Marine Planktology Cao Wen-Qing (曹文清) tel: 218 9433, email: wqcao@xmu.edu.cn Guo Dong-Hui (郭东晖) tel: 218 8471, email: guodh@jingxian.xmu.edu.cn Xiamen University Department of Oceanography STAFF Teaching Group of Marine Planktology REFERENCES ? Zheng Zhong, Li Shaojing, Xu Zhenzu, 1989. Marine Planktology China Ocean Press & Springer-Verlag ?郑重, 李少菁, 许振祖, 1984. 海洋浮游生物学海洋出版社; 1992 繁体 字版台湾水产出版社; 1996 修订再版台湾水产出版社 ?金德祥, 1991. 海洋硅藻学厦门大学出版社 Bougis P., 1976. Marine Plankton Ecology Raymont J. E. G., 1980, 1983. Plankton and Productivity in the Oceans Vol. I, II Miller C. B., 2004. Biological Oceanography 金德祥等, 1965. 中国海洋浮游硅藻类 郑重, 1986. 海洋浮游生物生态学文集 郑重, 曹文清, 1987. 海洋枝角类生物学 郑重, 李少菁, 连光山, 1992. 海洋桡足类生物学 郑重, 1993. 郑重文集（续） 中国动物志, 中国海藻志, 海洋学报, 海洋与湖沼 Journal Plankton Research, Journal Marine Biological Association, Marine Biology INTRODUCTION 1. Definition 2. The Relation Between Marine Planktology and Other Disciplines of Oceanography 3. Ecological Groups of Plankton 4. Economic Importance 5. Brief History and Prospects 1 Definition ? Plankton (planktos, Victor Hensen, 1887): drifters of the open ocean Nekton = free swimmers of the sea Benthos = dwellers of the sea floor ? Planktology: the science of studying the life and activities of plankton Introduction 1. Definition 2. The Relation Between Marine Planktology and Other Disciplines of Oceanography 3. Ecological Groups of Plankton 4. Economic Importance 5. Brief History and Prospects 2 Relationship ? Planktology: morphology, taxonomy, ecology, physiology, biochemistry Marine Biology Biological Oceanography ? Relation between Marine Planktology and Other Disciplines Biology Oceanography Aquaculture Fishery Meteorology Marine Sedimentology (Marine Geology) Environmental Science Phytoplankton Zooplankton 25 Fe CO 2 Introduction 1. Definition 2. The Relation Between Marine Planktology and Other Disciplines of Oceanography 3. Ecological Groups of Plankton 4. Economic Importance 5. Brief History and Prospects 3 Ecological Groups 3.1 Type of Nutrition Phytoplankton: autotrophic bacteria and unicellular algae (Bacillariophyta, Pyrrophyta, Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta, Chrysophyta, Xanthophyta, Cryptophyta and Euglenophyta) Zooplankton: heterotrophic Protozoa, medusae, Rotifera, Crustacea, Chaetognatha, pelagic Mollusca, Tunicata, larvae of invertebrate and lower chordates Phytoplankton 1: Diatom Phytoplankton 2: Dinoflagellates Gonyaulax polyedra Gymnodinium breve Noctiluca sp Olisthodiscus Peridinium sp Ceratium tripos Prorocentrium micans Zooplankton 1: Medusa Zooplankton 2: Crustacean Tab. Body-size and representatives of different groups Viruses, Bacteria0.02 ~ 0.2 μmFemtoplankton Medusae, Crustacea, Tunicata> 1 cmMegaplankton Medusae, Copepoda, Euphausiacea, Hyperiidae, Sergestinae, Chaetognatha, Pteropoda, Heteropoda, Tunicata 5 ~ 10 mmMacroplankton Medusae, Copepoda, Cladocera, Ostrapoda, Chaetognatha, Pteropoda, Heteropoda, Tunicata 1 ~ 5 mmMesoplankton Diatom, Cyanophyta, Protozoa, Crustacea, Rotifera, larvae 20 μm ~ 1 mmMicroplankton Diatom, Pyrrophyta, Chrysophyta, Chlorophyta, Xanthophyta 2 ~ 20 μmNanoplankton Bacteria, Chrysophyta0.2~ 2 μmPicoplankton RepresentativesBody-sizeGroup 3 Ecological Groups 3.2 Body Size 3.3 Duration of Planktonic Stage of Life Cycle ? Holoplankton: The entire life is spent drifting about in water ? Meroplankton: Only a part of life (usually during larval stage) is spent as plankton. ? Tychoplankton: This group of organisms leads only a temporary planktonic life. 3 Ecological Groups 3.4 Horizontal and Vertical Distribution and Mode of Life ? Horizontal distribution Neritic plankton Plankton inhabit coastal low-salinity water, sometimes invade the estuary Oceanic plankton A group of stenohaline plankton inhabit high-salinity offshore water ? Vertical distribution Epiplankton inhabit the upper layer (0-10m), including a special group living in the surface layer (0-5cm) neuston (pleuston, neuston proper) Mesoplankton inhabit the middle layer (100-400m) Hypoplankton inhabit the lower layer (>400m), including bathyplankton in the deeper layer (>600m) 3 Ecological Groups Introduction 1. Definition 2. The Relation Between Marine Planktology and Other Disciplines of Oceanography 3. Ecological Groups of Plankton 4. Economic Importance 5. Brief History and Prospects 4 Economic Importance ? Beneficial Food of many economic animals Indicator of currents, oil, pollutants Plankton Fishery ? Detrimental Red tide Predator and Parasite of Aquaculture Introduction 1. Definition 2. The Relation Between Marine Planktology and Other Disciplines of Oceanography 3. Ecological Groups of Plankton 4. Economic Importance 5. Brief History and Prospects 5 History & Prospects Taxonomy and Morphology ? British Challenger Expedition (1872-1876) first world view Challenger Reports 50 vols, 4700 new species ? German Plankton Expedition (1889) Ergebnisse der Plankton Expedition 5.1 Begins (1880’s-1930’s) Track of HMS Challenger 1872 - 1876 5.2 Expands (1930’s-1980’s) Experimental Research ? Marshall S. M., A. P. Orr, 1955. The Biology of a Marine Copepod Calanus finmarchicus ? Raymont J. E. G., 1963. Plankton and Productivity in the Oceans ? Mauchiline J., L. R. Fisher, 1969. The Biology of Euphausiids. Adv. Mar. Biol. 7 ? Bougis P., 1976. Marine Plankton Ecology ? Mauchline J. 1980. The Biology of Mysids and Euphausiids. Adv. Mar. Biol. 18 ? Omori M., T. Ikeda, 1984. Methods in Marine Zooplankton Ecology 5 History & Prospects 5.3 Booms (1980’s- ) Application New Technologies ? Biodiversity Census of Marine Life CoML (2004) Molecular Biology ? Global Productivity New and Regenerated Productivity Microbial Character of the Pelagic Foodweb Zooplankton Swim, Feed and Breed ? Plankton and Global Climate Changes ? Model 5 History & Prospects Base of euphotic zone Sea Floor Physical mixing of DOC Fixation of N & C by phyto grazing respiration excretion aggregate formation break up respiration excretion vertical migration consumption repackaging marine snow Sinking of POC/PIC decomposition (bacteria) Simplified Biological Pump upwelling diffusion New Production and Microbial Loop NH 4 + & DON & DOC New Production Microbial Loop Phytoplankton Virus 5.4 Marine Plankton Research in China ? 1940’s-70’s taxonomy morphology field ecology 1958-1960 survey general biology ? 1980’s- experimental ecology molecular ecology physiology and biochemistry 5 History & Prospects 热带海洋与全球大气研究(TOGA) 世界大洋环流试验(WOCE) 全球联合海洋通量研究(JGOFS) 海岸带陆海相互作用研究(LOICE) 全球海洋生态系统动力学(GLOBEC) 全球海洋观测计划（GOOS） ? Zheng Zhong, 1957. Plankton (in Chinese) ? Zheng Zhong, 1964. Introduction to Planktology (in Chinese) ? Jin Dexiang et al., 1965. Marine Planktonic Diatoms of China. (in Chinese) ? Zheng Zhong et al.,1965, 1982. Marine Planktonic Copepods of China Vol. I, II (in Chinese) ? Zheng Zhong et al., 1984, 1992, 1996. Marine Planktology (in Chinese) ? Zheng Zhong et al., 1989. Marine Planktology 5 History & Prospects Prof. Zheng zhong Prof. Jin Dexiang Prof. Li Shaojing Res. Zhang Jinbiao