Operations Management
Location Strategy
第五章 生产与服务设施选址
Operations Management
Chapter 5
Operations Management
第五章 生产与服务设施选址
Location Planning and Analysis
第一节 设施选址的基本问题和影响因素
第二节 设施选址的方法
Operations Management
Need for Location Decisions
?Marketing Strategy
?Growth
?Depletion of Resources
?Cost of Doing Business
Operations Management
Nature of Location Decisions
?Importance
? Long term commitment/costs
Operations Management
Service and Number of Facilities
Number of Facilities
Response
Time
Operations Management
Logistics and Facility Costs
Response Time
Number of Facilities
Total Logistics
Costs
Operations Management
Percent Service
Level Within
Promised Time
Transportation
Cost Build-up as a function of facilities
Cos
t of
O
pe
rat
ion
s
Number of Facilities
Inventory
Facilities
Total Costs
Labor
Operations Management
Nature of Location Decisions
?Importance
? Long term commitment/costs
?Objectives
? Profit potential 潜在利润
?Options
? Expand existing facilities
? Add new facilities
? Move
Operations Management
A Framework for Global Site
Location
PHASE I
Supply Chain
Strategy
PHASE II
Regional Facility
Configuration
PHASE III
Desirable Sites
PHASE IV
Location Choices
Competitive STRATEGY
INTERNAL CONSTRAINTS
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES
COMPETITIVE
ENVIRONMENT
PRODUCTION METHODS
FACTOR COSTS
GLOBAL COMPETITION
TARIFFS AND TAX
INCENTIVES
REGIONAL DEMAND
POLITICAL,EXCHANGE
RATE AND DEMAND RISK
AVAILABLE
INFRASTRUCTURE
LOGISTICS COSTS
Operations Management
Location Decision Sequence
Country
? 1995
Corel Corp.
Region/Community
? 1995 Corel Corp.
Site
? 1995
Corel Corp.
Operations Management
一、设施选址的基本问题
设施选址包括两个方面的问题：
第一,选位,即选择什么地区（区域）设
置设施。
第二,定址 。地区选定后，具体选择在该
地区的什么位置。
具体决策时，实际要考虑的是四种选择：
扩展现有的工厂、增加新地点、放弃现有
地点、保持原有状态。
Operations Management
Location Decision Factors
Regional Factors
Site-related FactorsMultiple Plant Strategies
Community Considerations
Operations Management
Influencing Factors
Strategic
Technological
Macroeconomic
Political
Infrastructure 基础设施
Competitive
Logistics and facility costs
Operations Management
二,影响选址的因素
?（一）选择建厂地区的基本要求
? 1、接近市场
? 2、接近原材料产地
? 3、水、电、气等基础设施完备
? 4、气候条件能满足生产技术要求
Operations Management
（二）选择建厂城镇的基本要求
1、当地城镇建设规划允许
2、劳动力市场：劳动力的成本和可得性
3、当地生活条件较好
4、当地工资水平较低
Operations Management
（三）选择建厂用地的基本要求
1、地质条件适于建厂
2、有可靠的水源保证
3、有足够的用地面积和扩展余地
4、靠近水陆交通要道
5、有利于三废（水、电、气）处理
Operations Management
三,单设施选址的方法
１、生产成本比较分析法（成本、利润、产量定
址分析）
假设,
（ 1）当产出在一定范围内，固定成本不变。
（ 2）可变成本与一定范围内的产出成正比。
（ 3）所需的产出水平可以近似估计。
（ 4）一般只包括一种产品。
Operations Management
Evaluating Locations
?Cost-volume Analysis
? Determine fixed and variable costs
? Plot total costs
? Determine lowest total costs
Operations Management
Example 1,Cost-Volume Analysis
Fixed and variable costs for
four potential locations
L o c a t i o n F i x e d
C o s t
V a r i a b l e
C o s t
A
B
C
D
$ 2 5 0,0 0 0
1 0 0,0 0 0
1 5 0,0 0 0
2 0 0,0 0 0
$11
30
20
35
Operations Management
Example 1,Solution
Fi x ed
Cost s
Var i able
Cost s
T ot al
Cost s
A
B
C
D
$25 0,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
$11 ( 10,000 )
30( 10,000 )
20( 10,000 )
35( 10,000 )
$36 0,000
400,000
350,000
550,000
Operations Management
Example 1,Solution
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Annual Output (000)
8 10 12 14 166420
$(000)
A
B
C
B Superior
C Superior
A Superior
D
Operations Management
２、分级加权评分法
步骤：
? 把所有影响选址因素列出清单，并按各影响
因素的重要程度确定权数。
? 对每个候选地址在每个因素下评级打分。
? 把各方案所得分数与权数相乘再加总，得到
各方案的总分。
此种方法中，得分最高的方案较优。
Operations Management
?３、重心法
?Center of Gravity Method
? Decision based on minimum distribution
costs
Operations Management
Center of Gravity Method
重心法
?Finds location of single distribution
center serving several destinations
?Used primarily for services
?Considers
? Location of existing destinations
? Example,Markets,retailers etc.
? Volume to be shipped
? Shipping distance (or cost)
? Shipping cost/unit/mile is constant
Operations Management
Center of Gravity Method Steps
重心法的步骤
?Place existing locations on a
coordinate grid
? Grid has arbitrary origin & scale
? Maintains relative distances
?Calculate X & Y coordinates for
‘center of gravity’
? Gives location of distribution center
? Minimizes transportation cost
Operations Management
Center of Gravity Method Equations
dix = x coordinate of
location i
Wi = Volume of
goods moved to or
from location i
diy = y coordinate of
location i
X Coordinate
Y Coordinate
?
?
?
i
i
i
iix
x W
Wd
C
?
?
?
i
i
i
iiy
y W
Wd
C
Operations Management
Center of Gravity Example
Operations Management
四、多设施选址的方法
? Multiple Center-of-Gravity Approach
? Mixed-Integer Linear Programming 混合整数
规划
? Simulation Methods 仿真方法
? Heuristic Methods 启发式方法
Multifacility Location
Operations Management
Allocating Demand to Facilities
P1
P2
W1
W2
C1
C2
C3
0
5
4
2
3
4
5
2
1
2
(50000)
(100000)
(50000)
Demand
Capacity=60000
Capacity=140000
Operations Management
Objective：
MIN=0?P11+5?P12+4?P21+2?P22+3?W11+4?W12+5?W1
3+2?W21+1?W22+2?W23;
Demand Constraints：
W11+W21=50000;
W12+W22=100000;
W13+W23=50000;
Supply Constraints:
P11+P12 =140000;
P21+P22 =60000;
Logistics Balance：
P11+P21-W11-W12-W13=0; P11…P22>=0;
P12+P22-W21-W22-W23=0; W11…W23>=0.
Operations Management
在计算机上用优化软件运算, LINGO
结果如下,
P1 P2 C1 C2 C3
W1
W2
140000
0
0
60000
50000
0
40000
60000
50000
0
Operations Management
The Capacitated Plant Location Model
P1
P2
C1
C2
C3
P3
Customer Demand
Potential Capacity (K)
Fixed cost of keeping factory open
Producing and shipping cost
? ??
? ??
?
n
i
m
j
ijij
n
i
ii xCyfM in
1 11
?
?
?
n
i
jij Dx
1
?
?
?
n
j
iiij yKx
1
n m
Location Strategy
第五章 生产与服务设施选址
Operations Management
Chapter 5
Operations Management
第五章 生产与服务设施选址
Location Planning and Analysis
第一节 设施选址的基本问题和影响因素
第二节 设施选址的方法
Operations Management
Need for Location Decisions
?Marketing Strategy
?Growth
?Depletion of Resources
?Cost of Doing Business
Operations Management
Nature of Location Decisions
?Importance
? Long term commitment/costs
Operations Management
Service and Number of Facilities
Number of Facilities
Response
Time
Operations Management
Logistics and Facility Costs
Response Time
Number of Facilities
Total Logistics
Costs
Operations Management
Percent Service
Level Within
Promised Time
Transportation
Cost Build-up as a function of facilities
Cos
t of
O
pe
rat
ion
s
Number of Facilities
Inventory
Facilities
Total Costs
Labor
Operations Management
Nature of Location Decisions
?Importance
? Long term commitment/costs
?Objectives
? Profit potential 潜在利润
?Options
? Expand existing facilities
? Add new facilities
? Move
Operations Management
A Framework for Global Site
Location
PHASE I
Supply Chain
Strategy
PHASE II
Regional Facility
Configuration
PHASE III
Desirable Sites
PHASE IV
Location Choices
Competitive STRATEGY
INTERNAL CONSTRAINTS
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES
COMPETITIVE
ENVIRONMENT
PRODUCTION METHODS
FACTOR COSTS
GLOBAL COMPETITION
TARIFFS AND TAX
INCENTIVES
REGIONAL DEMAND
POLITICAL,EXCHANGE
RATE AND DEMAND RISK
AVAILABLE
INFRASTRUCTURE
LOGISTICS COSTS
Operations Management
Location Decision Sequence
Country
? 1995
Corel Corp.
Region/Community
? 1995 Corel Corp.
Site
? 1995
Corel Corp.
Operations Management
一、设施选址的基本问题
设施选址包括两个方面的问题：
第一,选位,即选择什么地区（区域）设
置设施。
第二,定址 。地区选定后，具体选择在该
地区的什么位置。
具体决策时，实际要考虑的是四种选择：
扩展现有的工厂、增加新地点、放弃现有
地点、保持原有状态。
Operations Management
Location Decision Factors
Regional Factors
Site-related FactorsMultiple Plant Strategies
Community Considerations
Operations Management
Influencing Factors
Strategic
Technological
Macroeconomic
Political
Infrastructure 基础设施
Competitive
Logistics and facility costs
Operations Management
二,影响选址的因素
?（一）选择建厂地区的基本要求
? 1、接近市场
? 2、接近原材料产地
? 3、水、电、气等基础设施完备
? 4、气候条件能满足生产技术要求
Operations Management
（二）选择建厂城镇的基本要求
1、当地城镇建设规划允许
2、劳动力市场：劳动力的成本和可得性
3、当地生活条件较好
4、当地工资水平较低
Operations Management
（三）选择建厂用地的基本要求
1、地质条件适于建厂
2、有可靠的水源保证
3、有足够的用地面积和扩展余地
4、靠近水陆交通要道
5、有利于三废（水、电、气）处理
Operations Management
三,单设施选址的方法
１、生产成本比较分析法（成本、利润、产量定
址分析）
假设,
（ 1）当产出在一定范围内，固定成本不变。
（ 2）可变成本与一定范围内的产出成正比。
（ 3）所需的产出水平可以近似估计。
（ 4）一般只包括一种产品。
Operations Management
Evaluating Locations
?Cost-volume Analysis
? Determine fixed and variable costs
? Plot total costs
? Determine lowest total costs
Operations Management
Example 1,Cost-Volume Analysis
Fixed and variable costs for
four potential locations
L o c a t i o n F i x e d
C o s t
V a r i a b l e
C o s t
A
B
C
D
$ 2 5 0,0 0 0
1 0 0,0 0 0
1 5 0,0 0 0
2 0 0,0 0 0
$11
30
20
35
Operations Management
Example 1,Solution
Fi x ed
Cost s
Var i able
Cost s
T ot al
Cost s
A
B
C
D
$25 0,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
$11 ( 10,000 )
30( 10,000 )
20( 10,000 )
35( 10,000 )
$36 0,000
400,000
350,000
550,000
Operations Management
Example 1,Solution
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Annual Output (000)
8 10 12 14 166420
$(000)
A
B
C
B Superior
C Superior
A Superior
D
Operations Management
２、分级加权评分法
步骤：
? 把所有影响选址因素列出清单，并按各影响
因素的重要程度确定权数。
? 对每个候选地址在每个因素下评级打分。
? 把各方案所得分数与权数相乘再加总，得到
各方案的总分。
此种方法中，得分最高的方案较优。
Operations Management
?３、重心法
?Center of Gravity Method
? Decision based on minimum distribution
costs
Operations Management
Center of Gravity Method
重心法
?Finds location of single distribution
center serving several destinations
?Used primarily for services
?Considers
? Location of existing destinations
? Example,Markets,retailers etc.
? Volume to be shipped
? Shipping distance (or cost)
? Shipping cost/unit/mile is constant
Operations Management
Center of Gravity Method Steps
重心法的步骤
?Place existing locations on a
coordinate grid
? Grid has arbitrary origin & scale
? Maintains relative distances
?Calculate X & Y coordinates for
‘center of gravity’
? Gives location of distribution center
? Minimizes transportation cost
Operations Management
Center of Gravity Method Equations
dix = x coordinate of
location i
Wi = Volume of
goods moved to or
from location i
diy = y coordinate of
location i
X Coordinate
Y Coordinate
?
?
?
i
i
i
iix
x W
Wd
C
?
?
?
i
i
i
iiy
y W
Wd
C
Operations Management
Center of Gravity Example
Operations Management
四、多设施选址的方法
? Multiple Center-of-Gravity Approach
? Mixed-Integer Linear Programming 混合整数
规划
? Simulation Methods 仿真方法
? Heuristic Methods 启发式方法
Multifacility Location
Operations Management
Allocating Demand to Facilities
P1
P2
W1
W2
C1
C2
C3
0
5
4
2
3
4
5
2
1
2
(50000)
(100000)
(50000)
Demand
Capacity=60000
Capacity=140000
Operations Management
Objective：
MIN=0?P11+5?P12+4?P21+2?P22+3?W11+4?W12+5?W1
3+2?W21+1?W22+2?W23;
Demand Constraints：
W11+W21=50000;
W12+W22=100000;
W13+W23=50000;
Supply Constraints:
P11+P12 =140000;
P21+P22 =60000;
Logistics Balance：
P11+P21-W11-W12-W13=0; P11…P22>=0;
P12+P22-W21-W22-W23=0; W11…W23>=0.
Operations Management
在计算机上用优化软件运算, LINGO
结果如下,
P1 P2 C1 C2 C3
W1
W2
140000
0
0
60000
50000
0
40000
60000
50000
0
Operations Management
The Capacitated Plant Location Model
P1
P2
C1
C2
C3
P3
Customer Demand
Potential Capacity (K)
Fixed cost of keeping factory open
Producing and shipping cost
? ??
? ??
?
n
i
m
j
ijij
n
i
ii xCyfM in
1 11
?
?
?
n
i
jij Dx
1
?
?
?
n
j
iiij yKx
1
n m
