1
Fluid Mechanics
2
3
1,Study Objects of Fluid Mechanics
2,Tasks of Fluid Mechanics
3,Study Approaches of Fluid Mechanics
4,History of Fluid Mechanics
5,Modern Teaching Research of Fluid Mechanics
6,Modern teaching research of fluid mechanics
PREFACE
4
一、流体力学的研究对象
二、流体力学的任务
三、流体力学的研究方法
四、流体力学的发展史
五、流体力学现代教学研究
六、流体力学现代教学研究
绪 论
5
1,Study Objects of Fluid Mechanics
Fluid mechanics is an important branch of modern mechanics,
It’s a science that studies fluid’s balance,mechanical movement laws
and the interaction between fluid and the objects around it,It mainly
ascertains the distribution of speed and pressure,energy loss and the
interaction force and the moment between fluid and solid,
Water and air are researched mostly in fluid mechanics,Besides
these,fluid also includes vapor as work medium in turbine,lube,water
which mixing with mud and sand,blood,melting metal and the gas with
complicated components coming from burning,plasm under high
temperature condition etc,
6
一、流体力学的研究对象
流体力学是近代力学的一大分支，它是研究流体的平衡和机
械运动规律以及流体与周围物体之间相互作用的科学，主要是确
定流体的速度分布，压强分布与能量损失，以及流体与固体相互
间的作用力与作用力矩。
流体力学中研究得最多的流体是水和空气。除水和空气以外
流体还包括作为汽轮机工作介质的水蒸汽、润滑油、石油、含泥
沙的水体、血液、溶化状态下的金属和燃烧后产生的成分复杂的
气体，高温条件下的等离子体等等。
7
Incise the oil well rock with high pressure water stream technique
example,
8
应用高压水射流技术对油井岩石割缝
例,
9
Fluid mechanics is not only an age-old subject,but also a new
fashion subject which can be researched on quite widely fields,
There are many questions about fluid mechanics in these departments,
such as in aviation,spaceflight,navigation,astronomical weather,physical
geography,water conservancy and hydropower,heat energy refrigeration,
building construction and environmental protection,petroleum and
chemical engineer,transporting air and liquid,combustion and explosion,
metallurgy and mining,biology and sea,war industry and nuclear energy,
machine building,mechanical engineering etc,
2,Tasks of Fluid Mechanics
10
流体力学是一门即古老又新兴的学科，存在着极为 广阔
的研究天地。
二、流体力学的任务
例如：航空、航天、航海、天文气象、地球物理、水利水电
、热能制冷、土建环保、石油化工、气液输送、燃烧爆炸、冶金采
矿、生物海洋、军工核能、机械制造、机械工程等等部门都有许多
流体力学问题。
11
3,Study Approaches of Fluid Mechanics
Fluid mechanics has three study approaches,The first one is a theoretical approach,
Which analyzes the primary and lesser factor of the question,abstracts theoretical
model (such as continuous medium,ideal fluid,incompressible fluid etc),uses
mathematical tools to find the general answer about the fluid movement,The second is
an experimental approach,Which summarizes the fluid question by experiment as a
similar experiment model,observes the phenomena and determines the data and
conjectures the experiment results according to a certain method,The third is a
calculating approach,Which draws out the experiment scheme according to the theory
analysis and experiment observation,inputs the data by program and calculates the
numerical value solution with computer,
All these approaches have advantages and disadvantages,Only supplement
each other can they advance the development of fluid mechanics,
Modern fluid mechanics has band the three approaches together organically and
promote the development of fluid mechanics quickly,
12
三、流体力学的研究方法
流体力学有三种研究方法。一种是理论方法，分析问题的
主次因素提出适当的假定，抽象出理论模型（如连续介质、理想
流体、不可压缩流体等等），适用数学工具寻求流体运动的普遍
解。一种是实验方法，将实验流动问题概括为相似的实验模型，
在实验中观察现象、测定数据并进而按照一定方法推测实验结果。
再一种是计算方法，根据理论分析与实验观测拟订实验方案，通
过编制程序输入数据，用计算机算出数值解。
这三种研究方法各有所长，也各有所短。需要相辅相成
才有利于推进流体力学的发展。
现代流体力学已将这三种方法有机地结合起来，推动了
流体力学的飞速发展。
13
The first contribution to the come into being of the subject of fluid mechanics
was did by Archimedes of ancient Greece,He founded the liquid balance theory
include the physical principle of buoyancy and buoyancy stability,He established
the basis of the hydrostatics,
4,History of Fluid Mechanics
The form and development of fluid mechanics is fell into five phases,
The first period,before 20 BC,Questions of projectile’s movement in fluid was put
forward,
The second period,from 20 B.C to late stage of A.D 17,
Archimedes —— fix quantity theory of buoyancy;
Maliaut —— the balance to measure the resistance of moving object ;
Pasica —— the basic relation formula of hydrostatics;
The third period, from late stage of A.D 17 to the early days of A.D 20,
Newton —— Newton’s law of viscosity;
14
古希腊的阿基米德对流体力学学科的形成作出第一贡献。他
建立了包括物理浮力定律和浮力稳定性在内的液体平衡理论。奠
定了流体静力学的基础。
四、流体力学的发展史
流体力学的形成和发展大致分为五个时期,
第一时期：公元前二十世纪前。
抛射体在流体中的运动问题的提出。
第二时期：公元前二十世纪至十七世纪下叶。
阿基米德 —— 浮力的定量理论；
马里奥特 —— 测量运动物体阻力的天称；
帕斯卡 —— 流体静力学的基本关系式；
第三时期：十七世纪下叶至二十世纪初叶。
牛 顿 —— 粘性流体的剪应力公式；
15
The fourth period,from early days of A.D 20 to middle period,
Prandtl —— boundary layer theory,
Lagrange —— stream function；
Reynolds —— Reynolds experiment and Reynolds equation;
Navier-Stokes—— differential equation of viscous fluid motion;
The fifth period,after middle period of A.D 20,
The fluid mechanics has begun to research the questions in weather,ocean,
petroleum,chemical engineer,energy sources,environmental protection and
construction fields etc,and infiltrated with relative contiguous subjects each other
and formed many new branches,
Bernoulli —— Bernoulli’s law of steady incompressible fluid;
Euler —— describing method of fluid motion and equation set of
inviscid fluid motion;
16
伯 努 力 —— 定常不可压缩流体的伯努力定理；
第四时期：二十世纪初叶至中叶。
普 朗 特 —— 边界层理论。
欧 拉 —— 流体运动的描述方法和无粘性流体运动的方程组 ;
拉格朗日 —— 流函数；
雷 诺 —— 雷诺实验、雷诺方程式；
纳维－斯托克斯 —— 粘性流体运动微分方程。
第五时期：二十世纪中叶以后。
流体力学开始研究气象、海洋、石油、化工、能源、环保和
建筑等领域中的流体力学问题，并与有关邻近学科相互渗透，形
成许多新分支。
17
5,How to Study Fluid Mechanics Better
1.Grasping the study method that from common to especial,
Begin with the mechanical movement’s general rules of object and grasp the
common type of the basic equation set,then analyze the concrete questions according
to the concrete conditions,The drived equations are only the simplified application of
the basic equations under different conditions,
2.Making great efforts to grasp basic knowledge,
Master the basic principles,basic concepts,basic methods and do exercise
repeatedly and understand them profoundly,
3.Listening to the teacher carefully and marking the note properly,
Listening to the teacher’s explain and treating method carefully about which you
consider are important and difficult, Record the thought and method of analyzing the
questions about the typical example problems in class,
18
五、如何学好流体力学
1.掌握从一般到特殊的学习方法
从物体机械运动普遍规律出发，掌握一般形式的基本方程组，
再根据具体条件分析具体问题，派生方程只是基本方程在不同条件
下的简化应用。
2.在掌握“三基”上下功夫
掌握基本原理、基本概念、基本方法，反复训练，深刻理解。
3.认真听课，适当记笔记
对自己认为的重点、难点认真听老师的讲解和处理方法，对典
型的课堂例题，应记录分析问题的思路、解题步骤。
19
4,Do preparations,attend the lecture with good preparations,
Do preparations for some more difficult chapters,Listening to the teacher’ explain
mostly where you can’t understand by yourself,You should read the book with your
70% energy and the most important is to understand it,not to remember it by rote,
5,Solution standardization and enhancing to train the basic approaches,
You’d better copy the topic before do homework so as to reference when you review,
Insist on solving questions with physical method,define the type of the questions,
conclude carefully,cognize the knowledge point in it,master the thought and method to
solve the questions so you can comprehend by analogy and draw inferences about other
cases from one instance,
6.Attach importance to experiment and do it by yourself,
Do experiment which stated in the teaching outline carefully by yourself and enforce
the understanding, Apply and sublime the knowledge you had learned,Train the
capability of DIY and also build the bases for the future research of science experiment,
20
4.作好预习，有准备地听课
对较难章节，一定要预习，看不懂的地方重点听老师讲解，要
把 70％的精力放在看书上，重要的是理解，不要死记硬背。
5.解题规范化，加强基本功训练
作业最好抄题，便于复习时参考。坚持用物理方法解题，要拆
题型，认真归纳，明确其中知识点，掌握解题思路和方法步骤，达
到解题触类旁通，举一反三的目的。
6.重视实验，亲手去做
对教学大纲中规定的实验都亲自认真去做，加强对所学知识的
理解、应用和升华。培养独立的动手能力，也为将来进行科学实验
研究奠定基础。
21
6,Modern teaching research of fluid mechanics
CAI teaching,multimedia and duplex language teaching etc,
22
六、流体力学现代教学研究
CAI教学，多媒体双语教学等。
23
24
Fluid Mechanics
2
3
1,Study Objects of Fluid Mechanics
2,Tasks of Fluid Mechanics
3,Study Approaches of Fluid Mechanics
4,History of Fluid Mechanics
5,Modern Teaching Research of Fluid Mechanics
6,Modern teaching research of fluid mechanics
PREFACE
4
一、流体力学的研究对象
二、流体力学的任务
三、流体力学的研究方法
四、流体力学的发展史
五、流体力学现代教学研究
六、流体力学现代教学研究
绪 论
5
1,Study Objects of Fluid Mechanics
Fluid mechanics is an important branch of modern mechanics,
It’s a science that studies fluid’s balance,mechanical movement laws
and the interaction between fluid and the objects around it,It mainly
ascertains the distribution of speed and pressure,energy loss and the
interaction force and the moment between fluid and solid,
Water and air are researched mostly in fluid mechanics,Besides
these,fluid also includes vapor as work medium in turbine,lube,water
which mixing with mud and sand,blood,melting metal and the gas with
complicated components coming from burning,plasm under high
temperature condition etc,
6
一、流体力学的研究对象
流体力学是近代力学的一大分支，它是研究流体的平衡和机
械运动规律以及流体与周围物体之间相互作用的科学，主要是确
定流体的速度分布，压强分布与能量损失，以及流体与固体相互
间的作用力与作用力矩。
流体力学中研究得最多的流体是水和空气。除水和空气以外
流体还包括作为汽轮机工作介质的水蒸汽、润滑油、石油、含泥
沙的水体、血液、溶化状态下的金属和燃烧后产生的成分复杂的
气体，高温条件下的等离子体等等。
7
Incise the oil well rock with high pressure water stream technique
example,
8
应用高压水射流技术对油井岩石割缝
例,
9
Fluid mechanics is not only an age-old subject,but also a new
fashion subject which can be researched on quite widely fields,
There are many questions about fluid mechanics in these departments,
such as in aviation,spaceflight,navigation,astronomical weather,physical
geography,water conservancy and hydropower,heat energy refrigeration,
building construction and environmental protection,petroleum and
chemical engineer,transporting air and liquid,combustion and explosion,
metallurgy and mining,biology and sea,war industry and nuclear energy,
machine building,mechanical engineering etc,
2,Tasks of Fluid Mechanics
10
流体力学是一门即古老又新兴的学科，存在着极为 广阔
的研究天地。
二、流体力学的任务
例如：航空、航天、航海、天文气象、地球物理、水利水电
、热能制冷、土建环保、石油化工、气液输送、燃烧爆炸、冶金采
矿、生物海洋、军工核能、机械制造、机械工程等等部门都有许多
流体力学问题。
11
3,Study Approaches of Fluid Mechanics
Fluid mechanics has three study approaches,The first one is a theoretical approach,
Which analyzes the primary and lesser factor of the question,abstracts theoretical
model (such as continuous medium,ideal fluid,incompressible fluid etc),uses
mathematical tools to find the general answer about the fluid movement,The second is
an experimental approach,Which summarizes the fluid question by experiment as a
similar experiment model,observes the phenomena and determines the data and
conjectures the experiment results according to a certain method,The third is a
calculating approach,Which draws out the experiment scheme according to the theory
analysis and experiment observation,inputs the data by program and calculates the
numerical value solution with computer,
All these approaches have advantages and disadvantages,Only supplement
each other can they advance the development of fluid mechanics,
Modern fluid mechanics has band the three approaches together organically and
promote the development of fluid mechanics quickly,
12
三、流体力学的研究方法
流体力学有三种研究方法。一种是理论方法，分析问题的
主次因素提出适当的假定，抽象出理论模型（如连续介质、理想
流体、不可压缩流体等等），适用数学工具寻求流体运动的普遍
解。一种是实验方法，将实验流动问题概括为相似的实验模型，
在实验中观察现象、测定数据并进而按照一定方法推测实验结果。
再一种是计算方法，根据理论分析与实验观测拟订实验方案，通
过编制程序输入数据，用计算机算出数值解。
这三种研究方法各有所长，也各有所短。需要相辅相成
才有利于推进流体力学的发展。
现代流体力学已将这三种方法有机地结合起来，推动了
流体力学的飞速发展。
13
The first contribution to the come into being of the subject of fluid mechanics
was did by Archimedes of ancient Greece,He founded the liquid balance theory
include the physical principle of buoyancy and buoyancy stability,He established
the basis of the hydrostatics,
4,History of Fluid Mechanics
The form and development of fluid mechanics is fell into five phases,
The first period,before 20 BC,Questions of projectile’s movement in fluid was put
forward,
The second period,from 20 B.C to late stage of A.D 17,
Archimedes —— fix quantity theory of buoyancy;
Maliaut —— the balance to measure the resistance of moving object ;
Pasica —— the basic relation formula of hydrostatics;
The third period, from late stage of A.D 17 to the early days of A.D 20,
Newton —— Newton’s law of viscosity;
14
古希腊的阿基米德对流体力学学科的形成作出第一贡献。他
建立了包括物理浮力定律和浮力稳定性在内的液体平衡理论。奠
定了流体静力学的基础。
四、流体力学的发展史
流体力学的形成和发展大致分为五个时期,
第一时期：公元前二十世纪前。
抛射体在流体中的运动问题的提出。
第二时期：公元前二十世纪至十七世纪下叶。
阿基米德 —— 浮力的定量理论；
马里奥特 —— 测量运动物体阻力的天称；
帕斯卡 —— 流体静力学的基本关系式；
第三时期：十七世纪下叶至二十世纪初叶。
牛 顿 —— 粘性流体的剪应力公式；
15
The fourth period,from early days of A.D 20 to middle period,
Prandtl —— boundary layer theory,
Lagrange —— stream function；
Reynolds —— Reynolds experiment and Reynolds equation;
Navier-Stokes—— differential equation of viscous fluid motion;
The fifth period,after middle period of A.D 20,
The fluid mechanics has begun to research the questions in weather,ocean,
petroleum,chemical engineer,energy sources,environmental protection and
construction fields etc,and infiltrated with relative contiguous subjects each other
and formed many new branches,
Bernoulli —— Bernoulli’s law of steady incompressible fluid;
Euler —— describing method of fluid motion and equation set of
inviscid fluid motion;
16
伯 努 力 —— 定常不可压缩流体的伯努力定理；
第四时期：二十世纪初叶至中叶。
普 朗 特 —— 边界层理论。
欧 拉 —— 流体运动的描述方法和无粘性流体运动的方程组 ;
拉格朗日 —— 流函数；
雷 诺 —— 雷诺实验、雷诺方程式；
纳维－斯托克斯 —— 粘性流体运动微分方程。
第五时期：二十世纪中叶以后。
流体力学开始研究气象、海洋、石油、化工、能源、环保和
建筑等领域中的流体力学问题，并与有关邻近学科相互渗透，形
成许多新分支。
17
5,How to Study Fluid Mechanics Better
1.Grasping the study method that from common to especial,
Begin with the mechanical movement’s general rules of object and grasp the
common type of the basic equation set,then analyze the concrete questions according
to the concrete conditions,The drived equations are only the simplified application of
the basic equations under different conditions,
2.Making great efforts to grasp basic knowledge,
Master the basic principles,basic concepts,basic methods and do exercise
repeatedly and understand them profoundly,
3.Listening to the teacher carefully and marking the note properly,
Listening to the teacher’s explain and treating method carefully about which you
consider are important and difficult, Record the thought and method of analyzing the
questions about the typical example problems in class,
18
五、如何学好流体力学
1.掌握从一般到特殊的学习方法
从物体机械运动普遍规律出发，掌握一般形式的基本方程组，
再根据具体条件分析具体问题，派生方程只是基本方程在不同条件
下的简化应用。
2.在掌握“三基”上下功夫
掌握基本原理、基本概念、基本方法，反复训练，深刻理解。
3.认真听课，适当记笔记
对自己认为的重点、难点认真听老师的讲解和处理方法，对典
型的课堂例题，应记录分析问题的思路、解题步骤。
19
4,Do preparations,attend the lecture with good preparations,
Do preparations for some more difficult chapters,Listening to the teacher’ explain
mostly where you can’t understand by yourself,You should read the book with your
70% energy and the most important is to understand it,not to remember it by rote,
5,Solution standardization and enhancing to train the basic approaches,
You’d better copy the topic before do homework so as to reference when you review,
Insist on solving questions with physical method,define the type of the questions,
conclude carefully,cognize the knowledge point in it,master the thought and method to
solve the questions so you can comprehend by analogy and draw inferences about other
cases from one instance,
6.Attach importance to experiment and do it by yourself,
Do experiment which stated in the teaching outline carefully by yourself and enforce
the understanding, Apply and sublime the knowledge you had learned,Train the
capability of DIY and also build the bases for the future research of science experiment,
20
4.作好预习，有准备地听课
对较难章节，一定要预习，看不懂的地方重点听老师讲解，要
把 70％的精力放在看书上，重要的是理解，不要死记硬背。
5.解题规范化，加强基本功训练
作业最好抄题，便于复习时参考。坚持用物理方法解题，要拆
题型，认真归纳，明确其中知识点，掌握解题思路和方法步骤，达
到解题触类旁通，举一反三的目的。
6.重视实验，亲手去做
对教学大纲中规定的实验都亲自认真去做，加强对所学知识的
理解、应用和升华。培养独立的动手能力，也为将来进行科学实验
研究奠定基础。
21
6,Modern teaching research of fluid mechanics
CAI teaching,multimedia and duplex language teaching etc,
22
六、流体力学现代教学研究
CAI教学，多媒体双语教学等。
23
24
