uestc liulei
Inventory
第九章 库存管理
Operations Management
Chapter 9
uestc liulei
What is Inventory
库存,为了满足未来需要而暂时闲置的资源。
为什么要持有库存?
uestc liulei
Inventory category 库存种类
单周期库存、多周期需求的库存
Single period & Multiple periods
周转库存、安全库存、调节库存
Cycle & Safety & Seasonal Inventory
相关性需求库存、独立性需求库存
Dependent and Independent Inventory
Bicycle(1)
P/N 1000
Handle Bars (1)
P/N 1001
Frame Assembly (1)
P/N 1002
Wheels (2)
P/N 1003
Frame (1)
P/N 1004
uestc liulei
Replenishment Policies
库存补充策略
Periodic Review Model
周期性检查模型
Continuous Review Model
连续性检查模型
uestc liulei
Replenishment Policies
库存补充策略
(Q,R) strategy
(R,S) strategy
(T,S) strategy
(T,R,S) strategy
uestc liulei
The Content of Inventory Management
库存管理的内容
How much to reoder?
When to reoder?
Decide
uestc liulei
库存成本 Inventory Cost
库存持有成本 Inventory Holding Cost
? Cost of capital
? Obsolescence cost
? Handling cost
? Occupancy cost
? Miscellaneous
订货成本 Order Cost
? Buyer time
? Transportation costs
? Receiving costs
uestc liulei
ACME
About 1500 different products
About 10000 accounts
Warehouse 1
Warehouse 2
New Jersey Paramus
Massachusetts Newton
Chicago
North East In USA
uestc liulei
ACME
Product A
Warehouse 2
Massachusetts Newton
Demand,R = 39.3 per week
Unit cost,C = 2.7
Holding cost,h = 10%
Fixed cost,S = $60/order
Lead time,L = 1 week
How much to order?
(Q,R) strategy
uestc liulei
经济订货批量模型 (EOQ)
R:单位时间的需求量
S:订货成本(元 /次)
C:采购成本(元 /件)
h,库存保管费率
H:单位产品的年库存保管费
Q:订货批量
T:订货的时间间隔
Total inventory cost
cost
Q*
QH/2
RS/Q
uestc liulei
经济订货批量 (EOQ)
RH
S
T
H
RS
Q
hCH
2
2
?
?
?
R:单位时间的需求量
S:订货成本(元 /次)
C:采购成本(元 /件)
h,库存保管费率
H:单位产品的年库存保管费
Q:订货批量
T:订货的时间间隔
uestc liulei
ACME
Product A
Warehouse 2
Massachusetts
Newton
Q = 132
周转库存 Cycle inventory
= Q/2 = 66
通流时间 = Q/2R = 1.68 week
订货间隔,T = 0.3 week
C o s t s v s, O r d e r Q u a n t i t y
$ 0, 0 0
$ 5, 0 0
$ 1 0, 0 0
$ 1 5, 0 0
$ 2 0, 0 0
$ 2 5, 0 0
$ 3 0, 0 0
$ 3 5, 0 0
$ 4 0, 0 0
$ 4 5, 0 0
$ 5 0, 0 0
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260
O r d e r Q u a n t i t y
C
o
s
t
A n n u a l O r d e r C o s t A n n u a l H o l d i n g C o s t T o t a l C o s t
uestc liulei
ACME Product A Warehouse 2Massachusetts
NewtonSensitivity Analysis
敏感性分析
RH
S
T
H
RS
Q
hCH
2
2
?
?
?
S e n s i t i v e A n a l y s i s
4 4, 6 0
4 4, 6 0
3 8, 6 6
3 6, 5 8
3 6, 2 8
3 5, 8 8
3 5, 6 8
3 5, 8 5
3 5, 6 8
0, 5
0, 8
0, 9
1
1, 1
1, 2
1, 5
2
T
o
t
a
l
c
o
s
t
c o e f f i e n t b
optimal TC
Total cost
时间
库存的需求部分
库存周期进
行生产部分
库存水平
生产订货数量模型 ( Production order quantity model)
独立性需求库存控制的基本模型

)/1(
2*
PdH
CRQ
??
P 单位时间的生产率
d 单位时间的需求率,或使用率
R 年需求量
C 单位订货费用(元 /次)
Q* 每次的订货批量
H 单位平均年库存保管费用
( Quantity discount)
独立性需求库存控制的基本模型
$ 4.75
每次的订货成本为$ 49.00,
持有成本为商品成本的 20%
使成本最小
的订货量
序号 折扣(%)折扣数量 折扣价格( P)
1 00~ 999 $ 5.00
2 41,000~ 1,999 $ 4.80
3 52,000以上
uestc liulei
折扣 1的总成
本曲线
折扣 2的 成本曲线
折扣 3的总成本曲线
总成本
( $)
0 1,000 2,000 订货数量
数量折扣模型的总成本曲线
折扣 2的,Q”值
数量折扣模型( Quantity discount)
700
714
718
数量折扣模型( Quantity discount)
独立性需求库存控制的基本模型
使成本最小
的订货量
序号 年产品成本价格( P)

2
3 $ 4.75
$ 5.00
$ 4.80
订货数量
700
1000
2000 $ 23,750
$ 25,000
$ 24,000
年订货成本
$ 122.5
$ 350
$ 245
年持有成本
$ 950
$ 350
$ 480
总成本
$ 24,822.5
$ 25,700
$ 24,725
uestc liulei
ACME
Product A
Warehouse 2
Massachusetts Newton
week
Massachusetts
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
33 45 37 38 55 30 18 58
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Massachusetts
average demand in
massachusettsWhen to reorder?
uestc liulei
ACME
Product A
Warehouse 2
Massachusetts Newton
week
Massachusetts
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
33 45 37 38 55 30 18 58
Statistics
Massachusetts
平均需求
39,3
标准差
13,2
变差系数
0,34
uestc liulei
Factors affecting Safety Inventory
影响安全库存的因素
供应与需求的不确定性
The uncertainty of demand or supply
? 提前期的不确定性 Replenishment Lead Time
? 需求的不确定性 Demand Uncertainty
预期的服务水平
The desired level of product availability
uestc liulei
Measuring Product Availability
产品现货供应能力 产品可获得性 服务水平
Product fill rate ( fr )
? 服务水平
? 产品线物品完成率
? 产品现货供应比率
? 单产品订单履行率
Order fill rate
Cycle service level (CSL)
? 服务水平
? 产品现货供应概率
Order
Product A
Product B
Product C
Product A’ fr
Cycle
uestc liulei
Continuous Review Policy
The Replenishment Policy
安全库存 Safety Inventory ss = 10
Q = 132; 再订货点 ROP = 65
R = 39.3 /week; ?R = 13.2;L = 1 weeks
ACME
Product A
Massachusetts
Newton
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
M a s s a c hu s e t t s a v e r a ge de m a nd i n m a s s a c hu s e t t s
The Cycle Service Level
The Fill Rate
uestc liulei
Safety Inventory and
Cycle Service Level
L:提前期
R:单位时间的平均需求
?R:单位时间的需求的标准

RL:提前期需求的平均值
?L,提前期内需求的标准差
CSL,Cycle service level
ss,安全库存
ROP,再订货点
),,(
)(
1
?
?
??
LL
L
LS
RL
L
R
R
F
R
R O PFC SL
ssR O P
C SLss
L
RL
?
??
??
?
?
?
Average Inventory = Q/2 + ss
uestc liulei
Fill Rate 现货供应比率
Proportion(比率 ) of
customer demand
satisfied from stock(库
存)
ESC 每个库存补充周期内
缺货的期望值
ss 安全库存
Q 订货批量 ?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
???
??
?
?
?
L
S
L
L
S
ss
ss
ssE SC
Q
E SC
fr
f
F }1{
1
ESC = -ss{1-NORMDIST(ss/?L,0,1,1)} + ?L NORMDIST(ss/??L,0,1,0)
uestc liulei
ACME Evaluating Fill Rate
ss = 10,Q = 132,Fill Rate (fr) =?
ESC = -ss{1-NORMDIST(ss/?L,0,1,1)} +
??L NORMDIST(ss/?L,0,1,0)
= -10{1-NORMDIST(10/13.2,0,1,1)} +
13.2 NORMDIST(10/13.2,0,1,0)
= 1.71
fr = (Q - ESC)/Q = (132 – 1.71)/132 = 98.71%
uestc liulei
Continuous Review Policy
The Replenishment Policy
Safety Inventory ss = 10
Q = 132; ROP = 65
R = 39.3 /week; ?R = 13.2;L = 1 weeks
ACME
Product A
Massachusetts
Newton
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
M a s s a c hu s e t t s a v e r a ge de m a nd i n m a s s a c hu s e t t s
The Cycle Service Level = 77.6%
The Fill Rate = 98.7%
Average Inventory = 76
uestc liulei
Evaluating Safety Inventory Given
Desired Fill Rate
If desired fill rate is fr = 0.97,how much safety
inventory should be held?
ESC = (1 - fr)Q = 3.96
Solve
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
????
σ
196.3
L
SL
L
S
ssssssE S C fF ?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
??? 0,1,0,196.3
σσσ LLL
ssN O R M D I S TssN O R M S D I S Tss
ss = 3
uestc liulei
Evaluating Safety Inventory Given Fill Rate
F r v s Sa fe ty I n v e n to r y
1, 3 5
2, 8 6
4, 5 5
6, 5 1
8, 8 6
1 1, 9 1
1 6, 5 7
4 5, 9 5
0, 0 0
1 0, 0 0
2 0, 0 0
3 0, 0 0
4 0, 0 0
5 0, 0 0
96.5% 97.0% 97.5% 98.0% 98.5% 99.0% 99.5% 100.0%
F i l l R a t e
Sa fe ty I n v e n to r y s s Fr ESC
ACME Product A Massachusetts
uestc liulei
Evaluating Safety Inventory Given CSL
ACME Product A Massachusetts
Sa fe ty I n v e n to r y v s C SL
0, 0 0
1 0, 0 0
2 0, 0 0
3 0, 0 0
4 0, 0 0
95.50% 96.00% 96.50% 97.00% 97.50% 98.00% 98.50% 99.00% 99.50%
C SL
Sa fe ty I n v e n to r y s s C y c l e Se r v i c e L e v e l (C SL )
uestc liulei
ACME
Product A
Warehouse 2
Massachusetts Newton
Cycle
Inventory
Safety
Inventory
Average
Inventory
Time
Inventory
周转库存
安全库存
平均库存
uestc liulei
Role of Inventory in the Supply
Chain
Im pr ove Matchi ng of Su pp l y
an d D em an d
Im pr oved F oreca st i ng
R ed uc e Materi al F l ow T i m e
R ed uc e Wait i ng T i m e
R ed uc e B uf f er Inven t ory
E con om i es of Sc al e
Su pp l y / D em an d
V ari ab i l i t y
Se asona l
V ari ab i l i t y
C y cl e Inven t ory Sa f et y Inven t ory
F ig u r e 0 \ 1
Se asona l Inven t ory
uestc liulei
How to improve performance?
Levers to reduce Cycle Inventory
Levers to reduce Safety Inventory
Cycle
Inventory
Safety
Inventory
Average
Inventory
Time
Inventory
uestc liulei
What is the Optimal level of
service?
最优的服务水平是多少?
uestc liulei
影响最优的服务水平的因素
缺货成本 Understocking Cost
供应过头的成本 Overstocking Cost
服务水平
成本
Overstocking Cost/unit
Understocking Cost/unit
uestc liulei
单周期需求的最优服务水平
r 零售价 s 处理价
c 购买价
CSL 服务水平
At optimal order size,
Expected Marginal Benefit from raising
order size = (1-CSL*)(r - c) = Expected
Marginal Cost = CSL*(c - s).
(1-CSL*)Cu = CSL*? Co,
CSL* = Cu / (Cu + Co)
一个订单在卖季开始前
A Single Order in a Season
uestc liulei
需求, 服从均值 R = 350 标准差 ?R = 100的正态分

购买价 = $100
零售价 = $250
处理价 = $85
单位产品持有一个卖季的库存成本 = $5
单周期需求的最优服务水平
uestc liulei
Co = c – s(Salvage Value)
= $100 – $80 = $20
Cu = r - c
=$250 – $100 = $150
O* = Optimal order size
88.0
20150
150
)(Pr
*
?
?
?
?
??
?
CC
C
o
ou
u
D e m an dob
C SL
),,(),,( **1* ???? C S LN O R M I N VC S LFo ?? ?
468)100,350,88.0( ?? N O R M I N V
单周期需求的最优服务水平
uestc liulei
边际分析法
假定原计划订货量为 Q,考虑再追加一个
单位订货,它可能是需要的,也可能是
着需要的。
设需要的可能性为 P( Q),则不需要的
可能性为 1- P( Q)。
设每单位的机会成本为 Cu,陈旧成本
为 Co。
uestc liulei
实际需要但没有追加订货,损失为:
P( Q) Cu
实际不需要却追加了订货,损失为:
{ 1- P( Q) } Co
P( Q) Cu = {1- P(Q)} Co
uestc liulei
临界概率为:
P( Q) Cu= {1- P(Q)} Co
所以:
P (Q) = Co/(Co+ Cu)
此模型又称为, 报童, 模型
uestc liulei
多周期需求的最优服务水平
Demand During Stockout Is Backlogged
Demand During Stockout Is Lost
uestc liulei
多周期需求的最优服务水平
CSL* = Cu / (Cu + Co)
CSL = 1-HQ*/(CuR+HQ)
CSL = 1-HQ*/CuR
Demand During Stockout Is Backlogged
Demand During Stockout Is Backlogged
A Single Order in A Selling Season
uestc liulei
Levers for Increasing Supply Chain
Profitability
Co/Cu
1
CSL*
Impact of Changing Co/Cu on Optimal Cycle service Level