第四章 昆虫的生物学与生活史
Biology and Life History
Adult,the last stage of insects,ontogeny.
成虫昆虫个体发育中的最后一个虫态。
第一节 成虫生物学 Biology
? 一、羽化
adult emergence
二、性二型与多型现象
Sexual Dimorphism and Polymorphism
? 1,性二型 sexual dimorphism
? 体型、大小、颜色、翅的有无等方面
? 锹甲、独角仙、介壳虫、蚊子、蝴蝶、蛾子
2、多型现象 Polymorphism
? Polymorphism,the existence of several distinct
forms of the same life stage of an organism,
? Locusts,some caterpillars,castes of social
insects,alary polymorphism in crickets,aphids
and other Homoptera,and color polymorphism
of butterflies are examples of insect
polymorphism,
? (1) Genetic polymorphism遗传多型性
? 等翅目、蜜蜂、蚂蚁、蚜虫（有翅蚜、无翅蚜）
? (2) Environmental polymorphism or polyphenism
– phenotype环境多型性或非遗传多型性
? 蝴蝶的季节型（春型、夏型）
三,life of adult 成虫的生活
? After the imago emerges,it may be
reproductively competent almost
immediately or there may be a
period of maturation in readiness
for sperm transfer or oviposition,
– 1、生殖前期
? Nutrition complement
– 2、生殖期
? control of maturing性成熟的控制
? courting求偶行为
? mating交配行为
? oviposition产卵
? Life span of insects (longevity)
第二节 昆虫的世代和生活史
generation and life history
? 一、世代与生活史
– 世代 generation：一个新个体从母体产生到发育成熟、产
生新个体的周期。
– 化性 voltinism,The number of generation per year.昆虫一年
内完成的世代数。
? univoltine insects一化性
? bivoltine insects二化性
? multivoltine,or polyvoltine insects多化性
– Life history
? 代生活史 Generational life history：一种昆虫完成一代的发育历程。
? 年生活史 annual life history：一种昆虫在一年内的发育历程。
? 生活史的表示方法,教材 244~225页 。
? 世代重叠 Generation overlapping
– 前后两个世代的出现期发生部分重叠
– 局部世代 partial generation
? 世代交替 alternation of generations
– 两性世代与若干孤雌生殖世代相交替的现象
? 年生活史研究的意义及内容
– 越冬虫态及场所
– 一年发生代数
– 每一代各虫态发生的时间历期
– 生活习性及与寄主植物发育的关系
二、休眠与滞育
? （ 1） 休眠 dormancy (aestivation or hibernation)
– Any period of suspended development induced
directly by the arrival adverse condition.直接由不良
的环境条件引起的生长发育停滞现象。
? high summer or low winter temperatures,drought,absence
of food 低温、干旱、乏食
? An insect usually enters or terminates dormancy very
quickly when the adverse conditions arrives or ends,在条
件好转时可立即恢复
? 休眠虫态 dormancy form,egg,larval (nymphal) stage,
pupal stage,adult stage
– （ 2） 滞育 Diapause
? Diapause,Delayed development independent of
environmental conditions.It is usually controlled by
diapause hormone.为了抵抗不良环境条件而由滞育激
素（遗传）控制的发育停滞现象。为主动诱导产生
（多为不良环境因子间接引发所致）。
? Diapauses differs markedly from quiescence dormancy,
Because an insect enters diapause usually some time in
advance of the adverse conditions and terminates
dispause after the conditions have ended.滞育一般在不
良环境因子发生之前及开始；一旦滞育，即使给予最
适条件也不能马上恢复 ——必须完成滞育发育。
? Diapause development
滞育发育
– Diapause form滞育虫态
? 有滞育性的昆虫皆有固
定滞育虫态
– Pupal stage蛹：菜粉蝶
– egg卵：家蚕
– Larval stage幼虫：桃蛀
果蛾
– Adult stage成虫：主要是
性腺的滞育，如蝇、椿
象
? Post diapause
development滞育后发
育
Types of diapause滞育的类型
? 兼性滞育 facultative diapause
– Diapause that is optional is termed facultative,and this
occurs widely in insects,including many bivoltine or
multivoltine insects in which diapause occurs only in the
generation that must survive the unfavourable conditions.
多化性昆虫，并非每一世代都滞育（其滞育一般发生
于要经历不利环境因子的一代 ）。
? 专性滞育 obligatory diapause（ 绝对滞育 ）
– Diapause at a fixed time regardless of varied
environmental conditions is termed obligatory,有些昆虫
（多为一化性）,到了滞育虫态即进入滞育状态。
– 专性滞育是昆虫长期适应一年只能发生一个世代的环
境条件的结果，滞育已成为种的遗传性（ 种性 ）
三、引发滞育的条件和滞育的解除
? 主导因素 —光周期 photoperiod：一个昼夜之中光照时
数与黑暗时数的节律
– Photoperiod is undoubtedly significant in diapause because
alternation in day length predicts much about future seasonal
environmental conditions,with photoperiod increasing as summer
heat approaches and diminishing towards winter cold,
– 表示：通常用 光照时数 表示，例如 L/D=16/8
? 临界光周期 critical photoperiod：能引起种群 50%的个体
进入滞育的光周期。
? 临界光照虫态（龄）,能有效感受光照刺激，调节虫
体进入滞育的虫态（往往是滞育虫态的前一虫态）。
临界光周期与昆虫滞育的发生
? 长日照滞育型（短日照
型昆虫）
? 短日照滞育型
? 长日照 —短日照滞育型
? 短日照 —长日照滞育型
? 其他引发 /解除滞育的条件
– Other major environmental cues that induce and /or terminate
diapause are temperature,food quality,moisture,pH,and
chemicals including oxygen,urea and plant secondary compounds,
? 温度、食物、湿度、酸碱度等
? 控制滞育的内在因素（以卵滞育昆虫为例）
– 脑分泌细胞产生前胸腺激素，激活咽下神经节分泌滞育激素
? 滞育的解除：温度、湿度、光照
? 滞育的作用
– 调节昆虫生活史与食物资源同步
– 度过不利环境
– 调节雌雄性的发生期，使之同步达到性成熟
四,Environmental Effects on Development
非生物性因子对发育的影响
? The development and reproduction of insects are
influenced by a variety of abiotic factors,
? These factors may exert their effects on insects
either directly or indirectly and in the short or long
term,
? 1,温度 temperature (cold,freeze,heat)
– Effect on development rate
– Effect on activity and dispersal
– Survival at extreme temperatures
? 2,光照 Light
– Daily influence of photoperiod
– Seasonal influences of photoperiod
? Rate of development
? Reproduction ability and capacity
? Diapause
? 3,水分 water (humidity,aridity)
– High or low moisture content of the air can affect the
physiology and thus content of the development,
longevity and oviposition of many insects,
? 4,风 wind
– migration
? 5,诱导性物质及有毒物质 mutagens and toxins
五,Biotic Effects
? 食物 Food
– Quantitative aspects
– Qualitative aspects
– 昆虫与植被的关系 Insect-plant interactions
? Interactions between insects and other animals
– Intraspecific interactions
? Predator-prey relationship
? friendship
– Interspecific interactions
? Competition and coexistence
Biology and Life History
Adult,the last stage of insects,ontogeny.
成虫昆虫个体发育中的最后一个虫态。
第一节 成虫生物学 Biology
? 一、羽化
adult emergence
二、性二型与多型现象
Sexual Dimorphism and Polymorphism
? 1,性二型 sexual dimorphism
? 体型、大小、颜色、翅的有无等方面
? 锹甲、独角仙、介壳虫、蚊子、蝴蝶、蛾子
2、多型现象 Polymorphism
? Polymorphism,the existence of several distinct
forms of the same life stage of an organism,
? Locusts,some caterpillars,castes of social
insects,alary polymorphism in crickets,aphids
and other Homoptera,and color polymorphism
of butterflies are examples of insect
polymorphism,
? (1) Genetic polymorphism遗传多型性
? 等翅目、蜜蜂、蚂蚁、蚜虫（有翅蚜、无翅蚜）
? (2) Environmental polymorphism or polyphenism
– phenotype环境多型性或非遗传多型性
? 蝴蝶的季节型（春型、夏型）
三,life of adult 成虫的生活
? After the imago emerges,it may be
reproductively competent almost
immediately or there may be a
period of maturation in readiness
for sperm transfer or oviposition,
– 1、生殖前期
? Nutrition complement
– 2、生殖期
? control of maturing性成熟的控制
? courting求偶行为
? mating交配行为
? oviposition产卵
? Life span of insects (longevity)
第二节 昆虫的世代和生活史
generation and life history
? 一、世代与生活史
– 世代 generation：一个新个体从母体产生到发育成熟、产
生新个体的周期。
– 化性 voltinism,The number of generation per year.昆虫一年
内完成的世代数。
? univoltine insects一化性
? bivoltine insects二化性
? multivoltine,or polyvoltine insects多化性
– Life history
? 代生活史 Generational life history：一种昆虫完成一代的发育历程。
? 年生活史 annual life history：一种昆虫在一年内的发育历程。
? 生活史的表示方法,教材 244~225页 。
? 世代重叠 Generation overlapping
– 前后两个世代的出现期发生部分重叠
– 局部世代 partial generation
? 世代交替 alternation of generations
– 两性世代与若干孤雌生殖世代相交替的现象
? 年生活史研究的意义及内容
– 越冬虫态及场所
– 一年发生代数
– 每一代各虫态发生的时间历期
– 生活习性及与寄主植物发育的关系
二、休眠与滞育
? （ 1） 休眠 dormancy (aestivation or hibernation)
– Any period of suspended development induced
directly by the arrival adverse condition.直接由不良
的环境条件引起的生长发育停滞现象。
? high summer or low winter temperatures,drought,absence
of food 低温、干旱、乏食
? An insect usually enters or terminates dormancy very
quickly when the adverse conditions arrives or ends,在条
件好转时可立即恢复
? 休眠虫态 dormancy form,egg,larval (nymphal) stage,
pupal stage,adult stage
– （ 2） 滞育 Diapause
? Diapause,Delayed development independent of
environmental conditions.It is usually controlled by
diapause hormone.为了抵抗不良环境条件而由滞育激
素（遗传）控制的发育停滞现象。为主动诱导产生
（多为不良环境因子间接引发所致）。
? Diapauses differs markedly from quiescence dormancy,
Because an insect enters diapause usually some time in
advance of the adverse conditions and terminates
dispause after the conditions have ended.滞育一般在不
良环境因子发生之前及开始；一旦滞育，即使给予最
适条件也不能马上恢复 ——必须完成滞育发育。
? Diapause development
滞育发育
– Diapause form滞育虫态
? 有滞育性的昆虫皆有固
定滞育虫态
– Pupal stage蛹：菜粉蝶
– egg卵：家蚕
– Larval stage幼虫：桃蛀
果蛾
– Adult stage成虫：主要是
性腺的滞育，如蝇、椿
象
? Post diapause
development滞育后发
育
Types of diapause滞育的类型
? 兼性滞育 facultative diapause
– Diapause that is optional is termed facultative,and this
occurs widely in insects,including many bivoltine or
multivoltine insects in which diapause occurs only in the
generation that must survive the unfavourable conditions.
多化性昆虫，并非每一世代都滞育（其滞育一般发生
于要经历不利环境因子的一代 ）。
? 专性滞育 obligatory diapause（ 绝对滞育 ）
– Diapause at a fixed time regardless of varied
environmental conditions is termed obligatory,有些昆虫
（多为一化性）,到了滞育虫态即进入滞育状态。
– 专性滞育是昆虫长期适应一年只能发生一个世代的环
境条件的结果，滞育已成为种的遗传性（ 种性 ）
三、引发滞育的条件和滞育的解除
? 主导因素 —光周期 photoperiod：一个昼夜之中光照时
数与黑暗时数的节律
– Photoperiod is undoubtedly significant in diapause because
alternation in day length predicts much about future seasonal
environmental conditions,with photoperiod increasing as summer
heat approaches and diminishing towards winter cold,
– 表示：通常用 光照时数 表示，例如 L/D=16/8
? 临界光周期 critical photoperiod：能引起种群 50%的个体
进入滞育的光周期。
? 临界光照虫态（龄）,能有效感受光照刺激，调节虫
体进入滞育的虫态（往往是滞育虫态的前一虫态）。
临界光周期与昆虫滞育的发生
? 长日照滞育型（短日照
型昆虫）
? 短日照滞育型
? 长日照 —短日照滞育型
? 短日照 —长日照滞育型
? 其他引发 /解除滞育的条件
– Other major environmental cues that induce and /or terminate
diapause are temperature,food quality,moisture,pH,and
chemicals including oxygen,urea and plant secondary compounds,
? 温度、食物、湿度、酸碱度等
? 控制滞育的内在因素（以卵滞育昆虫为例）
– 脑分泌细胞产生前胸腺激素，激活咽下神经节分泌滞育激素
? 滞育的解除：温度、湿度、光照
? 滞育的作用
– 调节昆虫生活史与食物资源同步
– 度过不利环境
– 调节雌雄性的发生期，使之同步达到性成熟
四,Environmental Effects on Development
非生物性因子对发育的影响
? The development and reproduction of insects are
influenced by a variety of abiotic factors,
? These factors may exert their effects on insects
either directly or indirectly and in the short or long
term,
? 1,温度 temperature (cold,freeze,heat)
– Effect on development rate
– Effect on activity and dispersal
– Survival at extreme temperatures
? 2,光照 Light
– Daily influence of photoperiod
– Seasonal influences of photoperiod
? Rate of development
? Reproduction ability and capacity
? Diapause
? 3,水分 water (humidity,aridity)
– High or low moisture content of the air can affect the
physiology and thus content of the development,
longevity and oviposition of many insects,
? 4,风 wind
– migration
? 5,诱导性物质及有毒物质 mutagens and toxins
五,Biotic Effects
? 食物 Food
– Quantitative aspects
– Qualitative aspects
– 昆虫与植被的关系 Insect-plant interactions
? Interactions between insects and other animals
– Intraspecific interactions
? Predator-prey relationship
? friendship
– Interspecific interactions
? Competition and coexistence
