-30,000 ommatidia /eye
? Ocelli 单眼
Usually 3 (none or two)一般 3个
? Single lens; not image-forming
? perceive strength of light
? Stemmata (sl,stemma)侧单眼
The only visual structures of larva 幼虫,laterally on
the head,幼虫的视觉器官
(8) Antenna (pl,antennae)触角
mobile,segmented,paired appendages,
? In antennal socket
着生于额区的膜质触角窝内。
? Taste,listen,touch
嗅觉、听觉、触觉
Structure of the Antenna
3 parts,
Scape柄节
Pedicel梗节 contains chordotonal organ
Sense vibrations (sound in ♂ mosquitoes)
Flagellum鞭节, 1-30+ segments
Sensilla present
1、刚毛状 setaceous
2、丝状(线状) filiform
3、念珠状 moniliform
4、锯齿状 serrate
5、栉齿状 pectinate
6、双栉状(羽状) bipectinate
7、膝状(肘状) geniculate
8、具芒状 aristate
9、环毛状 plumose
10、棒状 clavate
11、锤状 capitate
12、鳃叶状 lamellate
Types of Antennae触角的类型
Setaceous
Filiform
Moniliform Clavate
Capitate
Serrate
Aristate
Pectinate
Lamellate
Plumose
Scape
Pedicel
Flagellum
Geniculate
第一章 昆虫的外部形态
Chapter 1 External
Morphology
Snodgrass (1935),Principles of Insect Morphology
一、体制 General Body Plan
? Three axes of bilaterally
symmetrical body
? Longitudinal,also
termed cephalic to
caudal 纵向)
? Dorsoventral,or dorsal
to ventral背腹向
? Transverse,or lateral
to the opposite lateral.
横向
? For appendages,proximal = near body,whereas
distal or apical = distant from body,
附肢,靠近身体的部位为基部,反之为端部
? Structures may be described as mesal,or medial,if
they are nearer to the midline (median line),or
lateral if they are closer to the body margin,
靠近中线的部位称为中部,反之则为侧区
二, Exoskeleton外骨骼
? Exocuticle (exoskeleton),
表皮硬化形成外骨骼
? Segment/somite 体节
? conjunctival or inter-segmental membrane 节间膜
? Sclerite 骨片
三, Tagmosis 体躯分段
? Insect segments amalgamation( fusion) into
functional units.体节融合成为体段。
? Tagmosis体段 → 头 head,胸 thorax,腹 abdomen,
Head,4-6-segmented;
Thorax,3-segmented;
Abdomen,11-segmented
( 4) Sclerites and Regions of Body
体面和骨化区
? dorsal side 背面 ——
背板 tergum; pl,terga — 背片 tergite
? pleural side 侧面 ——
侧板 pleuron; pl,pleura— 侧片 pleurite
? ventral side 腹面 ——
腹板 sternum; pl,sterna— 腹片 sternite
sulcus and suture沟和缝
?sulcus; pl,sulci沟
Suture缝
ridge and apodeme内脊和内突
? ridge内脊
? apodeme内突
(5) 内骨骼 Endoskeleton
(6) Appendages 附肢
? Primitively each segment bore a pair of
appendages,原始每节有一对附肢。
? Head, highly modified into mouthpart and
antennae,
头部附肢特化成触角和口器 。
? Thorax,legs 胸足
? Abdomen,highly modified and forming genitalia,
腹部附肢特化为生殖器
第二章 昆虫的头部
Chapter 2 Head of Insects
一、头部的起源 The origin of insect head
? 头部的分节一直存在争议
? 证据:胚胎发育、古昆虫化石
? 个体发育 Ontogeny
? 系统发育 phylogeny
? 生物发生律 Biogenetic law (重演律 recapitulation law)
? Insect head from 3 to 7 segments,
? Remple (1975),
? Acron原头 ;
? Three preoral segments口前节
? labral上唇节
? antennal触角节,
? postantennal segment触角后节
? Three postoral (gnathal) segments口后节
(颚节)
? mandibular上颚节
? maxillary下颚节
? labial segment下唇节
二,头部基本构造
General structure
( 1)头壳外形
? Frontal view
? Lateral view
? Sclerotized structures inside the head
? Visual organs
? Antenna
? Mouthparts
(2) Endoskeleton 头部的内
骨骼
? The origin of Endoskeleton
体壁内陷形成(同源于外
骨骼)
? Tentorium幕骨:头部内骨
骼的统称。 一对幕骨前臂 anterior
tentorial arms和一对幕骨后臂 posterior
tentorial arms。
? 前幕骨陷( anterior tentorial
pits)
? 后幕骨陷( posterior tentorial
pits )
? B,sulcus 沟
? 额唇基沟 frontoclypeal sulcus
? 额颊沟 frontogenal sulcus
? 颅中沟 midcranial sulcus
? 围眼沟 ocular sulcus
? 后头沟 occipital sulcus
? 次后头沟 postoccipital sulcus
A、蜕裂线
ecdysial line,
Often Y-shaped
- splits at moulting,
( 3) Ecdysial line
& sulcus
蜕裂线和沟
1、额唇基区
frontoclypeus area
2、颅侧区
parietals
3、后头区
occipital area
4、次后头区
postoccipital area
5、颊下区
subgenal area
( 4) Head Regions 头部的分区
三、头部的型式(头式)
划分标准,orientation
? 下口式 hypognathous type
? 前口式 prognathous type
? 后口式 opisthognathous type
四,头部的感觉器官
Sensory Organs on Head
? Compound eyes 复眼位于头部背侧区
? Paired,symmetric
? Image-forming
? Different groups with different structured compound eyes,
Variable capability to perceive different wavelengths
? Apis cannot see red,but can see UV(紫外光)
Compound eye 复眼
? The compound eye,ommatidia,
Each ommatidium is hexagon and
resembles a simple stemma(侧单眼),
?Between 1-30,000 ommatidia /eye
? Ocelli 单眼
Usually 3 (none or two)一般 3个
? Single lens; not image-forming
? perceive strength of light
? Stemmata (sl,stemma)侧单眼
The only visual structures of larva 幼虫,laterally on
the head,幼虫的视觉器官
(8) Antenna (pl,antennae)触角
mobile,segmented,paired appendages,
? In antennal socket
着生于额区的膜质触角窝内。
? Taste,listen,touch
嗅觉、听觉、触觉
Structure of the Antenna
3 parts,
Scape柄节
Pedicel梗节 contains chordotonal organ
Sense vibrations (sound in ♂ mosquitoes)
Flagellum鞭节, 1-30+ segments
Sensilla present
1、刚毛状 setaceous
2、丝状(线状) filiform
3、念珠状 moniliform
4、锯齿状 serrate
5、栉齿状 pectinate
6、双栉状(羽状) bipectinate
7、膝状(肘状) geniculate
8、具芒状 aristate
9、环毛状 plumose
10、棒状 clavate
11、锤状 capitate
12、鳃叶状 lamellate
Types of Antennae触角的类型
Setaceous
Filiform
Moniliform Clavate
Capitate
Serrate
Aristate
Pectinate
Lamellate
Plumose
Scape
Pedicel
Flagellum
Geniculate