1
Neuropsychological and
Behavioral Development
in Infants and Toddlers
2
Aims
?to understand the process of child
development
?to grasp the key developmental
milestones (including hearing,
vision,four areas of development)
?to know developmental delay in
child
3
Infant a child under 1 year old ( child
during the first few years of life)
Toddler a child,usually between the
ages of 1-2,who has just begun to
master the art of walking
4
Sensory and Perceptual capacities
感知觉的发育
5
Sensation occurs when a sensory
system detects a particular stimulus.
Perception occurs when the brain
tries to make sense out of that
stimulus,such that the individual
becomes aware of it.
6
At birth,both sensation and
perception are apparent,Newborns
see,hear,smell,and taste,and they
respond to pressure,motion,
temperature,and pain,Most of these
sensory abilities are immature and
somewhat selective,responding to a
fairly narrow range of stimuli.
7
The infant is also able
to elicit responses from
the outside world
through the sensory
capacity of sight.
Vision
8
Newborns can see right from birth,best
on objects about 20cm from their face.
They are capable of tracking a moving
object.
9
As neurological maturation and
myelination allow better coordination
of eye movements and more efficient
transmission of information between
the eyes and the brain,focusing
improves,
10
When 1-month-olds look at something,
their gaze often wanders,and their
ability to scan the object and attend to
the critical areas is quite imperfect,
When looking at a face,for example,
they look at the peripheral features,
such as the hairline,
11
He likes a complex picture,
especially a human face
than a simple one.
12
By 3 months of age,scanning is
more organized,efficient,and
centered on important aspects of a
stimulus,Thus,when 3-month-olds
look at a face,they scan the eyes
and mouth regions,which contain
more information,
13
By 6 months,the visual system has
matured considerably and more
closely approximates adult
capacities,Depth and motion
perception improve dramatically.
14
Depth perception is the ability to
judge the distance of objects from
one another and from ourselves.
The Visual Cliff
15
Audition
Audition is important because it relates
language development,If a child has
hearing loss,the child will have impaired
speech,language and learning and
behavioural problems stemming from
difficulty in communication.
16
Babies can hear at birth and even in
the womb,They respond to new
sounds and then gradually become
accustomed to everyday noises,
incorporating them into their
repertoire.
17
Sudden noises startle
newborns,making them cry;
rhythmic sounds,such as a
lullaby or a heartbeat,soothe
them and put them to sleep,
18
By the age of 1 month,infants
can also perceive differences
between very similar speech
sounds,
19
When they are 3 months,they
turn their heads in an effort to
locate the source of noise,and
they are attentive to sound of
conversation,
20
From perceiving sound to using
meaningful language,however,
is a long road,The ability to
hear is only the first step.
21
Taste and smell
22
Newborns prefer sweet tastes over
sour,bitter,and salty tastes,They can
distinguish odors right from birth and
soon learn to know the smell of their
mother’s milk and bodies.
23
By late infancy,these senses are probably
sharper than at any other time in the
entire life span,We recommend giving
infants a wide variety of foods,not
because nutrition demands it,but because
taste preferences develop so rapidly that
introduction of new foods becomes more
problematic with each passing year.
24
At birth,the dermal or touch system is
the most mature of all the sensory
capacities,The skin sends a multitude of
sensory messages to the brain,The skin is
the most extensive and basic of all
sensory systems and contains receptors
for temperature,contact,and pain.
Skin Sensory
25
Touch
The sense of touch
is remarkably
acute during the
first year.
26
Infants distinguish objects on the basis
of their temperature,size,hardness,
texture and weight,The ability to make
such tactile distinction is an important
skill because most of these
characteristics cannot be assessed on
the basis of sight alone,yet they are
essential to a baby’s knowledge of the
surrounding world.
27
Pain
Newborns feel physical pain; their
sensitivity to pain increases as they
mature.
28
BEHAVIOR DEVELOPMENT
Four Attributes
Gross motor
Fine motor
Language
Personal—social skill
29
30
Motor Development
运动的发育
31
Motor skills develop rapidly during
the first two years,partly because
infants take advantage of every
opportunity to use whatever abilities
they have—grasping,crawling,
creeping,climbing,In addition,they
instinctively know how to proceed.
32
The development of motor skills
affects other areas of babies
development and experience,
including their social interaction,
language development,and
cognitive and perceptual
development.
33
The infant’s first motor skill
are not,technically,skills at all,
but reflexes,that is,
involuntary responses to
particular stimuli,
34
Reflexes involuntary physical
responses to stimuli
握持反射 爬行反射
踏步反射
拥抱反射
35
sucking reflex grasp reflex
36
step reflex
37
Some reflexes are essential to life
itself; others disappear completely
in the months after birth; still
others provide the foundation for
later motor skills,All are important
as signs of neurological health and
behavioral competence.
38
Example of infant reflexes
Reflex Developmental Course
Blinking（ 眨眼） Permanent
Sucking（ 吸吮） Voluntary by 2months
Rooting（ 觅食） Gone by 4 months
Moro（ 拥抱） Weak by 5 months
gone by 8months
Grasping（ 握持） Gone by 12 months,
beginning to weaken by
3 months
Stepping（ 踏步） Gone by 3 months
39
If a child who has the reflexes,
which should disappeared,he will
be considered abnormal,For
example,cerebral palsy.
40
gross motor
大运动发育
Physical skills involving large body
movements such as lifting head,walking,
and jumping.
41
lifting head
Newborns usually can not
lift their heads,When on
their stomachs,their heads
will turn to one side.
By 6 weeks of age he can lift
his head and move it from
side to side,By 3-4months of
age,he can,and hold his
head upright when held
sitting.
42
rolling over
Rolling is defined as
moving from supine to
prone or from prone to
supine position,and it
involves some aspect of
axial rotation.
43
By 6 months of age,the infant will sit
without an adult supporting him,To do
this,he first needs to have developed
protective responses in which he will
put out his arm to the side or forwards
to protect himself from falling,He also
develops righting responses to bring
his head trunk back to the vertical
from tipped positions,
44
sitting
sits with support
sits without support
for a moment
45
Usually between 8 and 10 months after
birth,most infants are crawling on
―all four‖,coordinating the
movement of their hands and knees in
a smooth,balanced manner,Within a
couple of months,most infants also
learn to climb up onto couches and
chairs-as well as ledges,window sills,
and the like,
46
1-2m
3-4m
7-8m
12m
creeps
47
Walking shows a similar progression,
from reflexive,hesitant newborn
stepping to a smooth,speedy,
coordinated gait,On average,a child
can walk while holding a hand at 9
months,can stand alone
momentarily at 10 months,and can
walk well unassisted at 12 months,
48
standing
and
walking
stands holding on stands momentarily
walks holding on walks alone
49
A child who is 18 months
subsequently learns to run,kick a
ball,jump on two legs,hop on one
leg,go up and down stairs one leg
at a time,and pedal a bicycle.
50
1.5-2y running
51
jumping
hoping
bounce
holding on
jumping
52
53
54
55
大运动发育（口诀）
二抬 lifts head 十站 stands alone
四翻 rolls over 周岁走 walks alone
六坐 sits 二岁跑 runs well
八爬 creeps 三岁独足跳 hops
56
Fine Motor
精细运动发育
Physical skills involving small body movements,
especially with the hands and fingers,such as
picking up a coin and drawing.
57
58
59
holds and
grasps object
2-4月 握物
60
5-6月 伸手抓物
(reach and grabs)
61
物体换手
transfers object
6-8月
62
拇食指
钳小丸
thumb-fingers
grasps
(pincer grasp)
8-12月
63
乱画
scribbles
1-1.5岁
64
叠纸
folds paper
2岁
65
搭桥
builds bridge
2-3.5岁
66
精细运动发育 (口诀 )
三握 holds object 一岁乱画 scribbles
五抓 grasps object 二岁折纸 folds paper
七换手 passes object三岁搭桥 builds bridge
九月对指 thumb-fingers grasps
67
During infancy,great advances in physical
abilities occur,Motor development proceeds
in two directions:
(1) from the center of the body out to
the arms,hands,and fingers
(2) from the top of the body downward.
68
Development in the outward
direction is known as proximodistal
( ―near‖ to ―far‖ ) development;
this trend leads to ever-increasing
skill in using the hands.
69
Development in the downward
direction is known as cephalocaudal
( ―head‖ to ―tail‖) development; this
trend eventually leads to using the
legs to stand and walk.
70
2 lifts head
4 rolls over
6 sits
8 creeps
10 stands
12 walks
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
头尾
规律
（ months）
―head‖
to
―tail‖
71
Language Development
语言的发育
72
Language is essential to our culture
as it provides the symbolic code for
communication and for our thought
process,Spoken language,that
uniquely human achievement,
emerges over the course of the first
few years of life,
73
Babies listen,attend to certain
noises,show preference for certain
tones,and soon begin to produce the
sounds of their native tongue.
74
Newborn reflexive communication-
cries,movement,facial expression.
75
3-6 months new sounds,including
squeals,growls,croons,trills,vowel
sounds.
76
6-10months Babbling,including both
consonant and vowel sounds repeated in
syllables.
77
Babbling Extended repetition of
certain syllables,such as ―ba,ba,ba‖,
―ma,ma,ma‖,―da,da,da‖ that begin
at about 6 or 7 months,
78
10-12months Comprehension of
simple words; simple intonations;
specific vocalizations that have
meaning to those who know the infant
well.
79
Deaf babies express their first sign,
hearing babies use specific gestures
(e.g.,pointing) to communicate.
80
13months First spoken words that are
recognizably part of the native language
81
82
18months Vocabulary spurt – three
or more words learned per week.
83
21months First two-words sentence.
24months Multiword sentences,
Half of the infant’s utterances are
two or more words long.
84
85
86
There is a wide age range among normal
children for the development of
vocabulary,Speech development must be
considered in the context of the wide
range of normal development.
87
The parents of the 2-year-old boy
with obviously normal development
but vocabulary of only 10-20 words
may be comparing him with the little
girl of similar age down the road with
a vocabulary of 200 words,
Both are within the normal range.
88
Occasionally in a child with speech
delay,the physiological mechanism for
speech development are considered to
be intact but progress with speech and
language is hindered by detrimental
family relationships,social factors or
psychiatric disturbances.
89
If a child is suspected speech and/or
language delay,you must have these key
findings:
< 6m the absence of apparent
response to sound
by 9-12m the absence of babbling
by 18 m the absence of any words
90
by 24 months the absence of meaningful
phrases
at 3 years speech that is largely
unintelligible to strangers
an inability to use
language communicatively,
and apparent difficulties
with language comprehension.
91
Personal —Social Skill
个人 - 社会能力的发育
92
Through rapid early maturation,
the infant becomes more alert and
utilizes his rapidly developing
sensory systems to interact with
both the animate and inanimate
environment.
93
In infancy,social development is mainly
gauged by the infant’s ability to interact
with his family,Subsequently,he will
need to acquire self-help skills and
imitate adults behaviour patterns,He
also needs to learn to enjoy social
interaction with other children.
94
smile
95
Social smile an infant’s smile in
response to a human face or voice,In
full-term infants,this smile first
appears at about 6 weeks after birth.
96
Stranger
wariness
97
Stranger wariness fear of
unfamiliar people,first noticeable in
infants at about 6 months of age and
usually full-blown by 10-14months.
98
?Searches for a hidden object
?shows fear of falling from high places
?imitates sounds,actions,facial expressions
?smiles at own reflection in the mirror
?raises arms as a sign to be held
?recognizes family members’ names
By 8 MONTHS
99
By 12MONTHS
?imitates adult actions
?responds to their own name
?offers toys to others
?pushes away unwanted objects
100
By 24 MONTHS
?plays along with others
?acts shy around strangers
?likes to imitate parents
?insists on trying to do without help
?has fears and nightmares
?learns to use the toilet
?Cannot sit or play with a toy for more
than a few minutes
101
?seeks attention and approval of
adults
?accepts suggestions
?follows simple directions
?enjoys helping with simple tasks
?make simple choices
By 3 YEARS
102
?plays with other children rather
than adults
?plays ―house‖,imitates adults
?knows the difference between
the sexes(boy or girl)
103
104
105
个人 - 社会能力 （口诀）
二笑 smiles responsively
六认生 acts shy with strangers
九月做再见 waves bye-bye
一岁示需要 indicates wants
二岁做游戏 plays interactive games
三岁会穿衣 puts on T-shirt
106
Heredity and
Environment
107
108
Chromosomes disease
For example,Down syndrome,By far the most
common finding is straightforward trisomy
21.In infants and older children the most
characteristic features are upward sloping
palpebral fissures and protruding tongue,
single palmar creases,mild short stature and
mild to moderate developmental delay,
Heredity
109
Genes disease
There are polygenic or multifactorial
inheritance,For example,obesity.
110
Environment
Antenatal congenital infection,
e.g,CMV
Postnatal,diseases,nutrition,family,society,and
so on,
Perinatal infection,hypoxic-
ischaemic injury,e.g.
birth asphyxia
111
Current developmental thinking
emphasizes the interactional
contributions of both ―nature‖ and
―nurture‖ to the child’s overall
functioning,
Neuropsychological and
Behavioral Development
in Infants and Toddlers
2
Aims
?to understand the process of child
development
?to grasp the key developmental
milestones (including hearing,
vision,four areas of development)
?to know developmental delay in
child
3
Infant a child under 1 year old ( child
during the first few years of life)
Toddler a child,usually between the
ages of 1-2,who has just begun to
master the art of walking
4
Sensory and Perceptual capacities
感知觉的发育
5
Sensation occurs when a sensory
system detects a particular stimulus.
Perception occurs when the brain
tries to make sense out of that
stimulus,such that the individual
becomes aware of it.
6
At birth,both sensation and
perception are apparent,Newborns
see,hear,smell,and taste,and they
respond to pressure,motion,
temperature,and pain,Most of these
sensory abilities are immature and
somewhat selective,responding to a
fairly narrow range of stimuli.
7
The infant is also able
to elicit responses from
the outside world
through the sensory
capacity of sight.
Vision
8
Newborns can see right from birth,best
on objects about 20cm from their face.
They are capable of tracking a moving
object.
9
As neurological maturation and
myelination allow better coordination
of eye movements and more efficient
transmission of information between
the eyes and the brain,focusing
improves,
10
When 1-month-olds look at something,
their gaze often wanders,and their
ability to scan the object and attend to
the critical areas is quite imperfect,
When looking at a face,for example,
they look at the peripheral features,
such as the hairline,
11
He likes a complex picture,
especially a human face
than a simple one.
12
By 3 months of age,scanning is
more organized,efficient,and
centered on important aspects of a
stimulus,Thus,when 3-month-olds
look at a face,they scan the eyes
and mouth regions,which contain
more information,
13
By 6 months,the visual system has
matured considerably and more
closely approximates adult
capacities,Depth and motion
perception improve dramatically.
14
Depth perception is the ability to
judge the distance of objects from
one another and from ourselves.
The Visual Cliff
15
Audition
Audition is important because it relates
language development,If a child has
hearing loss,the child will have impaired
speech,language and learning and
behavioural problems stemming from
difficulty in communication.
16
Babies can hear at birth and even in
the womb,They respond to new
sounds and then gradually become
accustomed to everyday noises,
incorporating them into their
repertoire.
17
Sudden noises startle
newborns,making them cry;
rhythmic sounds,such as a
lullaby or a heartbeat,soothe
them and put them to sleep,
18
By the age of 1 month,infants
can also perceive differences
between very similar speech
sounds,
19
When they are 3 months,they
turn their heads in an effort to
locate the source of noise,and
they are attentive to sound of
conversation,
20
From perceiving sound to using
meaningful language,however,
is a long road,The ability to
hear is only the first step.
21
Taste and smell
22
Newborns prefer sweet tastes over
sour,bitter,and salty tastes,They can
distinguish odors right from birth and
soon learn to know the smell of their
mother’s milk and bodies.
23
By late infancy,these senses are probably
sharper than at any other time in the
entire life span,We recommend giving
infants a wide variety of foods,not
because nutrition demands it,but because
taste preferences develop so rapidly that
introduction of new foods becomes more
problematic with each passing year.
24
At birth,the dermal or touch system is
the most mature of all the sensory
capacities,The skin sends a multitude of
sensory messages to the brain,The skin is
the most extensive and basic of all
sensory systems and contains receptors
for temperature,contact,and pain.
Skin Sensory
25
Touch
The sense of touch
is remarkably
acute during the
first year.
26
Infants distinguish objects on the basis
of their temperature,size,hardness,
texture and weight,The ability to make
such tactile distinction is an important
skill because most of these
characteristics cannot be assessed on
the basis of sight alone,yet they are
essential to a baby’s knowledge of the
surrounding world.
27
Pain
Newborns feel physical pain; their
sensitivity to pain increases as they
mature.
28
BEHAVIOR DEVELOPMENT
Four Attributes
Gross motor
Fine motor
Language
Personal—social skill
29
30
Motor Development
运动的发育
31
Motor skills develop rapidly during
the first two years,partly because
infants take advantage of every
opportunity to use whatever abilities
they have—grasping,crawling,
creeping,climbing,In addition,they
instinctively know how to proceed.
32
The development of motor skills
affects other areas of babies
development and experience,
including their social interaction,
language development,and
cognitive and perceptual
development.
33
The infant’s first motor skill
are not,technically,skills at all,
but reflexes,that is,
involuntary responses to
particular stimuli,
34
Reflexes involuntary physical
responses to stimuli
握持反射 爬行反射
踏步反射
拥抱反射
35
sucking reflex grasp reflex
36
step reflex
37
Some reflexes are essential to life
itself; others disappear completely
in the months after birth; still
others provide the foundation for
later motor skills,All are important
as signs of neurological health and
behavioral competence.
38
Example of infant reflexes
Reflex Developmental Course
Blinking（ 眨眼） Permanent
Sucking（ 吸吮） Voluntary by 2months
Rooting（ 觅食） Gone by 4 months
Moro（ 拥抱） Weak by 5 months
gone by 8months
Grasping（ 握持） Gone by 12 months,
beginning to weaken by
3 months
Stepping（ 踏步） Gone by 3 months
39
If a child who has the reflexes,
which should disappeared,he will
be considered abnormal,For
example,cerebral palsy.
40
gross motor
大运动发育
Physical skills involving large body
movements such as lifting head,walking,
and jumping.
41
lifting head
Newborns usually can not
lift their heads,When on
their stomachs,their heads
will turn to one side.
By 6 weeks of age he can lift
his head and move it from
side to side,By 3-4months of
age,he can,and hold his
head upright when held
sitting.
42
rolling over
Rolling is defined as
moving from supine to
prone or from prone to
supine position,and it
involves some aspect of
axial rotation.
43
By 6 months of age,the infant will sit
without an adult supporting him,To do
this,he first needs to have developed
protective responses in which he will
put out his arm to the side or forwards
to protect himself from falling,He also
develops righting responses to bring
his head trunk back to the vertical
from tipped positions,
44
sitting
sits with support
sits without support
for a moment
45
Usually between 8 and 10 months after
birth,most infants are crawling on
―all four‖,coordinating the
movement of their hands and knees in
a smooth,balanced manner,Within a
couple of months,most infants also
learn to climb up onto couches and
chairs-as well as ledges,window sills,
and the like,
46
1-2m
3-4m
7-8m
12m
creeps
47
Walking shows a similar progression,
from reflexive,hesitant newborn
stepping to a smooth,speedy,
coordinated gait,On average,a child
can walk while holding a hand at 9
months,can stand alone
momentarily at 10 months,and can
walk well unassisted at 12 months,
48
standing
and
walking
stands holding on stands momentarily
walks holding on walks alone
49
A child who is 18 months
subsequently learns to run,kick a
ball,jump on two legs,hop on one
leg,go up and down stairs one leg
at a time,and pedal a bicycle.
50
1.5-2y running
51
jumping
hoping
bounce
holding on
jumping
52
53
54
55
大运动发育（口诀）
二抬 lifts head 十站 stands alone
四翻 rolls over 周岁走 walks alone
六坐 sits 二岁跑 runs well
八爬 creeps 三岁独足跳 hops
56
Fine Motor
精细运动发育
Physical skills involving small body movements,
especially with the hands and fingers,such as
picking up a coin and drawing.
57
58
59
holds and
grasps object
2-4月 握物
60
5-6月 伸手抓物
(reach and grabs)
61
物体换手
transfers object
6-8月
62
拇食指
钳小丸
thumb-fingers
grasps
(pincer grasp)
8-12月
63
乱画
scribbles
1-1.5岁
64
叠纸
folds paper
2岁
65
搭桥
builds bridge
2-3.5岁
66
精细运动发育 (口诀 )
三握 holds object 一岁乱画 scribbles
五抓 grasps object 二岁折纸 folds paper
七换手 passes object三岁搭桥 builds bridge
九月对指 thumb-fingers grasps
67
During infancy,great advances in physical
abilities occur,Motor development proceeds
in two directions:
(1) from the center of the body out to
the arms,hands,and fingers
(2) from the top of the body downward.
68
Development in the outward
direction is known as proximodistal
( ―near‖ to ―far‖ ) development;
this trend leads to ever-increasing
skill in using the hands.
69
Development in the downward
direction is known as cephalocaudal
( ―head‖ to ―tail‖) development; this
trend eventually leads to using the
legs to stand and walk.
70
2 lifts head
4 rolls over
6 sits
8 creeps
10 stands
12 walks
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
头尾
规律
（ months）
―head‖
to
―tail‖
71
Language Development
语言的发育
72
Language is essential to our culture
as it provides the symbolic code for
communication and for our thought
process,Spoken language,that
uniquely human achievement,
emerges over the course of the first
few years of life,
73
Babies listen,attend to certain
noises,show preference for certain
tones,and soon begin to produce the
sounds of their native tongue.
74
Newborn reflexive communication-
cries,movement,facial expression.
75
3-6 months new sounds,including
squeals,growls,croons,trills,vowel
sounds.
76
6-10months Babbling,including both
consonant and vowel sounds repeated in
syllables.
77
Babbling Extended repetition of
certain syllables,such as ―ba,ba,ba‖,
―ma,ma,ma‖,―da,da,da‖ that begin
at about 6 or 7 months,
78
10-12months Comprehension of
simple words; simple intonations;
specific vocalizations that have
meaning to those who know the infant
well.
79
Deaf babies express their first sign,
hearing babies use specific gestures
(e.g.,pointing) to communicate.
80
13months First spoken words that are
recognizably part of the native language
81
82
18months Vocabulary spurt – three
or more words learned per week.
83
21months First two-words sentence.
24months Multiword sentences,
Half of the infant’s utterances are
two or more words long.
84
85
86
There is a wide age range among normal
children for the development of
vocabulary,Speech development must be
considered in the context of the wide
range of normal development.
87
The parents of the 2-year-old boy
with obviously normal development
but vocabulary of only 10-20 words
may be comparing him with the little
girl of similar age down the road with
a vocabulary of 200 words,
Both are within the normal range.
88
Occasionally in a child with speech
delay,the physiological mechanism for
speech development are considered to
be intact but progress with speech and
language is hindered by detrimental
family relationships,social factors or
psychiatric disturbances.
89
If a child is suspected speech and/or
language delay,you must have these key
findings:
< 6m the absence of apparent
response to sound
by 9-12m the absence of babbling
by 18 m the absence of any words
90
by 24 months the absence of meaningful
phrases
at 3 years speech that is largely
unintelligible to strangers
an inability to use
language communicatively,
and apparent difficulties
with language comprehension.
91
Personal —Social Skill
个人 - 社会能力的发育
92
Through rapid early maturation,
the infant becomes more alert and
utilizes his rapidly developing
sensory systems to interact with
both the animate and inanimate
environment.
93
In infancy,social development is mainly
gauged by the infant’s ability to interact
with his family,Subsequently,he will
need to acquire self-help skills and
imitate adults behaviour patterns,He
also needs to learn to enjoy social
interaction with other children.
94
smile
95
Social smile an infant’s smile in
response to a human face or voice,In
full-term infants,this smile first
appears at about 6 weeks after birth.
96
Stranger
wariness
97
Stranger wariness fear of
unfamiliar people,first noticeable in
infants at about 6 months of age and
usually full-blown by 10-14months.
98
?Searches for a hidden object
?shows fear of falling from high places
?imitates sounds,actions,facial expressions
?smiles at own reflection in the mirror
?raises arms as a sign to be held
?recognizes family members’ names
By 8 MONTHS
99
By 12MONTHS
?imitates adult actions
?responds to their own name
?offers toys to others
?pushes away unwanted objects
100
By 24 MONTHS
?plays along with others
?acts shy around strangers
?likes to imitate parents
?insists on trying to do without help
?has fears and nightmares
?learns to use the toilet
?Cannot sit or play with a toy for more
than a few minutes
101
?seeks attention and approval of
adults
?accepts suggestions
?follows simple directions
?enjoys helping with simple tasks
?make simple choices
By 3 YEARS
102
?plays with other children rather
than adults
?plays ―house‖,imitates adults
?knows the difference between
the sexes(boy or girl)
103
104
105
个人 - 社会能力 （口诀）
二笑 smiles responsively
六认生 acts shy with strangers
九月做再见 waves bye-bye
一岁示需要 indicates wants
二岁做游戏 plays interactive games
三岁会穿衣 puts on T-shirt
106
Heredity and
Environment
107
108
Chromosomes disease
For example,Down syndrome,By far the most
common finding is straightforward trisomy
21.In infants and older children the most
characteristic features are upward sloping
palpebral fissures and protruding tongue,
single palmar creases,mild short stature and
mild to moderate developmental delay,
Heredity
109
Genes disease
There are polygenic or multifactorial
inheritance,For example,obesity.
110
Environment
Antenatal congenital infection,
e.g,CMV
Postnatal,diseases,nutrition,family,society,and
so on,
Perinatal infection,hypoxic-
ischaemic injury,e.g.
birth asphyxia
111
Current developmental thinking
emphasizes the interactional
contributions of both ―nature‖ and
―nurture‖ to the child’s overall
functioning,
