第十三章 感觉器总论
郧阳医学院 解剖教研室
邓兆宏
感觉器, The Sensory Organs
感觉器,Sensory organs 是 感受器
receptor及其附属结构的总称，是机体感
受刺激的装置。可分为三类。
1、外感受器 exteroceptor
2、内感受器 interoceptor
3、本体感受器 proprioceptor
Up
第十四章 视器 Visual Organ
视器由眼球和眼副器
共同构成。
赤道 Equator在眼球
的表面，距前、后极
相等的各点连线。
眼轴,axis oculi,前、
后极的连线。
视轴 axis Optica,瞳
孔至 中央凹的连线与
视线方向一致 。
Up
一、眼球壁 Walls of eyeball
纤维 膜 角膜 Cornea 巩膜 Sclera
血管膜 l 虹膜 Iris
睫状体 Cilliary body
脉络膜 Choroid
视网膜 Retina
虹膜部
睫状体部
视部
Up
（一）纤维膜或外膜
1,角膜 Cornea
anterior 1/6
2,巩膜 Sclera
posterior 5/6,
巩膜静脉窦 sinus
venosus sclerae
Up
（二）血管膜或中膜
1,虹膜 Iris
? 瞳孔 pupil
? Contains sphincter
pupillae 瞳孔括约肌
(circular fibers) and
dilator pupillae 瞳孔开
大肌 (radial fibers)
? Cornea and iris meet to
form the iridocorneal
angle 虹膜角膜角
Up
? 2,睫状体 Cilliary body
? Body a ring-shaped
thickening anterior to
equator,containing
smooth muscle fibers睫
状突 Ciliary processes a
series of some 60~80
projections producing
aqueous humor
? 睫状环 Ciliary ring
Up
Ciliary Processes
Sphincter Pupillae
Dilator Pupillae
Sinus venosus sclerae
ciliary zonule
Ciliary ring
Ciliary Muscle Iridocorneal angle
Lens
Up
? 3,脉络膜 Choroid
? Thin,highly
vascular in
posterior 2/3 of
eye
? Contains brown
pigmented cells
and dense
capillary plexus
Up
（三）视网膜或 内膜
视网膜盲部 Pars caeca retina
视网膜虹膜部
Pars iridica retinae
视网膜睫状体部
Pars ciliaris retinae
视网膜视部 Pars optica retinae
? Lines the choroidsComposed of two
layers
? An outer pigment cell layer
? Inner neural layer (four layers)
Up
? The fourth layer consists photoreceptor cells
? 视锥细胞 Cone cells are color receptors that function best during the day
? 视杆细胞 Rod cells are dark-light receptors that function best at night and in dim
light
? The third layer consists of双极细胞 bipolar neurons
? The second layer is formed节细胞 ganglion cells,whose axons form optic
nerve
? The first layer consists of nerve axons that collect at the optic disk and pass
through the sclera to form the optic nerve
Pigment cell layer
Cone cells
Rod cells
Bipolar neurons
Ganglion cells
Up
视神经盘 Optic disc
黄斑 Macula lutea
中央凹 Fovea centralis
Up
二、眼球的内容物
Contents of eyeball
房水 Aqueous humor
晶状体 Lens
玻璃体 Vitreous body
Up
（一）眼房和房水
1,眼房 Chamber of eye
2,房水 Aqueous humor
? A clear watery fluid that
fills chamber of eye
? Continuously secreted by
ciliary body into posterior
chamber
? Passes through pupil into
anterior chamber
Up
睫状体产生 后房 前房
巩膜静脉窦 睫前静脉
眼静脉
I
Production and circulation of aqueous humor
Functions
? Helps focus light
? Helps maintain constant pressure in eyeball
? Helps nourish the lens and cornea
Up
（二） 晶状体 Lens
? Transparent biconvex structure,covered by an elastic transparent
capsule
? Located between iris and vitreous body,and suspended behind pupil
by睫状小带 ciliary zonule
? Shape changed by the ciliary muscle,for near vision,the ciliary muscle
contracts and the lens rounds up,while for distant vision the lens
flattens out,so that the eye may be focused on distant objects
Up
(三） 玻璃体 Vitreous body
? Consists of colorless,
transparent jelly-like
substance in which
there is a meshwork
of fine fibrils,
occupies the vitreous
chamber,the space
between lens and
retina
? Helps maintain the
shape of eyeball and
supports the retina
Up
折光装臵 Refractive media of eye
Bend entering light waves
and focus them on the
retina
? 角膜 Cornea
? 房水 Aqueous humor
? 晶状体 Lens
? 玻璃体 Vitreous body
Up
Up
第二节眼副器
Accessory organs of eye
一,眼睑 Eyelids
二、结膜 Conjunctiva
三、泪器 Lacrimal apparatus
四、眼球外肌 Ocular muscles
Connective tissue in the orbit
Up
一,眼睑 Eyelids
（ from without inwards ）
? Skin,extremely thin
? Subcutaneous areola tissue,loose and
delicate
? Muscular layer,orbicularis oculi
? 睑板 Tarsus,formed by dense
connective tissue in which the睑板腺
tarsal glands embedded
? Lined by睑结膜
? palpebral conjunctiva
Function,to protect,open,and close
eye
Up
睑板 Tarsus
Up
二,结膜 Conjunctiva
? Three parts
? 睑结膜 Palpebral
conjunctiva, lining inner surface of
eyelids
? 球结膜 Bulbar
conjunctiva, lining anterior part
of sclera,up to corneal margin
? 结膜穹 Conjuntival
fornix (superior and inferior),line of
reflection of bulbar and palpebral
conjunctiva
? 结膜囊 Conjunctival sac
Up
三,泪器 Lacrimal apparatus
（一） 泪腺
Lacrimal gland
? Oval 2-cm,occupies fossa
for lacrimal gland
? Ducts (6~10 in number),
empty into anterior
region of superior fornix
of conjunctiva
? Secrets tears,which move
across eyeball to medial
angle,protect and
moisten eye
Up
泪道 Lacrimal passages
? Lacrimal puncta 泪点 opening to
lacrimal ductules,one on each
eylid margin near medial angle
（二） 泪小管 Lacrimal
ductules one in each lid,pass
medially,join and enter lacrimal
sac
? 泪囊 Lacrimal sac within fossa
for lacrimal sac,opening into
nasolacrimal duct
（三） 鼻泪管 Nasolacrimal
duct
Up
四、眼球外肌 Ocular muscles
Muscle Action Nerve supply
上睑提肌 levator
palpebrae superioris
上提上睑 Raises upper eyelid Ⅲ
上直肌 Superior
rectus
使瞳孔转向上内方 Turns
eyeball superomedially
Ⅲ
下直肌 Inferior
rectus
向下内 Turns eyeball
inferomedially
Ⅲ
内直肌 Medial rectus 向内 Turns eyeball medially Ⅲ
外直肌 Lateral
retus
向外 Turns eyeball laterally Ⅵ
上斜肌 Superior
obliquus
向下外 Turns eyeball
inferolaterally
Ⅳ
下斜肌 Inferior
obliquus
向上外 Turns eyeball
superolaterally
Ⅲ
Up
四,眼球外肌 Ocular muscles
Up
Up
五,眶脂体与眶筋膜
? 眼球筋膜鞘, Sheath of
eyeball a thin
membrane,which
surrounds the eyeball from
optic nerve to
corneoscleral junction,
permits the eyeball to
move in the orbit without
friction
? 眶脂体 Adipose body of
orbit, lies between
sheath of eyeball and the
orbit acts as a protective
cushion and shock sorber
for the eyeball
Up
第三节 眼的血管和神经
一、眼动脉 Ophthalmic
artery
? 1,视网膜中央动脉
? Enters optic nerve,passes
toward the optic disk and
then fans out to supply the
retina
Up
? Four branches,
superior and
inferior nasal or
temporal arteriole
of retina
Up
二、眼静脉
Ophthalmic vein
? Superior ophthalmic vein
communicates with facial
vein anteriorly,exits
posteriorly via superior
orbital fissure to drain into
cavernous sinus
? Inferior ophthalmic vein
lies on floor of orbit and
communicates with
pterygoid plexus,exits via
superior orbital fissure to
drain into cavernous sinu
三、神经
（一）视神经
（二）支配辅助结构的神经
Up
郧阳医学院 解剖教研室
邓兆宏
感觉器, The Sensory Organs
感觉器,Sensory organs 是 感受器
receptor及其附属结构的总称，是机体感
受刺激的装置。可分为三类。
1、外感受器 exteroceptor
2、内感受器 interoceptor
3、本体感受器 proprioceptor
Up
第十四章 视器 Visual Organ
视器由眼球和眼副器
共同构成。
赤道 Equator在眼球
的表面，距前、后极
相等的各点连线。
眼轴,axis oculi,前、
后极的连线。
视轴 axis Optica,瞳
孔至 中央凹的连线与
视线方向一致 。
Up
一、眼球壁 Walls of eyeball
纤维 膜 角膜 Cornea 巩膜 Sclera
血管膜 l 虹膜 Iris
睫状体 Cilliary body
脉络膜 Choroid
视网膜 Retina
虹膜部
睫状体部
视部
Up
（一）纤维膜或外膜
1,角膜 Cornea
anterior 1/6
2,巩膜 Sclera
posterior 5/6,
巩膜静脉窦 sinus
venosus sclerae
Up
（二）血管膜或中膜
1,虹膜 Iris
? 瞳孔 pupil
? Contains sphincter
pupillae 瞳孔括约肌
(circular fibers) and
dilator pupillae 瞳孔开
大肌 (radial fibers)
? Cornea and iris meet to
form the iridocorneal
angle 虹膜角膜角
Up
? 2,睫状体 Cilliary body
? Body a ring-shaped
thickening anterior to
equator,containing
smooth muscle fibers睫
状突 Ciliary processes a
series of some 60~80
projections producing
aqueous humor
? 睫状环 Ciliary ring
Up
Ciliary Processes
Sphincter Pupillae
Dilator Pupillae
Sinus venosus sclerae
ciliary zonule
Ciliary ring
Ciliary Muscle Iridocorneal angle
Lens
Up
? 3,脉络膜 Choroid
? Thin,highly
vascular in
posterior 2/3 of
eye
? Contains brown
pigmented cells
and dense
capillary plexus
Up
（三）视网膜或 内膜
视网膜盲部 Pars caeca retina
视网膜虹膜部
Pars iridica retinae
视网膜睫状体部
Pars ciliaris retinae
视网膜视部 Pars optica retinae
? Lines the choroidsComposed of two
layers
? An outer pigment cell layer
? Inner neural layer (four layers)
Up
? The fourth layer consists photoreceptor cells
? 视锥细胞 Cone cells are color receptors that function best during the day
? 视杆细胞 Rod cells are dark-light receptors that function best at night and in dim
light
? The third layer consists of双极细胞 bipolar neurons
? The second layer is formed节细胞 ganglion cells,whose axons form optic
nerve
? The first layer consists of nerve axons that collect at the optic disk and pass
through the sclera to form the optic nerve
Pigment cell layer
Cone cells
Rod cells
Bipolar neurons
Ganglion cells
Up
视神经盘 Optic disc
黄斑 Macula lutea
中央凹 Fovea centralis
Up
二、眼球的内容物
Contents of eyeball
房水 Aqueous humor
晶状体 Lens
玻璃体 Vitreous body
Up
（一）眼房和房水
1,眼房 Chamber of eye
2,房水 Aqueous humor
? A clear watery fluid that
fills chamber of eye
? Continuously secreted by
ciliary body into posterior
chamber
? Passes through pupil into
anterior chamber
Up
睫状体产生 后房 前房
巩膜静脉窦 睫前静脉
眼静脉
I
Production and circulation of aqueous humor
Functions
? Helps focus light
? Helps maintain constant pressure in eyeball
? Helps nourish the lens and cornea
Up
（二） 晶状体 Lens
? Transparent biconvex structure,covered by an elastic transparent
capsule
? Located between iris and vitreous body,and suspended behind pupil
by睫状小带 ciliary zonule
? Shape changed by the ciliary muscle,for near vision,the ciliary muscle
contracts and the lens rounds up,while for distant vision the lens
flattens out,so that the eye may be focused on distant objects
Up
(三） 玻璃体 Vitreous body
? Consists of colorless,
transparent jelly-like
substance in which
there is a meshwork
of fine fibrils,
occupies the vitreous
chamber,the space
between lens and
retina
? Helps maintain the
shape of eyeball and
supports the retina
Up
折光装臵 Refractive media of eye
Bend entering light waves
and focus them on the
retina
? 角膜 Cornea
? 房水 Aqueous humor
? 晶状体 Lens
? 玻璃体 Vitreous body
Up
Up
第二节眼副器
Accessory organs of eye
一,眼睑 Eyelids
二、结膜 Conjunctiva
三、泪器 Lacrimal apparatus
四、眼球外肌 Ocular muscles
Connective tissue in the orbit
Up
一,眼睑 Eyelids
（ from without inwards ）
? Skin,extremely thin
? Subcutaneous areola tissue,loose and
delicate
? Muscular layer,orbicularis oculi
? 睑板 Tarsus,formed by dense
connective tissue in which the睑板腺
tarsal glands embedded
? Lined by睑结膜
? palpebral conjunctiva
Function,to protect,open,and close
eye
Up
睑板 Tarsus
Up
二,结膜 Conjunctiva
? Three parts
? 睑结膜 Palpebral
conjunctiva, lining inner surface of
eyelids
? 球结膜 Bulbar
conjunctiva, lining anterior part
of sclera,up to corneal margin
? 结膜穹 Conjuntival
fornix (superior and inferior),line of
reflection of bulbar and palpebral
conjunctiva
? 结膜囊 Conjunctival sac
Up
三,泪器 Lacrimal apparatus
（一） 泪腺
Lacrimal gland
? Oval 2-cm,occupies fossa
for lacrimal gland
? Ducts (6~10 in number),
empty into anterior
region of superior fornix
of conjunctiva
? Secrets tears,which move
across eyeball to medial
angle,protect and
moisten eye
Up
泪道 Lacrimal passages
? Lacrimal puncta 泪点 opening to
lacrimal ductules,one on each
eylid margin near medial angle
（二） 泪小管 Lacrimal
ductules one in each lid,pass
medially,join and enter lacrimal
sac
? 泪囊 Lacrimal sac within fossa
for lacrimal sac,opening into
nasolacrimal duct
（三） 鼻泪管 Nasolacrimal
duct
Up
四、眼球外肌 Ocular muscles
Muscle Action Nerve supply
上睑提肌 levator
palpebrae superioris
上提上睑 Raises upper eyelid Ⅲ
上直肌 Superior
rectus
使瞳孔转向上内方 Turns
eyeball superomedially
Ⅲ
下直肌 Inferior
rectus
向下内 Turns eyeball
inferomedially
Ⅲ
内直肌 Medial rectus 向内 Turns eyeball medially Ⅲ
外直肌 Lateral
retus
向外 Turns eyeball laterally Ⅵ
上斜肌 Superior
obliquus
向下外 Turns eyeball
inferolaterally
Ⅳ
下斜肌 Inferior
obliquus
向上外 Turns eyeball
superolaterally
Ⅲ
Up
四,眼球外肌 Ocular muscles
Up
Up
五,眶脂体与眶筋膜
? 眼球筋膜鞘, Sheath of
eyeball a thin
membrane,which
surrounds the eyeball from
optic nerve to
corneoscleral junction,
permits the eyeball to
move in the orbit without
friction
? 眶脂体 Adipose body of
orbit, lies between
sheath of eyeball and the
orbit acts as a protective
cushion and shock sorber
for the eyeball
Up
第三节 眼的血管和神经
一、眼动脉 Ophthalmic
artery
? 1,视网膜中央动脉
? Enters optic nerve,passes
toward the optic disk and
then fans out to supply the
retina
Up
? Four branches,
superior and
inferior nasal or
temporal arteriole
of retina
Up
二、眼静脉
Ophthalmic vein
? Superior ophthalmic vein
communicates with facial
vein anteriorly,exits
posteriorly via superior
orbital fissure to drain into
cavernous sinus
? Inferior ophthalmic vein
lies on floor of orbit and
communicates with
pterygoid plexus,exits via
superior orbital fissure to
drain into cavernous sinu
三、神经
（一）视神经
（二）支配辅助结构的神经
Up
