1
Fluid Mechanics
2
3
Chapter 10 Fundamentals of two-phase flow
§ 10-1 Introduction
§ 10–2 Summary of two-phase flow
§ 10-3 Resistance of mobile
§ 10-4 Sedimentation velocity of particle
§ 10-5 Hydraulic transport transport of material
§ 10-6 Pneumatic transport of material
Exercises of Chapter 10
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第十章 两相流动理论基础
§ 10-1 引 言
§ 10–2 两相流动概述
§ 10-3 运动物体的阻力
§ 10-4 颗粒的沉降速度
§ 10-5 物料的水力输送
§ 10-6 物料的气力输送
第十章 习 题
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§ 10-1 Introduction
This chapter introduce basic concepts,equation and some methods,
Whereas the complexity,diversity and levity,advanced analysis relate
to extensive knowledge,here only introduce common two-phase flow
phenomenon and some simple method deciding important parameter,
It established the theory base for studying advanced two-phase flow,
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§ 10-1 引言
本章介绍两相流动的基本概念、基本方程及一些处理方法。
鉴于两相流动的复杂性、多样性和多变性,深入分析所涉及的知
识十分广泛,这里仅介绍常见的两相流动现象及确定一些重要参
数的简单方法,为进一步深入分析研究两相流动奠定基本的理论
基础。
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So called,phase”is existing form for matter,Generally,there are
three phases solid,liquid and gas,Mixed flow of any two or more
phases infusible matter called multiphase flow,Multiphase flow is
common phenomenon in nature,daily life and many project.Such as
cloud,fog,rain and snow phenomenon;dirt in atmosphere,sand in river
blood flow in organism; engine,burning in boiler,generate electricity,
refrigerate,vaporize in distil ; flow in congeal cycle,oil,mine and
transportation of natural gas,matter flowed in all kinds of stove,
pagoda in chemical production; mill run in mining industry,removing
dirt in environment defense and so on,
§ 10-2 Summary of two-phase flow
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所谓“相”是指物质存在的形态。通常有固、液、气三
相。任何两相或两相以上不相溶物质的混合流动,统称为多
相流动。多相流动是自然界、人类日常生活和许多工程中常
见的流动现象。如自然界的云、雾、雨、雪现象,大气中的
烟尘、水流中的泥沙、生物体内的血液流动、发动机、锅炉
中的燃烧、发电、制冷和蒸馏过程中的蒸发、凝结循环系统
中的流动,石油、天然气的开采和输送,化工生产中各种炉
、塔中物质的流化,采矿工业中的选矿,环保工业中的除尘
等等。
§ 10-2 两相流动概述
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Two-phase flow may be plotted three class according to matter
state,gas-solid two-phase flow;liquid-solid two-phase flow;gas-
solid two-phase flow; As a result of much thermodynamics in gas
-liquid,the emphases in this chapter is correlative knowledge
about liquid-solid two-phase flow and gas-solid two-phase flow,
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两相流动根据物质的状态可分为三类:气 —液两相流;
液 —固两相流;气 —固两相流;由于气 —液两相流涉及热力
学较多的知识,故本章重点介绍液 —固两相流和气 —固两相
流的相关知识。
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1.Character of solid material
Two-phase flow often involves physical and geometrical character
of solid,
1.1 Main physical character of solid material,
Main physical character of solid material is mass (?s),specific
weight( gs) and specific gravity 。
2.2 Main geometrical character of solid material
2.2.1 Particle diameter,In fact the shape of solid material is
anomalistic,Adopt equal volume particle diameter express its size
(taking particle as sphere with equal volume ),
1)( 1 0 )6()6( 3/13/1 ???
s
s
GVd
?g?
§ 10-3 Resistance of mobile
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一、固体物料的性质
两相流中常涉及的是固体的物理性质和几何性质。
1、固体物料的主要物理性质
固体物料的主要物理性质有质量( ?s),重度( gs)和比重
。应注意比重是无因次物理量,与重度的物理概念不同。
2、固体物料的几何性质
( 1)粒径 实际固体物料的形状一般是不规则的,可采用
等体积粒径来表示颗粒的大小,即把颗粒看作等体积球体,
可得等体积粒径为,
1)( 1 0 )6()6( 3/13/1 ???
s
s
GVd
?g?
§ 10-3 运动物体的阻力
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2.2.2 Shape of particle:Get sphere as standard;scaling different shape
but same particle and specific weight,called shape coefficient f
( 10 2) whe r e sur f a c e a r e a of c y l i nde r ;
sur f a c e a r e a of pa r t i c l e
pb
pb
fb
fb
S
S
S
S
f ??, -

Because surface area of sphere is least,so 0< f <1 。
2,Basic type of resistance of mobile
When a object moves in liquid,force that
liquid act to object is component of forces plumb
with speed,P (ascending force)and component of
forces adverse with speed R ( resistance),as in
10—1,Moreover R is made of friction resistance
Rm produced by shear stress and press resistance
Rp produced by press,R= Rm+ Rp
P F
R
Fig.10- 1
Object streamline chart
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( 2)颗粒的形状 取球形作标准,衡量颗粒和重度相同但形
状不同的颗粒,称作球形度或形状系数,用 f表示
-颗粒的表面积。-圆柱体的表面积;式中,fbpb
fb
pb
SS
S
S
2)( 1 0 ??f
由于球形表面积最小,故其它形状颗粒球形度 0< f<1 。
二、运动物体阻力的基本类型
当一物体在流体中运动时,流体对
物体的作用力可分为与速度垂直的分力
P (简称为升力)和与速度相反的分力
R (称为阻力),如图 10—1所示。而阻力
R 又分为由切应力产生的摩擦阻力 Rm 和
由压力产生的压力阻力 Rp,即
R= Rm+ Rp
P F
R
图 10- 1 物体的流线谱
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When object moves in fluid,action force law is connected with
Renault,When Renault is great,it means inertia force is far large
than viscosity force; in reverse,viscosity is larger than inertia force,
3,Resistance of spherical object with great Reynolds number
When Renault is great,object with bad streamline will produce
vortex resistance as attached layer separating,Resistance account
formula get by modifying the Newton-Reutlingen resistance formula,
it is suitable as 500<Re<105,
3)-( 1 0 16 22 udR ???
4,Resistance of spherical object with minor Reynolds number
In many practical project,particle diameter is very small,moving speed is slow,mostly resistance produced is friction resistance,
belong to generic laminar flow movement,
Translate formula( 10- 3) into generic resistance formula,
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当物体在流体中运动时,作用力的规律与雷诺数有关,
雷诺数很大时,表示惯性力远大于粘性力,反之则粘性力大
于惯性力。
三、大雷诺数时圆球形物体的阻力
在大雷诺数时,圆球等流线形不好的物体在发生附面层分
离时会产生压差阻力(旋涡阻力)。阻力计算公式是在牛顿 —
雷廷根阻力公式基础上加以修正得到的,适用与 500<Re<105 的
情况下。
3)-( 1 0 16 22 udR ???
四、小雷诺数时圆球形物体的阻力
在许多实际工程中,颗粒直径很小,运动速度慢,即运
动为小雷诺数时,产生的阻力主要是摩擦阻力,属于一般的
层流绕流运动。
将( 10- 3)式写成阻力公式的一般形式,
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2
2 2 21 ( 10 - 4)
42
w h e r e r e sis ta n c e c o e f f ic ie n t
c on ne c t w it h Re y no l ds a nd ob je c t s h a p e
u
R c d d u
c
? ? ? ?
?
??
:, -,
When pellet moves slowly,roll flow has no separating phenomenon,
neglecting mass force,deducing resistance coefficient
24,c a nd Re Substi t uti ng i nt o 1 0 4 o b ta in
Re
3 ( 1 0 - 5 )
udc
v
R u d??
??
?
( - )
formula( 10- 5) is pellet resistance formula when Reynolds
number is minor( Re<1),called Stokes formula,
In Re=25~500,the spherical object resistance can be
calculated with A-Lian empirical formula,
6)-( 1 0 Re4 5 22 udR ???
Besides above three applicable region,others still need study incessantly,
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2
2 2 21 ( 1 0 - 4 )
42
u
R c d d u
c
? ? ? ?
?
??
式 中,, - 阻 力 系 数, 与 雷 诺 数 和 物 体 形 状 有 关
在圆球作缓慢运动,绕流无分离现象时,可忽略质量力,
可导出阻力系数
5)-( 1 0 3
410 Re,
Re
24
udR
v
udc c
???
?? )式得-代入(和将
( 10- 5)式就是小雷诺数( Re<1)时圆球阻力公式,称斯
托克斯公式。
在 Re=25~500 这个流动范围内,可用阿连经验公式计算
圆球形物体的阻力,该式为,
6)-( 1 0 Re4 5 22 udR ???
在上述三个公式适用范围以外的区域,还有待不断的研究解决。
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1,Free sedimentation velocity of spherical particle in static fluid
Free sedimentation velocity has direct connect with resistance of particle
in medium,There are lots of particle sedimentation problems in mill run,
material transport,operation of flow state,get rid of dirt by ventilating and
water pollution father and so on technology field,So,Free sedimentation
velocity of particle is one of important theories basis in two-phase flow,
There are two forms in sedimentation of particle,namely,free
sedimentation and hindered sedimentation,
§ 10-4 Sedimentation velocity of particle
Free sedimentation occurs when single particle sediments in infinite
flow space.There is no serious interface between low thickness particle,it
can be disposed as free sedimentation, Hindered sedimentation is that
particles sediment in finite space,besides gravity and resistance come into
play,it also concluded force between particles,particle and implement wall,
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一、圆球形颗粒在静止流体中的自由沉降速度
沉降速度的大小与颗粒在介质中的阻力有着直接的关系
。在选矿、物料输送、流态化操作、通风除尘、水污染治理
等工业技术领域均有大量颗粒沉降问题。因此,颗粒沉降速
度是两相流动中重要的理论基础之一。
颗粒的沉降分自由沉降与干涉沉降两种形式。自由沉降
指单个颗粒在无限流体空间内的沉降,当颗粒间无严重干扰
的低浓度颗粒沉降也可按自由沉降处理。干涉沉降是颗粒群
在有限空间内的沉降,颗粒除受重力、阻力作用外,还有颗
粒间,颗粒与器壁间的作用力。
§ 10-4 颗粒的沉降速度
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1.1 Free sedimentation terminal velocity
When spherical particle sediments in resting liquid,the forces act to
it are,
3
3
22
33
22
g r a v ity,
6
b u o y a n c y,
6
r e sista n c e,
the n th e k ine tic e q u a tion o f g r a in,
su b stit u ting in to a b o v e th r e e f o r c e f o r m u l a th e n
( )
66
s
s
s
b
s
b
ss
s s s
d
W
d
W
R d u
du
W W R m
dt
dd
du
?
g
?
g
??
??
? ? ?? ?
?
?
?
? ? ?
? ? ?
2
0
,
6
( 10 - 7)
r ( 10 - 7a )
s
s s s
R
du
dt
d u u
g
d t d
du
o g a
dt
?? ??
? ? ?
?
??
??
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1、自由沉降末速
球形颗粒在静止流体中沉降时,所受到的作用力有,
7 a )-( 1 0
7)-( 1 0
6
,
6
)(
6
,
6
6
0
2
3
22
3
22
3
3
R
sss
s
s
s
ss
s
b
s
s
b
s
s
ag
dt
du
d
u
g
dt
du
dt
dud
ud
d
dt
du
mRWW
udR
d
W
d
W
??
?
?
?
???
???
?
?
?
或简写为


代入三个力的表达式则颗粒的运动方程为
阻力
浮力
重力
??
??
?
??
?
?
????
?
??
g
?
g
?
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0w h e r e g r a v it y a c c e l e r a ti o n,o n l y c o n n e c t w it h d e n s it y ;
r e sist a n c e a c c e l e r a ti o n,c o n n e c t w it h d e n s it y a n d
d im e n s io n,d ir e c t r a ti o w it h r a te s q u a r e
R
g
a
,—

When particle starts to sediment,velocity and resistance are zero,acceleration is max; as sedimentation velocity augmenting,
the resistance acceleration increasing,after some time,the outside
forces acted to particle attain balance,particle sediment velocity
invariable,this velocity is called sediment terminal velocity,
express with ut
Using Eq.( 10- 7) we have ut
)0( ?dtdu
8)-( 1 0 6 )( gdu sst ?? ??? ??
For spherical particle,resistance coefficient changing along
with Re,due to( 10- 3),( 10- 5),( 10- 6),obtain ?,
substituting into ( 10- 8),then
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且与速度平方成正比。
尺寸均有关系,阻力加速度,与密度和—
与密度有关;颗粒的重力加速度,只—式中:
0
Ra
g
颗粒开始下降时,速度为零,阻力亦为零,加速度为最
大值,随着下降速度增大,阻力加速度增大,经一定时间,
作用在颗粒上的外力达到平衡,颗粒等速下降,这个速度称
之为沉降末速,以 ut 表示。
由式( 10- 7)可解得 ut )0( ?
dt
du
8)-( 1 0 6 )( gdu sst ?? ??? ??
对于球形颗粒,阻力系数随 Re 变化,由( 10- 3),( 10- 5),
( 10- 6)三式中,解出 ? 值,代入( 10- 8)式中,则分别得,
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For Re <1,Stokes sediment terminal velocity formula
9)-( 1 0 18 )(
2
?
?? ss
t
dgu ??
For Re=25~500,A-Lian sediment terminal velocity
formula
10)-( 1 0 )g152( 33 2s ??? ?? ?? st du
For Re=500~104,Newton- Reutlingen sediment terminal
velocity formula
1 1 )-( 1 0 )(38 gdu sst ? ?? ??
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适用于 Re <1 时的斯托克斯沉降末速公式
2g ( )
( 1 0 - 9 )18sst du ?? ???
适用于 Re=25~500 时的阿连沉降末速公式
10)-( 1 0 )g152( 33 2s ??? ?? ?? st du
适用于 Re=500~104 的牛顿 —雷廷根沉降末速公式
1 1 )-( 1 0 )(38 gdu sst ? ?? ??
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According to Reynolds spectrum of sedimentation terminal
velocity formula,we can obtain corresponding granularity spectrum
of formula,namely boundary granularity,expressing with dB,
Substituting into( 10- 9),( 10- 10),( 10- 11)
and take into boundary value of Re,then obtain boundary
granularity,
s
t du ?
?Re?
2
3
22
33
F o r R e 1,Sto k e s f o r m u l a
18
( 10 - 12 )
g ( )
F o r R e 2 ~ 3 0 0,A - L ia n f o r m u l a
0, 2 8 ~ 3, 4 ( 1 0 - 1 3 )
( ) ( )
B
s
B
ss
d
d
?
? ? ?
??
? ? ? ? ? ?
?
?
?
?
?
??
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根据沉降末速公式的雷诺数范围也可求出各公式相应的
粒度范围,并称之为边界粒度,用 dB 表示,将 代入
( 10- 9),( 10- 10),( 10- 11)三式,并代入 Re 的边
界值,即可解得边界粒度为,
s
t du ?
?Re?
13)-( 1 0
)(
4.3~
)(
28.0
300~2Re
12)-( 1 0
)(
18
1Re
3
2
3
2
3
2
???
?
???
?
???
?
??
?
?
?
?
?
ss
B
s
B
d
g
d
的阿连公式适于
时的斯托克斯公式适于
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2
3
F or 100 0,N e w ton- R e utl inge n f or m ul a
9.12 ( 10- 14)
()B s
R
d
?
? ? ?
?
?
?
Example 10- 1 One spherical particle,particle diameter ds=0.09 mm
,density ?s=3.3× 103 kg/m3,free sediment in water,density of water
?=1000 kg/m3, viscosity coefficient ??0.001 Pa ·s,find( 1)
sedimentation terminal velocity of particle?( 2) If sedimentation
in atmosphere ? = 1.82× 10- 5Pa·s,??1.2kg/m3,find sedimentation
terminal velocity?
Solution,There are three formula according to spectrum of Re,
so,applying test method,
(1) For free sediment in water,applying(Re<1)formula to check
m / s 0 1 0 2.00 0 1.018 81.9)1 0 0 03 3 0 0()1009.0(18 )(
232
?? ??????
?
?
?? gdu ss
t
30
14)-( 1 0
)(
12.9
1000
3
2
???
?
?
?
?
s
Bd
R 雷廷根公式—时的牛顿适用于
例题 10- 1 一圆球形颗粒,粒径 ds=0.09 mm,密度 ?s=3.3× 103
kg/m3,在水中自由沉降,水的密度 ?=1000 kg/m3,粘性系数
??0.001 Pa ·s,求 ( 1)颗粒的沉降末速为多少?( 2)若在 ? =
1.82× 10- 5Pa·s,??1.2kg/m3 的空气中自由沉降,其沉降末速又为
多少?
解:在计算沉降末速时,有三个公式按 Re 范围选用,因此应
采用试算法。
( 1)在水中自由沉降按层流( Re<1)公式试算
m / s 0 1 0 2.00 0 1.018 81.9)1 0 0 03 3 0 0()1009.0(18 )(
232
?? ??????
?
?
?? gdu ss
t
31
Checking the Reynolds number
c o r r e c t, is s e l e c t e d f o r m u l a,1Re
91.0
1000
10001009.00102.0Re 3
?
??????
?
?
?st du
( 2) Sedimentation terminal velocity in atmosphere according to A-
Lian formula,
2
3 3
2
( g ) 0,8 5 4 4 m /s
15
Ch e c k in g R e y n o l d s n u m b e r Re 5,0 7
s
ts
ts
ud
ud
?? ?
??
?
?
?
??
??
There is mismatch according to spectrum,but there is no other
formula to be selected in this extent,so still adopt A-Lian formula
as approximate account,
32
验算雷诺数
计算公式选用正确。,1Re
91.0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 01009.00 1 0 2.0
Re
3
?
?
???
??
?
?
?st du
( 2)在空气中的沉降末速按阿连公式计算
07.5Re
m /s 0, 8 5 4 4)
15
2
( 33
2
??
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
??
st
s
st
du
gdu
验算雷诺数
按适用范围有一定偏差,但此区域无其它公式可选用,
仍可采用阿连公式作为近似计算。
33
1.2 The effect of particle shape to free sedimentation terminal
velocity and velocity invariable particle,
In practical production,material shape is anomalous
particle,main difference with spherical particle is:surface area is
larger than equal volume spherical surface area,coarse surface,non-
uniform shape,These traits make kinetic resistance accrete,so
sedimentation terminal velocity is smaller than spherical particle ’s,
When calculating free sedimentation terminal velocity of
non-spherical particle,take spherical sedimentation velocity
formula multiply shape coefficient f then,utf? f ut
f
0e
is determined by experiment,we may consult some data,
Two different density particles have equal sedimentation
terminal velocity when sediment in the same fluid,called them
equal sedimentation particles,granularity ration called equal
sedimentation ratio,express with
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2、颗粒形状对自由沉降末速的影响及等降颗粒
在实际生产中,物料形状都是不规则的颗粒,与球形颗
粒的主要区别在于;表面积比同体积球形表面积大,表面粗
糙,形状不对称。这些特点都使颗粒运动阻力增大,故其沉
降末速小于球形颗粒。
在计算非球形颗粒自由沉降末速时,将球体降速公式乘
以形状系数 f即可
utf? f ut
形状系数 f通常由实验确定,使用时可查阅相关资料。
当密度不同的两种颗粒在同一流体中沉降具有相同的沉
降末速时,称其为等降颗粒,其粒度比叫做等降比,用 e0表
示。
35
There are two equal sedimentation particles,granularities and
densities respective are,dE1,?s1 and dE2,?s2, assume ?s2> ?s1,due to
ut1= ut2,so dE1> dE2,then equal sedimentation ratio
1
2
10 ??
E
E
d
de( 1) When Reynolds number is minor due to
2211121 tttt uuuu ffff ???
Substituting into Stokes formula of ut1 and ut2 ( 10—9)
solution
15)-( 1 0 )()( 5.0
1
25.0
1
2
2
1
0 ??
??
f
f
?
???
s
s
E
E
d
de
( 2) When Reynolds number is large
Substituting into Newton- Reutlingen formula( 10- 11)
solution
It reflects relation between light and heavy particle and difficult
extent in making lay according to specific gravity,it is important
parameter in classification product according to density,
1 6 )-( 1 0 )(
1
22
1
2
2
1
0 ??
??
f
f
?
???
s
s
E
E
d
de
36
设有两个等降颗粒,其粒度及密度分别为 dE1,?s1 和 dE2,?s2,
设 ?s2> ?s1,由 ut1= ut2 知 dE1> dE2,则等降比 1
2
10 ??
E
E
d
de
( 1)小雷诺数时颗粒的等降比

2211121 tttt uuuu ffff ???
代入 ut1和 ut2 的斯托克斯计算公式( 10—9)
解得 15)-( 1 0 )()( 5.0
1
25.0
1
2
2
1
0 ??
??
f
f
?
???
s
s
E
E
d
de
( 2)大雷诺数时的颗粒等降比
同上方法,代入牛顿 —雷廷根计算公式( 10- 11)
解得
等降比反映了产品分级中轻重颗粒的关系及按比重分
层的难易程度,是利用不同密度进行分级产品技术中的重
要参数。
1 6 )-( 1 0 )(
1
22
1
2
2
1
0 ??
??
f
f
?
???
s
s
E
E
d
de
37
Swanson deduced a single sedimentation equation in 1967,it is
applicable to any shape particles in spectrum of Reynolds number.In
1975,he amended it,
2
3 / 2
4
g ( )
3 ( 10 - 17 )
g
( 2 48 )
3
ss
t
s
s
d
u
d
??
??
? ??
?
?
?
p r a c t i c e,i n i m p o r t a n t ist
)1710(b y d e t e r m i n e d
p a r t i c l e,oft c o e f f i c i e n s u r f a c e a t t a c h m e n t
d i a m e t e r ; p a r t i c l em e a n h
i
de r e s
?
—,
—:
??
38
斯瓦恩松( Swanson)在 1967年导出一个单一的沉降方程,
可在广泛的雷诺数范围内用于任何形状的颗粒。 1975年,他又在
原方程基础上作了改进,其形式如下,
义。用中具有重要的实际意
和使分级机,浓缩机的设计在水力确定,这个公式
)式沉降实验数据和(颗粒的附面层系数,由—,
筛分和测定;平均颗粒直径,取决于—式中:
1710
???
sd
2
3 / 2
4
g ( )
3 ( 10 - 17 )
g
( 2 48 )
3
ss
t
s
s
d
u
d
??
??
? ??
?
?
?
39
1.3 Effect of thickness to sedimentation terminal velocity When thickness of particle is large,the hinder is serious between
each other,come into hindered sedimentation.The effect of thickness is
connected with coarse extent of particle,
It is spread when coarse particles sediment,liquid viscosity invariable
,Due to up-current and turbulence stirred by particle sedimentation,it
is important effect that the augment of mixed liquid specific weight
made virtual gravity small,All these factors make sedimentation
terminal velocity smaller than low thickness,
The factor of sedimentation particle is complex,First thin particle
is larger than surface area,produce flocculation phenomenon easily,
make sedimentation terminal velocity larger,Flocculation is connected
with water quality and thickness.Secondly,effect of thickness shows
in change of mixed liquid viscosity coefficient.Thinner as the particle
diameter,more bigger as thickness and viscosity coefficient,
For effect of thickness,people summarize some empirical formulas
through doing a lot of experiment,but these formulas has some restrict
and mismatch.Especially,different particles produces different revised
formulas or coefficient,so,in practice,we should refer to literature.。
40
3、浓度对沉降末速的影响
当颗粒浓度较大时,其相互干扰渐趋严重,成为干涉沉降。
浓度的影响与颗粒的粗细程度关系密切。
粗颗粒下沉时呈分散状态,流体粘性不变化,只是由于颗粒
下沉时诱发的向上水流和激起的紊动造成的影响,混合液重度增
大而引起颗粒有效重力减小也有重要影响。这些因素都趋向于使
沉降末速比低浓度时下降。
细颗粒下降时的影响因素比较复杂。首先细颗粒比表面积大
,易产生絮凝现象,使沉降末速加大。絮凝作用与水质有关,也
与浓度有关,也就是浓度的影响是和水质的影响结合在一起通过
絮凝起作用的。其次,浓度的影响还表现在混合液粘性系数的变
化上。浓度愈大粒径愈细,混合液的粘性系数愈大。
对于浓度的影响,许多人做过大量实验而总结出一些经验公
式,但这些公式都有一定的条件限制和误差,特别是沉降颗粒的
不同会有不同的修正公式或修正系数,而且这些公式还在不断地
研究和完善之中,因此在实际计算时,应查阅最新相关文献,在
此不对这些公式作详细介绍。
41
2,Calculation of sedimentation terminal velocity of transition state
In transition state between laminar flow and turbulent flow,
viscous force and turbulent force come into synchronously,In this
transition region,sedimentation terminal velocity can be calculated
with Dou-guoren’s formula,
2
()
( 10 - 18 )
6
he r e r e si st a nc e c oe f f i c i e nt i n t r a ns i t i on st a t e,
4 3 1 1.2
[ ( ) ( 1 c os ) si n ] ( 1 0
R e 4 2 8
s
ts
u gd
? ? ?
??
?
? ? ?
? ? ?
?
?
? ? ? ?
—:
- 19 )
whe r e l g4 R e,i t s a pp l i c a bl e sp e c t r um i s R e 0.2 5~ 35 0,
no r m a l t e m pe r a t ure 0.2 ~ 2 m m d
? ??
? 。
42
二、过渡状态颗粒沉降末速的计算
在从层流到紊流之间的过渡状态,粘性力和紊流阻力同
时起作用。在这个过渡区颗粒沉降末速可采用南京水利科学
研究所窦国仁的计算公式。

常温下该式的适用范围是其中
由下式计算:过渡状态阻力系数,可—式中:
mm 2~2.0
,3 5 0~0, 2 5Re,lg 4 R e
1 9 )-( 1 0 ]s in
8
2.1
)c o s1(
2
1
)
4
3
Re
4
[(
1 8 )-( 1 0
6
)(
2
?
??
????
?
?
d
gdu
s
s
t
?
?
?
?
??
?
?
??
???
43
3,Particle sedimentation in gas-solid two-phase plane flow
In mill run technology,using different sedimentation velocity of particle,taking
them separate into class of some granularity spectrum,called classification,there are
wind power and water power
3.1 Work principle of sedimentation trunk
Multiplex movement of gas flow velocity
u and sedimentation velocity ut come into
play when solid particle come
? ?
?? ?
??
??
? ? ? ?
??
?
??
?
? ?
?
l
u
vtu
Fig.10- 2
work principle of trunk
classification based on liquid used.It often uses sedimentation trunk in gas-solid two
phase plane flow classification,
into sedimentation trunk,Particle moves in
trunk with absolute velocity v,sediment after
some distance,as Fig.10—2,
3.2 Throughput capacity of sedimentation of trunk
Assume width of trunk is b,high is H,length is l,
sedimentation time along with H is t, time of gas flow
pass trunk is t’,then
u
lt
u
Ht
t
???,
44
三、气 —固两相水平流中颗粒的沉降
在选矿技术中,常利用颗粒的沉降速度不同,将其分成
若干粒度范围的粒级,称之为分级,根据所用流体分为风力
分级和水力分级。气 —固两相水平流分级常用沉降箱。
1、沉降箱工作原理
固体颗粒进入沉降箱后组成
气流速度 u 和沉降速度 ut 的复合
运动。颗粒以绝对速度 v在箱中
运动,在一定距离沉降下来,如
图 10—2所示。
?
?
?
?
? ??
?
?
?
?
?
??
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
l
u
vtu
图 10- 2 沉降箱工作原理 2、沉降箱生产能力
设箱宽为 b,高为 H,长为 l,沿高度 H 的沉降时间为 t,气
流通过沉降箱时间 t’,则
u
lt
u
Ht
t
???,
45
m a x
se d im e n ta tion c o n d iti o n is,
thr o u g h p u t e x p r e ss w ith v o l u m e d isc h a r g e
( ),,is m a x ium,su b stit u ting t y ie l d ing
m a x ium th r o u g h p u t ( ) ( ) ( 1 0 - 2 0 )
( 1 0 - 2 0 )
t
tt
tt
l
Q b H u b H a s t t Q
t
ul
Q b H b H b lu A u
tH
??
?? ? ?
?
? ? ? ?
is su ita b l e to l a m ina r f l o w, I n tu r b u l e n c e f l o w,p l u se v e l o c ity
w il l d a m a g e p a r tic l e ste a d y se d im e n ta ti o n c o n d iti o n,
3.3 Terminal particle diameter in sedimentation trunk
Diameter that corresponding to sedimentation terminal velocity is
called terminal diameter.Particle with diameter larger than terminal
diameter can sediment into trunk.Substituting ut in (10-20) into
formula( 10- 8) and yielding terminal diameter,
21)-( 1 0 )()( 62
2
gbl
Qd
s
s ???
??
??
46
降条件。
粒平稳下时,脉动速度将破坏颗式适于层流流动。紊流
最大生产能力
得最大,代入时,
表示,生产能力用体积流量沉降条件为
2 0 )-( 1 0
2 0 )-( 1 0 )()(
,)(
,
m a x tt
t
Aub l u
H
u
bH
t
l
bHQ
tQtt
t
l
bHb H uQ
Qtt
????
??
?
??
??
3、沉降箱中颗粒的临界粒径
对应沉降末速的粒径称临界粒径。大于临界粒径的颗粒才能
降落箱中。将( 10- 20)式中 ut 用一般公式( 10- 8)代入并解
出临界粒径为,
21)-( 1 0 )()( 62
2
gbl
Qd
s
s ???
??
??
47
Example 10- 2 When throughput of sedimentation trunk is 18000 m3/h
,density of solid particle is 3500 Kg/m3,atmosphere viscosity coefficient
?=18.2× 10-6 Pa·S atmosphere density ??1.2 kg/m3,what size of
sedimentation trunk when terminal diameter is 50 ?m?
Solution,
2
()
0,2 6 2 m / s,t a k e 0,2 7 m / s,
18
g a s fl o w v e l o c i t y u =0,8 m / s,a s s u m e h e i g t h o f t run k 2 m,
t h rou g h,y i e l d i n g 3,1 m,6 m
ks
tt
t
dg
u u t a k e
H
Q u H
Q b Hu b l
Hu u
??
?
?
? ? ?
?
? ? ? ? ?
4,Particle sedimentation in liquid-solid two-phase plane flow
The equipment that utilizing surface velocity of plane flow to
separate liquid-solid is called sedimentation groove or pyramid
grader,as 10- 3,as analysis in sedimentation,as t=t’ is terminal
particle condition,then
u
l
u
h
t
?
48
例题 10- 2 沉降箱生产量为 18000 m3/h 时,固体颗粒密度为 3500
Kg/m3,空气粘性系数 ?=18.2× 10-6 Pa·S 空气密度 ??1.2 kg/m3,求临
界粒度为 50 ?m 时,沉降箱尺寸为多少?
解,
m 6,m 1.3,
,m2,m /s 8.0
m /s 27.0,m /s 2 6 2.0
18
)(
2
?????
??
??
?
?
t
t
sk
t
u
uH
l
Hu
Q
bb H uQ
Hu
u
gd
u
得由
设沉降箱高度取沉降箱中气流速度
。取
?
??
四、液 —固两相水平流中颗粒的沉降
利用水平流的表面流速进行液 —固分离的设备称沉降槽
或角锥分级机,如图 10- 3所示。如沉降箱中分析,t=t’时为临
界粒度的条件,则有
u
l
u
h
t
?
49
d e s i g n e d, be c a n s i z et h e
d e f i n e d,is t h r o u g h p u t
and d i a m e t e r t e r m i n a l,c o n t r a r i l y;c a l c u l a t e d be c a n d i a m e t e r t e r m i n a l
d e f i n e d,is e q u i p m e n t of t h r o u g h p u t
and s i z e w h e n,t i o nc l a s s i f i c a p l a n e
gc a l c u l a t i n in b a s et h e o r y is T h i s
b
Q
d
d i a m e t e r t e r m i n a l y i e l d i n g
i n t o t u t i n g s u b s t i
,ng s e d i m e n t if l o w l a m i n a r as
bl
Q
l
uh
u
bh
Q
uD u e t o
s
s
t
22)-( 1 0
)l g (
18
9)( 1 0
,
??
?
?
?
?
???
Fig.10- 3
sedimentation groove
?
m aterial take
overfall
?
h
l
tu
u
?
?
?
?
?
? ?
?
?
? ?
?
50 级机尺寸。
处理量,可以设计分反之,已知临界粒度和时,可计算临界粒度;
器尺寸及处理量的理论基础,在已知机该式是计算水平分级机
)式得临界粒度层流沉降时,代入(

2 2 )-( 1 0
)l g (
18
910
,
??
?
?
?
?
???
s
s
t
b
Q
d
bl
Q
l
uh
u
bh
Q
u
给料
h
l
tu
u 溢流
图 10- 3 沉降槽
?
?
?
?
?
? ?
?
?
?
? ?
?
?
51
§ 10-5 Hydraulic transport transport of material
Benefits of hydraulic transport of material is good economy
benefit,little investment,low transport expense,without pollution,
rapid construct,Now,it is widely utilized in many engineering fields,
and develop to long distance and deepness,
1,Key physical characteristic of mixed liquid
Due to solid materials mix into current,come into mixed liquid,
its character is important to law of two-phase flow,
1,1 Spe c if ic e ight o f m ixe d l iquid
( 10 - 23 )
he r e spe c if ic w e ight o f m ixe d l iquid;
,spe c ific w e ight of w a te r a nd so l id m a te r ia l ;
ss
m
m
m
s
QQ
Q
:
gg
g
g
gg
?
?


,thr ou gh pu t of w a te r a nd sol id m a te r ia l ;
thr oug hpu t of m ixe d l iqui d
s
m m s
QQ
Q Q Q Q??


52
§ 10-5 物料的水力输送
物料水力输送具有经济效益好、投资少、运营费低、无
污染、建设快等优点,目前在许多工程技术领域都有了广泛
应用,并且向长距离和高浓度方向发展。
一、混合液的主要物理性质
由于水流中掺入固体物料,形成混合液,其性质对两相
流动规律起着重要作用。
smm
s
s
m
m
ss
m
QQQQ
QQ
Q
QQ
??
?
?
混合液的流量,—
水与固体物料的流量;—
水与固体物料的重度;—
混合液重度;—式中:
、混合液的重度
,
,
23)-( 1 0
1
gg
g
gg
g
53
1.2,Thickness of mixed liquid expression method of thickness,
v ol um e thic kne ss
v ol um e r a ti o of l iquid a nd sol id
( 1
w e ight t hic kne ss
w e ight r a ti o of l iquid a nd sol id
s
s
m
s
s
ss
w
mm
ss
w
Q
C
Q
Q
C
Q
Q
C
Q
Q
C
Q
g
g
g
g
?
?
?
?
?
? ?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
? ?
?
?
0- 24)
Due to 10- 23) and( 10- 24),deduce different relation
between thickness and specific weight,
54
2、混合液的浓度
浓度表示法,
24)-( 1 0
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
??
?
??
?
Q
Q
C
Q
Q
C
Q
Q
C
Q
Q
C
ss
w
mm
ss
w
s
s
m
s
s
g
g
g
g
重量液固比
重量浓度
体积液固比
体积浓度
由( 10- 23)及( 10- 24)各式,可以导出不同的浓度和
重度之间的关系式。
55 v is c o s it y v ir t u a ls t r a in,a n d s t r e s s of r a t io is w h e r e
2 6 )-( 1 0 / w r it t e n bec a n 2510f o r m u la
s t r e s ss h e a r s t a t ics t r e s ss h e a r in it ia l h e r e
2 5 )-( 1 0
c
0
0
0
?
???
?
???
dy
du
dy
du
c
???
??
)(
)。(—
1.3 Viscosity of mixed liquid
Due to contacted surface area increase,internal friction force
improving,In phase interface,water molecule come into hydrate
film in solid surface,viscosity improved,When solid particle ds
<0.001 mm,mixed liquid is pure slurry,corresponding to a new
uniform liquid,its viscosity is larger than water’s.When ds <0.2
mm,character of mixed liquid is between liquid and solid,
different from uniform mixed liquid,its viscosity fall short of
Newton internal friction force law,Bingham law is in common use
for viscosity of mixed liquid,expression is,
56
3、混合液的粘性
由于混合液与固体接触表面积增加,内摩擦力提高。在
相界面上水分子在固粒表面形成水化膜,也提高了粘度。固
体颗粒 ds <0.001 mm 时,混合液呈纯浆体,相当于一种新的
均质流体,其粘性比水大得多。当 ds <0.2 mm 时,形成的混
合液性质介于液体于固体之间,与均质混合液不同,其粘性
不符合牛顿内摩擦定律。关于混合液的粘性,最常用的是宾
汉定律,其形式为,
粘度。
液的有效变的比值,称之为混合代表混合液中应力与应式中
)也可写作式(
)。起始切应力(静切应力—式中
c
0
0
0
2 6 )-( 1 0 / 2510
2 5 )-( 1 0
?
???
?
???
dy
du
dy
du
c
???
??
57
Here introduce two viscous formulas of spherical particles,
for sparse mixed liquid,Einstein deduced the formula in1950,
1 2.5 (10- 27 )
wh e re v i s c o s i t y o f m i x e d l i q u i d ;
v i scosi t y of l i qu i d ;
v ol um e fr a c t i on of so l i d
(v ol um e t hi c kn e ss per c e nt
m
m
?
f
?
?
?
f
??



d i v i d e 1 0 0 )
This formula is suitable to laminar flow of rigid spherical particle,
particle is larger than size of molecule,is smaller than size of measure
equipment,no extreme sparse mixed liquid between particles,
For thick mixed liquid,Thomas analyzed and settled lots of
datum,then deduced the calculation formula,
58
这里介绍两个均匀球形颗粒的混合液粘度公式,对稀混
合液,1950年爱因斯坦提出的公式为,
)。度百分数除以固体体积分数(体积浓—
流体粘度;—
混合液粘度;—式中
1 0 0
2 7 )-( 1 0 5.21
f
?
?
f
?
?
m
m
??
该式适于刚性球粒混合液的层流,颗粒大于分子尺寸,小于
量测设备尺寸,颗粒间无相互作用的极稀混合液。
对稠混合液,托马斯分析整理大量资料后,提出的计算公式
为,
59
2
1 2, 5 1 0, 0 5 e x p ( ) ( 1 0 - 2 8 )
w h e r e A,B is a d ju s ta b l e c o n s ta n t,W h e n 0, 0 0 2 7 3,1 6, 6
th is f o r m u l a a c c o r d w ith e x is tin g v is c o s ity d a tu m,
m AB
AB
?
f f f
?
? ? ? ?
??
2,The physical model,thickness and velocity distributing of
two-phase flow in pipe
Waterpower transport in pipe usually carry through in turbulent
flow.The size and thickness of particles affect notably to structure of
turbulent flow.At present,it is not entirely resolved the problem we
face to,we can present some experimental rules.The study of two-
phase flow recently show,In any thickness of solid,when flow
velocity decreases low from high,four different physical flow model
can be observed,
60
已有的粘度资料。
时,该式符合为可调整常数。当式中 6.16,0 0 2 7 3.0,
2 8 )-( 1 0 )e x p (05.105.21 2
??
????
BABA
BAm fff
?
?
二、管中两相流的物理模型、浓度与速度分布
管道水力输送通常在紊流状态下进行。颗粒尺寸、浓度
对紊流结构影响显著,目前在理论上不能完全解决遇到的问
题。而只能提出一些实验规律。近代两相流研究表明,在任
一固体浓度下,当流速由高向低减少时,可观察到四种不同
的流动物理模型。
61
2.1 For liquid-solid system,in high flow velocity(3 m/s or more),thin and middling
particles suspending completely,although axes distributing is not always uniform
but symmetrical.In suitable flow velocity(1~1.5 m/s),if it is turbulent flow and
sedimentation velocity is slow,can attained uniform thickness distributing,And in
some instance that close to velocity distributing called uniform suspending flow
model,
2.2 When flow velocity,intensity of turbulent flow and ascending force decreasing,
thickness distributing distort,more big particles in the bottom of pipe,which make
bottom particles impact with pipe wall and recoil to water flow,called non-uniform
suspending flow model,
2.3 In certain velocity,particles deposit in bottom of pipe,showing exceptional
dune type,then come into continuous moving bed,Moving bed flow model is
that particles in the top bed move more fast than in the bottom,particles with
middling sedimentation velocity in non-uniform suspension,lowest
sedimentation velocity in uniform suspension,
62
2、当流速、紊流强度和升力降低时,浓度分布变形,管下部有
更多的大颗粒,使底部颗粒与管壁发生冲击并弹回水流中,称为
非均称悬浮流模型。
3、某速度下,颗粒堆积管底,先呈个别沙丘型式,然后形成连
续的移动床。床层顶部颗粒移动比下部更迅速。具有中等降速的
颗粒在非均称悬浮中,最低降速颗粒在均称悬浮中,为移动床流
动模型。
1、对液 —固系统,在高流速下( 3 m/s 或更大),细的和中
等颗粒完全悬浮,虽然在管轴线分布不一定均匀,但是均称
的。在适当流速( 1~1.5 m/s)下,若是紊流且沉降速度低,
能达到均称的浓度分布型,且在某些情况下,接近于速度分
布型,称为均称悬浮流动模型。
63
2.4 As flow velocity decreasing more,particles in the bottom almost
stop moving,bed layer increase thick,particles in the top rolling,
which make bed move,engender fill up,result in virtual flow section
becoming small,less particles is still in non-uniform suspension,that
called non-uniform suspending model with jumping,Velocity keep on
decreasing,flow resistance proliferating,pressure accreting,till wall
up in the pipe,
In different flow velocity,above four flow model will transfer,
among which all have terminal velocity vk.,Thickness distributing of
many solid particles has been confirmed by experiment,their traits are
regular shape,more simpler than practical mixed liquid,some
qualitative analysis has been given.Experimental number and graph
refer to relative datum,
64
4、流速进一步降低,床层底部颗粒几乎停止运动,床层增
厚,上层颗粒相互翻滚,使底层移动,形成淤积,导致有
效过流断面减小,较小颗粒在床层上仍处于非均称悬浮中
,称之为固定床带有跳跃和非均称悬浮流模型。继续降速
,流动阻力激增,压力增大,直至管道发生堵塞。
四种流动模型在不同的混合流速下,将发生流型的过渡
,其中均有一个临界流速 vk 。许多固体颗粒的浓度分布和
速度分布已由实验确定,其共同特点是形状规则,比实际混
合液简单得多,但可以给出一些定性的分析。实验数据及曲
线图请查阅有关资料。
65
3,Bernoulli equation of two-phase flow
Two-phase flow still accord with energy conservation law,energy
equation is expressed,
2 9 )-( 1 0 22 21
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1 ??????? Hg
Vpz
g
Vpz
m
m
m
m
?g?g
The unit is high of meter mixed liquid,if translate into high of
meter water and neglecting ?m,attained,
2 9 a )-( 1 0 )2()2( 21
2
22
2
2
11
1 ??????? hg
Vpz
g
Vpz
m
m
m
m
gg
g
gg
g
For gas-solid two-phase flow,can be written,
30)-( 1 0 22 21
2
2
22
2
1
11 ???????? pg
Vpz
g
Vpz
mmmm gggg
66
三、两相流伯努利方程
两相流仍然符合能量守恒定律,能量方程的形式为,
2 9 )-( 1 0 22 21
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1 ??????? Hg
Vpz
g
Vpz
m
m
m
m
?g?g
该式的单位为米混合液柱高,若换为米水柱高表示,并
略去 ?m,则为,
2 9 a )-( 1 0 )2()2( 21
2
22
2
2
11
1 ??????? hg
Vpz
g
Vpz
m
m
m
m
gg
g
gg
g
对气 —固两相流,常写成,
30)-( 1 0 22 21
2
2
22
2
1
11 ???????? pg
Vpz
g
Vpz
mmmm gggg
67
Example:10- 3 Certain throughput of sand pump Q=18.7 l/s,
Thickness of mine slurry Cw=52.8%,density of extractive mine ?=
4.4 T/m3,average particle diameter diameter of pipe
D=100 m,pressure number of pump outlet is 1.3× 98000Pa,( 1)
what is average flow velocity
,mm 05.0?sd
Solution:(1) average velocity
m / s 38.2
1.014.341
107.18
2
3
?
??
??? ?
A
QV
( 2) Calculation of hydraulic gradient
Energy equation arranged in the position of pressure meter and pipe
outlet,the position of pressure meter is selected as datum plane
21
2
22
2
11
22 ?????? hzg
V
g
p
g
V
g
p
mm ??
m eter pressure
pump
?
?
? m 6 m 1
m 21
Fig,of example 10- 3
in pipe( 2) what is friction
resistance of unit length of pipe,
68
例题 10- 3 某砂泵流量 Q=18.7 l/s,矿浆浓度 Cw=52.8%,精矿密
度 ?= 4.4 T/m3,平均粒径 管径 D=100 m,泵出口压
力表读数为 1.3× 98000Pa,( 1)求管中平均流速。( 2)求单位
管长的摩擦阻力。
,mm 05.0?sd
解, ( 1)平均流速
m / s 38.2
1.014.341
107.18
2
3
?
??
??? ?
A
QV
( 2)水力坡度计算
取压力表与管出口处列能量方程,以压力表处为
基准面
21
2
22
2
11
22 ?????? hzg
V
g
p
g
V
g
p
mm ??
?
?
? m 6 m 1
m 21
压力表

例题 10- 3 附图
69
1 2 2
3
12
1 2 2
w h e r e,,0
1.3 69 9.8 1 kN /m
()
( ) 4.5 5 m H O
4,5
h y d r a u l ic g r a d ie n t 0,0 4 5 5
1000
s
mm
s w s
mm
m
V V p
g
C
pp
hz
i
gg
g?
g g g
gg
g g g
?
??
? ? ? ?
??
?
? ? ?
??
4,Characteristic of resistance and critical velocity of two-phase
flow in pipe
4.1 Characteristic of resistance
Get resistance and velocity relative curve of non-uniform two-phase
flow by experiment,as 10- 4,after flow velocity attain certain value,
solid particle begin to move,produce most glide and part roll,come into
processing state,flow velocity increasing,relative velocity of particle
and water increasing,energy consumption of transporting solid particle
70
0 4 5 5.0
1 0 0 0
5.4
OH m 55.4)(
k N / m 81.93 6 9.1
)(
0,
2
21
21
3
221
??
??
?
?
??
??
??
??
?
i
z
pp
h
C
g
pVV
mm
m
sws
s
mm
水力坡
式中
g
g
g
g
g
ggg
gg
?g
四、管道两相流的阻力特性与临界流速
1、阻力特性
由实验可得非均质两相流阻力与流速的关系曲线,如图 10
- 4所示。当流速达一定值后,固体颗粒开始运动,此时颗粒主
要是滑动和部分滚动,颗粒形成推移质状态,流速增加,颗粒
与水的相对速度增加,运送固体颗粒的能量消耗也增加。
71
increasing,As ab in figure。 Flow velocity keep on increasing,most particles is
half-suspending state,Energy consumption along wall gliding decreased,
Although water resistance increasing,particle resistance decreased more,
total resistance decreasing,as bc in figure,flow velocity keep on
increasing,particle suspending completely,full of water section,Mixed
liquid resistance increasing gradually along flow velocity and is close to
water resistance,as cd,
V
kV
p?
a
b
c
d
1
2
3
Fig,10- 4 Resistance curve of two-phase flow
In fig.10-4,curve3 show
resistance curve of thin particle
in mixed liquid.Virtually,it is
uniform liquid that the viscosity
of mixed liquid is larger than
water viscosity,
72
如图中 ab 段。流速继续增加,大部分颗粒为半悬浮运动状
态,减少了沿壁滑动耗费的能量,虽然清水阻力增加,但不
如颗粒阻力减少率大,总阻力呈下降趋势,为图中 bc 段。
流速进一步增加,颗粒完全悬浮,布满过水断面。混合流阻
力逐渐随流增加,且与清水阻力逐渐接近。如图中 cd 段所
示。
图 10- 4 中曲线 3 表示细颗粒混合流的阻力曲线。实质
上这种混合流是一种比水粘性大的均质流。
V
kV
p?
a
b
c
d
1
2
3
图 10- 4 两相流阻力曲线
73
4.2 Concept of critical velocity
The relation between flow velocity and resistance is intimate,So,critical velocity
arouse people attention,Recently,study fruit present two definition.,
First critical velocity of flow:Velocity of flow corresponding to pipeline just in
non-deposit suspending state called first critical velocity of flow,
Second critical velocity of flow,Flow velocity when pipe work in some
sedimentation called second critical flow velocity
Critical velocity of flow is a important parameter in pipe transport,token the low
limit flow velocity as run safely,High flow velocity arouse resistance increase
and lead excessive electricity energy consumption.Low velocity lead sediment
layer in pipe and loss of fluctuant friction,even jam pipe,
Factors affected two-phase flow are more,at present,apply empirical
method to calculate,but have some restrict,should notice restrict condition,
5,Hydraulic calculation of round pipe
74
2、临界流速的概念
流速与阻力及颗粒运动状态关系密切。因此最佳流速(临界
流速)问题引起人们极大注意。近代科研成果提出了两种定义,
第一临界流速,管道或渠槽恰好处于无沉积的悬浮工作状态
所对应的流速称第一临界流速或不淤流速。
第二临界流速,管道或渠槽中保持一定沉积厚度工作时的流
速称为第二临界速度或淤积流速。
临界流速在管道输送中是一个重要参数,表征了安全运行的
下限流速,流速高引起阻力增加而导致电能过多消耗。流速低导
致管内形成沉积层,并伴有波动摩擦损失,甚至堵塞管道。
五、圆管两相流的水力计算
影响两相流的因素很多,目前主要应用一些经验公式计算,
但均有一定的局限性,使用时应注意限制条件。
75
5.1 Critical flow velocity formula of two-phase flow in circular pipe
Critical flow velocity formula in common use is Knolos formula,
3 1 )-( 1 0
m m ) 0, 40, 1 5( m /s )36.135.0(85.0( 3 )
m m ) 0, 1 5( 0, 0 7 m /s )48.21(2 5 5.0 ( 2 )
m m ) 0, 0 7( m /s )4.31(2.0 )1(
3 2
43
3 75.0
?
?
?
??
?
?
?????
?????
????
skwk
skwk
skwk
dDCV
dDCV
dDCV
?
?
?
式中,Dk—diameter of transport pipe
?—revise coefficient of particle specific weight;
1
w h en 1,5
1,7
1
w h en 1,5
1,7
s
s
s
s
d m m
d m m
g
?
g
?
?
??
?
??


76
1、圆管两相流的临界速度公式
常用的临界流速公式有克诺罗兹公式
3 1 )-( 1 0
m m ) 0, 40, 1 5( m /s )36.135.0(85.0( 3 )
m m ) 0, 1 5( 0, 0 7 m /s )48.21(2 5 5.0 ( 2 )
m m ) 0, 0 7( m /s )4.31(2.0 )1(
3 2
43
3 75.0
?
?
?
??
?
?
?????
?????
????
skwk
skwk
skwk
dDCV
dDCV
dDCV
?
?
?
式中,Dk—输送管直径;
?—颗粒重度修正系数;
7.1
1
mm 5.1
7.1
1
mm 5.1
?
??
?
??
s
s
s
s
d
d
g
?
g
?
时,当
时,当
77
3 2 )-( 1 0 m /s )4.0(8.9
mm 2 0 0,mm 104.0w h e n
f o r m u a l v e lo c it y f lo w c r it ic a lY o f e n
tc o e f f ic ie n r e v is em u t ip ly t d o n ' a b o v e f o r m u la 7.2w h e n
43 ??
???
?
g
g
?g
M
tkk
ks
s
uDV
Dd
。时,
5.2 Resistance calculation about two-phase flow of round pipe
When particle diameter is less( 0~2 mm),calculation of resistance,
33)-( 1 0 2
2
g
V
D
lh m
em ?g
g?
78
32)-( 1 0 m /s )4.0(8.9
mm 200,mm 104.0
7.2
43 ??
???
?
g
g
?g
M
tkk
ks
s
uDV
Dd 时尤芬临界流速公式当
。正系数时,上述公式不乘以修当
2、圆管两相流阻力计算公式
在颗粒直径较小( 0~2 mm)时,阻力计算公式为
33)-( 1 0 2
2
g
V
D
lh m
em ?g
g?
79
§ 10-6 Pneumatic transport of material
1,Summarization
Pneumatic transport are suitable for transporting material in powdered form,
Pneumatic transport make powder material suspend in gas flow to transport,it is
vacuum gas transport if pressure in pipe lower than atmosphere pressure,as in 10-
5.It is called pneumatic transport with pressure if pressure in pipe higher than
atmosphere pressure.As 10- 6,
1
2
3
4
5 6
7
Fig.10- 5 Equipment of vacuum
pneumatic transport
1,implement of supplying material2,pipe of
transporting material;3,separator;4,tornado
separator; 5dust; 6,vacuum pump(fan)7,air
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9Fig.10- 6 Equipment of pneumatic transport
with pressure
1 compressor;2 air; 3 material;4 implement of
supplying material;5 high pressure air; 6 pipe
of transporting material ;7 tornado separator
8exhaust; 9 vent material
80
§ 10-6 物料的气力输送
一、概述
工业上很多粉粒状物料常采用气力输送方式。气力输送是使
粉粒状物料悬浮在气流中进行输送,管内压力低于大气压的称吸
送式(真空)气力输送,见图 10- 5所示。管道内压力高于大气
压的称压气式气力输送,见图 10- 6所示。
1
2
3
4
5 6
7
图 10- 5 真空式气力输送装置
1、供料器(吸嘴); 2、输料管; 3、分离器;
4、旋风分离器; 5灰尘; 6、真空泵(鼓风机);
7、空气。
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
图 10- 6 压气式气力输送装置
1,压缩机; 2、空气; 3、物料;
4、供料器; 5、高压空气; 6、输料管;
7、旋风分离器; 8、排气; 9、排料。
81
In recent years,experiment and theory study of pneumatic
transport has been achieved success,The coefficient of theory
formula by study,empirical formula by experiment are formed in
some condition,
At present,some countries study theory and experiment in some
new field,such as low velocity transport with high mixed ratio,
particle movement and pressure loss in curve pipe,jam and flow of
material transport pipe achieved forward,Theory and technique of
pneumatic transport is building new system,
82
近年来,关于气力输送的实验及理论研究均有
较大进展,研究得到的理论公式中的系数,实验得
到的经验公式都是在一定实验条件下成立的。
目前国外一些国家对一些新的领域进行了理论
和实验研究,如关于高混合比的低速输送研究,弯
管中颗粒运动和压力损失研究,输料管堵塞、吹通
和流动等研究都有进展。气力输送理论和技术正在
建立新的体系。
83
2,Sedimentation velocity and suspending velocity of particles
Due to specific weight of particle gs far bigger than atmosphere
specific weight ga,so sediment in atmosphere,sedimentation
velocity can be predigest from sedimentation velocity formula in
section 3 and attain,
2
1 / 2
A s R e 1 ( 1 0 - 3 4 )
18
2
A s R e 1 ~5 0 0 ( 1 0 - 35)
15
s
ts
s
ts
a
ud
g
ud
v
g
?
g
g
??
??
84
二、颗粒的沉降速度与悬浮速度
由于颗粒重度 gs 远大于空气重度 ga,所以在空
气中沉降时,沉降速度可由第三节中的沉降速度公
式简化为,
35)-( 1 0
15
2
500~1Re
34)-( 1 0
18
1Re
2/1
2
s
a
s
t
s
s
t
d
v
g
u
du
g
g
?
g
??
??


85
5A s R e 5 0 ~ 2 1 0 ( 1 0 - 3 6 )
0, 3 3
s
ts
a
gud g
g
? ? ?
When particle move in uniform flow with upright forward velocity ua,
its moving velocity is
tas uuu ??
As ua = ut,particle velocity us = 0,ua is called suspending velocity,
In pneumatic pipe of transporting material,when flow of ua make
particle move with absolute velocity us,replacing sedimentation terminal
velocity ut with ua - us 此,here Reynolds number
R e ( ) R e ( 1 ) R e ( 1 0 - 3 7 )
h e r e v e l o c ity r a tio
s a s s s
s a s
a
s
a
d u u d d
uu
v u D D
u
u
?
??
?
? ? ? ? ?
?—,
86
36)-( 1 0 33.0 102~50Re 5 s
a
s
t d
gu
g
g??? 时
当颗粒在垂直向上速度为 ua 均匀气流中运动时,其运动速度为
tas uuu ??
当 ua = ut 时,颗粒速度 us = 0,称此时的 ua 为颗粒的悬浮速度
。 在气力输料管中,当速度 ua 的气流使颗粒以绝对速度 us 移动
时,可用 ua - us 代替沉降末速 ut,此时雷诺数
a
s
ss
a
sas
sas
u
u
D
d
D
d
u
uu
v
d
uu
?
??
?
???
??
?
37)-( 1 0 Re)1(Re)(Re
速度比,—式中
87
1, 5
w h e n c a n 't b e n e g l e c ti n g,p r a c ti c a l s e d im e n ta ti o n
v e l o c it y d e c r e a s in g,r e v is in g w it h f o r m u l a
[ 1 ( ) ] ( 1 0 - 3 8 )
T h is f o r m u a l is s u it a b l e f o r 0, 2 5 0, 6
s
s
ts t
s
d
D
d
uu
D
d
D
??
= ~

When designing,calculating with theoretical sedimentation
velocity,then selecting suitable coefficient to confirm flow velocity
of transport,
3,Accelerated motion of particle in static atmosphere
When particle sediment in static atmosphere,gravity,buoyancy
and resistance are imbalance,engendering accelerating motion,its
equation is
3 9 )-( 1 0 )(r
s
s
s
ass
sas
ss
W
gR
g
dt
du
o
RWW
dt
du
g
W
?
?
?
???
g
gg
88
范围。~=该式适于
正:速度减小,可按下式修不能忽略时,实际沉降当
6.025.0
38)-( 1 0 ])(1[
5.1
D
d
u
D
d
u
D
d
s
t
s
ts
s
??
在设计时,可按理论沉降速度计算,然后再选取恰当系
数来确定输送气流速度。
三、静止空气中颗粒的加速运动
当颗粒在静止空气中下落时,所受到的重力、浮力及阻
力不平衡时,颗粒产生加速运动,其运动方程为,
3 9 )-( 1 0 )(
s
s
s
ass
sas
ss
W
gR
g
dt
du
RWW
dt
du
g
W
?
?
?
???
g
gg

89
When resistance Rs relate to Reynolds,formula( 10- 39) have
different expression,accordingly,if,then attain expression
ut, Otherwise,for different shape particle and different flow state,
from (10- 39) attain time t of that from start to so certain velocity us
0?dtdu s
4 0 )-( 1 0
)(
0?
??
? s
u
s
s
s
as
s
W
gRg
du
t
g
gg
Integrating formula of different Reynolds are omitted here,
4,Practical motion of particles in pipe of transporting material
4.1 Mixed ratio Ration of material and air quantity through pipe
section in unit time called mixed ratio,expression are,
90
由于阻力 Rs 与雷诺数有关,式( 10- 39)可以有不同的
表达形式,相应地,若令,则可得到与前面几节中介绍
的 ut 的表达式。另外,对不同形状的颗粒和不同流动状态,都
可以由( 10- 39)式求得颗粒从运动开始到达某一速度 us 的时
间 t,即,
0?dtdu s
4 0 )-( 1 0
)(
0?
??
? s
u
s
s
s
as
s
W
gRg
du
t
g
gg
具体的不同雷诺数的积分式在此从略。
四、输料管中颗粒群的实际运动
1、混合比 单位时间内通过输料管横截面的物料量与空气量
之比称混合比。表达形式有,
91
m ix e d r a tio n o f w e ig h t,
th ic k n e s s o f tr a n s p o r t
s s s
a a a
s
a
a
GQ
m
GQ
G
m
Q
g
g
?g
??
??
Volume particle occupying in pipe of transport material is
below 1/100,volume of solid material occupied may be neglect.,
specific weight is,
/
( 10- 41)
/
/ ( 10- 41a )
h er e p o s i v e ra t i o b etw ee n v el o cit y o f
p ar t i cl e and g as fl o w v el o cit y
s s s
ma
aa
m
a
a
G u G m
G u Au
m
gg
?
?g
?g
g
?
? ? ?
??

92
m
Q
G
Q
Q
G
G
m
a
a
s
aa
ss
a
s
g?
g
g
??
??
输送浓度
重量混合比
一般输料管中颗粒所占体积约占 1/100以下,可以忽略固
体物料所占的体积。混合流的重度可表示为,
比。颗粒速度与气流速度之—式中 ?
g
?g
g?
?
gg
4 1 a )-( 1 0 /
41)-( 1 0
/
/
a
m
a
a
s
aa
ss
m
m
m
Au
G
uG
uG
??
???
93
Mixed ratio is one of important parameter of pneumatic transport,
More larger as mixed ratio,less air quantity through pipe of transport
material,as increasing of mixed ratio,expense of equipment and
energy consumption reducing.On the other hand,High mixed ratio
will make energy loss of pneumatic transport system increase,
jamming pipeline,reducing reliability of equipment,
4.2 Flow form of particle
When mixed ratio is confirmed,more high as transport flow
velocity,more uniform distributing of particle in pipe bottom; As
velocity decreasing gradually,more dense distributing of particle in
the bottom.When airflow velocity less than certain value,part of
particles remain in bottom,as gliding as moving forward; less
more of airflow velocity,stagnant material layer repeat moving
unstably,till halting,come into jamming,
Classification of flow form in the transport pipe
94
混合比是气力输送装置的重要参数之一。混合比愈大,通
过输料管的空气量就愈小,随混合比的提高,可以降低设备费
用和能量消耗。另一方面,混合比大会使气力输送系统能量损
失增加,可能造成管道堵塞,降低设备工作的可靠性。
2、颗粒的流动形式
当混合比一定时,输送气流速度愈大,颗粒在管内愈接
近均匀分布;气流速度逐渐减小时,颗粒在管底部分布愈密
。当气流速度小于某值时,一部分颗粒停滞在管底,一边滑
动,一边推向前进;气流速度进一步减小时,停滞的物料层
反复作不稳定的移动,最后停顿,产生堵塞现象。
输送管中颗粒的流动形式分类,
95
un if or m f l ow un if or m a l d ist r ibuti ng,
sus pe nd ing sta te w he n tr a nsp or ti ng ;
l e ss de nse f l ow in bo tt om de nse p a r ti c l e s in bo tt om,
sus pe nd ing f l ow bu t no t a ta gn a ti ng,a bn or m a l c ir c um r ota ti ng
a nd h


it ti ng a nd tr a nsp or te d
de nsity f l ow pa r t of p a r ti c l e s s l iding in b ottom,n ot
p a using,is te r m ina l sta te o f su spe nd i ng tr a nsp or t
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?

c e a sin g f l o w p a r tic l e in u n sta b l e sta te w h e n tr a n sp o r tin g,
e v e r bl ow a w a y,m ov i n g b y tu r n
p o l e f l o w p a r t p ip e f u l l o f d e p o sit m a te r il a l th a t
g r o u p f l o w p r o d u c i


n g p o l e f o r m f l o w
p a r tia l f l o w p a r tic l e s d e p o sitin g in b o tt o m,p a r t f l o w c o m e
into i n top pa r t p a r tic l e s m o v in g a b n o r m a l l y,
de po si t l a y e r a c t a s d u n e f o r m f l o


w in g
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
96
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
极限状态。
无停顿,是悬浮输送的部分颗粒在管底滑动,—疏密流
碰撞并被输送;
滞,颗粒作不规则旋转管底颗粒密集,但无停—底密流
状态输送;颗粒分布均匀,呈悬浮—均一流
悬浮流
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
状流动。
移动,堆积层也作砂丘面有部分颗粒作不规则
形成部分流,颗粒层表颗粒堆积与底部,上部—部分流;料管使形成的柱状流动堆积物料在局部充满输—柱塞流
运动;
,时而吹走,互相交替颗粒呈不稳定输送状态—停止流
集团流
97
Generally,suspending flow depending on airflow driving,
group flow depending on air pressure transporting
4.3 Suspending energy of particle
Due to overall ascending energy is equal to sum of suspending
energy and rising energy,deduce air suspending energy unit volume to
transport pipe made of pane and plumb pipe,1 ( ) (10 - 42 )
her e m ov i ng v e l oci t y o f p a r t i c l e g r ou p
l e ngth of pl a ne pipe
r is ing height of pa r ti c l e ;
s
sv mg s
as
mg
Gl
p u G H
Qu
u;
l
H
? ? ?



5,Losses equation of pressure in transport pipe
Owing to gas—solid two-phase flow in solid particles,hitting
between particle and pipe wall,sliding,which lead to losses of energy
and flow energy of solid surface and air friction,Its resistance is higher
than resistance in pipe with pure air,
98
一般认为,悬浮流依靠气流的动能推动,而集团流主要
靠气体压力能进行输送。
3、颗粒体的悬浮能量
根据颗粒上升总能量等于悬浮能量与上升能量之和可导出
对水平和垂直管道所组成的一般输送管道的单位体积空气的
悬浮能量为,
g
g
1
( ) ( 1 0 - 4 2 )
s
s v m s
as
m
Gl
p u G H
Qu
ul
H
? ? ?
式 中 — 颗 粒 群 运 动 速 度 ; — 水 平 管 道 长 度 ;
— 颗 粒 上 升 高 度 ; 其 它 符 号 同 前 。
五、输料管道压力损失基本方程
由于气 —固两相流中存在固体颗粒间,颗粒与管壁间的
碰撞、滑动引起的能量损失及固粒表面与空气摩擦消耗的气
流能量,其阻力大于纯空气管道的阻力。
99
Revising condition of calculating losses( 1) friction losses are
equal between air in two-phase flow and pure air;( 2) neglecting
particle volume;( 3) take suspending flow as special flow
Base on above revising condition,after calculating energy losses
of particle and air,plus them together and attain needed energy for
transporting
4 3 )-( 1 0 )()]1()1[(2
2
HulumDlmDlgup
a
mga
ma
aa
T ??????? ?
g???g
Most particle moving with constant velocity in transporting pipe,
all losses of pressure are
4 4 )-( 1 0 )()(2
2
HulummgD lup
a
mga
ma
aa ?????
?
g???g
6,Optimal airflow velocity of pneumatic transport
Selecting airflow velocity is important to design pneumatic transport,if
velocity is more slow lead to deposit and jam,if velocity is more fast
lead to energy consumption increase and serious abrasion,
100
计算损失的修正条件( 1)两相流中空气与管壁的摩擦损
失与纯空气相同;( 2)忽略固体颗粒体积;( 3)把悬浮颗
粒体作特殊流体考虑。
在此修正条件基础上,分别计算颗粒和空气的各种能量
损失后再相加可得输送始末的全部所需能量为,
4 3 )-( 1 0 )()]1()1[(2
2
HulumDlmDlgup
a
mga
ma
aa
T ??????? ?
g???g
输料管中大部分长度上颗粒体是等速运动的,此部分总
压力损失为,
4 4 )-( 1 0 )()(2
2
HulummgD lup
a
mga
ma
aa ?????
?
g???g
六、气力输送最佳的气流速度
在气力输送设计中,正确选取气流速度十分重要,速度过
低,颗粒易沉积,造成堵塞,速度过高,耗能增加且管件磨损
严重。
101
Theoretic airflow critical velocity obtained through differentiating
( 12- 44),and make it equal 0,
2
3
2( ) 1
( ) 0
2
so l u tio n ( 1 0 - 4 5 )
()
a m ga a k
am
a a k
mg
ak
am
m u luldp
m
d u g D u
m g D u
u
m
gg
? ??
?
? ? ? ?
?
? ? ? ? ?
?
?
In practical system,optimal airflow velocity is obtained through
experimental results and theoretic study and empirical number,
( 1 0 - 4 6 )
h e r e e m p ir ic a l c o e f f ic ie n t
f o r p a r tic a l m a te r ia l 1,2 ~ 2,0 ;
f o r p o w d e r m a te r ia l 2,5 ~ 5,0
a a k
u k u
k
k
k
?
?
?
?


102
理论气流临界速度可对式( 10- 44)微分,并令其等于零求
得,
45)-( 1 0
)(
0
1
)(
2
2)(
3
2
????
?
g
???
g
m
m g D u
u
u
lum
m
gD
lu
du
pd
ma
mg
ak
ak
mga
ma
aka
a
?
?
?????
?
解出
实际系统的最佳气流速度应根据实验结果结合理论研究及生
产实际所取得的经验数据等综合考虑评定选取。
。物料
对粉状经验系数:对粒状物料式中
0.5~5.2;0.2~2.1
4 6 )-( 1 0
?
??
?
k
kk
kuu aka
103
Exercises of Chapter 10
10- 1 A spherical particle,its density is 2.7g/cm3,gradually
sediment in water( Re<1),viscosity of water ? = 0.001Pa·s,
density ? = 1g/cm3,what is the critical diameter?
2
3
18
So l u tio n
()
s u b s titu tin g a l l p a r a m e te r s a n d s o l u tio n 0, 2 m m
p a y a tte n tio n to tr a n s l a te p a r a m e te r u n i ts in to in t' l u n its
B
s
B
d
g
d
?
? ? ?
?
?
?


10—2 In pneumatic transport system,mixed ratio m = 0.6 kg/kg
,pipe diameter D = 1.6 m, suspending velocity of particle
material umg =15.3 m/s, velocity ratio f ? 0.65
friction resistance coefficient of air ?m = 0.007,what is
optimal airflow velocity?
104
第十章 习 题
10- 1 一球形颗粒,其密度为 2.7g/cm3,在水中缓慢沉降(
Re<1),水的粘度 ? = 0.001Pa·s,密度 ? = 1g/cm3,试求其边界
粒径为多少?
后再计算。单位换算为国际单位制解题时应注意将各参数
。将各参数代入可解得解,mm 2.0
)(
18
3
2
?
?
? B
s
B dgd ???
?
10—2 气力输送系统中,混合比 m = 0.6 kg/kg,管径 D =
1.6 m,粒状物料颗粒的悬浮速度 umg =15.3 m/s,速度比 f ?
0.65,空气的摩阻系数 ?m = 0.007,试求系统中的最佳气流
速度。
105
Solution,Calculating critical airflow velocity from (10—45)
m / s 20
)6.065.00 0 7.00 2 5.0(65.0
3.156.181.96.0
)(
3
3
?
???
???
?
?
?
f??f m
m g D u
u
ma
mg
ak
Optimal airflow velocity ua = kuak
for particle material k =1.2~2.0, take k =1.5
then ua = 1.5× 20 =30 m/s 。
106
解:由公式( 10—45)计算临界气流速度
m / s 20
)6.065.00 0 7.00 2 5.0(65.0
3.156.181.96.0
)(
3
3
?
???
???
?
?
?
f??f m
m g D u
u
ma
mg
ak
最佳气流速度 ua = kuak
对粒状物料 k =1.2~2.0,取 k =1.5
则 ua = 1.5× 20 =30 m/s 。
107
108