Reading Special English
Engineering Collage,
Heilongjiang August First Land Reclamation University
Hu jun
E-mail:hjgj7275@126.com
? You only live once,But if you work it
right,once is enough.
? 你只活一次,如果活得好,一次就够了。
? Everyone must die; let me but leave a
loyal heart shining in the pages of
history.
? 人生自古谁无死,留取丹心照汗青,
? [出处 ],Wen Tianxiang 文天祥
常用的前缀
5,表示共同，相等意思的前缀
? 1)com-,cop-,con-,cor-,co- 表示“共同，一
起”。
connect,combine,collect,combat,coexist,
cooperate
? 2)syn-,syl-,sym-,表示“同，共，和，类”
symmetry 对称,匀称
sympathy 同情,同情心
synthesis 综合, 合成
6,表示整个完全意思的前缀
? 1)al- 表示“完整，完全”
alone,almost,
? 2) over-表示“完全，全”
overall,overflow(充满 )
? 3) pan-表示“全，总，万”
panentheism(泛神论 ),panorama
7,表示分离，离开意思的前缀
? 1)a- ab-,abs-,表示“分离，离开”
away,apart,abstract,abstain
? 2)de- 表示“离去，处去”
depart,decolour,
? 3)dis-,di-,dif-,表示“分离，离开”
divorce,disarm(缴械 )
? 4)ex-,e-,表示“离开，分离”
expel,exclude,expatriate(驱出国外 )
? 5)for- 表示“离开，脱离” forget,forgive
? 6)re- 表示“离开” release,resolve
? 7)se- 表示“分离，隔离” separate,seduce,
select
8,表示通过，遍及意思的前缀
? 1)dia-,表示“通过，横过”
diameter,diagram,
? 2)per-,pel-,表示“通，总，遍”
perfect,perform,pervade(浸透 )
? 3)trans-,表示“横过，贯通”
transparent,transmit,transport
9,表示加强意思的前缀
? a-,arouse,ashamed
? ad-,adjoin,adhere( 粘着 )
10,表示变换词类作用的前缀
? be-,befriend,
? en-,enslave,enable,enrich
? ad-,ac-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-,
? adapt,accord,affix,aggression,arrive,assist,
attend,attract,arrange,assign(委派 )
Unit 5 Development from CAD/CAM to CIM
? What is CAD,CAM,CIM?
? CAD 计算机辅助设计
? Computer aided design
? CAM计算机辅助 制造
? Computer-aided manufacturing
? CIM计算机集成制造
? Computer-Integrated manufacturing
The State of the Art of CAD/CAM
? The state of the art of automated manufacturing
and the possibilities of versatile computer-aided
engineering are the preconditions or even more
complex solutions of automation,
? 自动化制造的发展状态和多功能计算机辅助工程
的可能性是解决更复杂的自动化问题的前提。
? With examples from several industrial countries it
has been demonstrated that even for small and
mediumsized batch production a relatively broad
basis of flexible automation and computerized
engineering has been established．
? 从工业化国家的例子已表明, 即使中小批量生产,
相对广泛的灵活自动化和计算机化的工程基础已建
立起来 。
? Computer-aided manufacturing— including the
automatic production of numerically controlled
machining,forming,welding,assembly,and
other manufacturing tools,machining centers；
flexible manufacturing systems and machining
cells as the core o flexible factory automation— is
a reality today in many companies．
? 计算机辅助制造（ CAM） ——包括数控加工、成
形、焊接、装配和其它的生产设备；加工中心、灵
活的生产体系和作为自动化工厂核心的加工单元，
今天在一些公司已成为现实。
? Computer-aide design— including design，
simulation,and optimization of product
performance； analysis of material and other
manufacturing requirements,production of tools，
dies,and special features— is also reality,with
commercially available hardware an software
products able to support the creative engineer in
all these function effectively．
? 计算机辅助设计包括设计、模拟、产品性能优化；材料和其
它生产需求分析；刀具、模具以及特殊性能工具的生产等也
已成为现实。这一现实也包括有效支持创造性的工程师商业
性硬件和软件。
? Computerized manufacturing planning and control
systems which can use their internally store
knowledge of a product?s subassembly an
component structure to generate appropriate
production and supplier purchase orders,and to
apply NC programming systems and methods of
group technology,are also very helpful tools in
industry today．
? 计算机化的制造计划和控制系统利用内部储存的产
品部装, 部件结构来组织合适的生产过程和提供
（ 原材料 ） 采购清单, 运用 NC系统和分组工艺的方
法生产合适的产品, 这样的程序和控制系统在当今
工业社会还是非常有效的工具 。
? The efficiency of computer-aided engineering is
increasing as methods of artificial intelligence in the
form of expert systems,‘ knowledge bases,and
other kinds of knowledge assistance are being
applied．
? There are also new,efficient principles in software
development, which increase modularity and
portability．
? 计算机辅助工程的高效率是由于人工智能方法的支持,
如专家系统, 知识库及其他知识支持软件 。
? 软件发展遵循更新快, 高效率的原则, 提高了标准化
程度和便携性 。
? On the whole,the technical level of development
presents the preconditions for integrating all the
devices of automation employed into closed
systems．
? 总之，技术发展的水平为封闭系统中采用所有集成
装置提供前提。
Computer-integrated Manufacturing
? The term“computer-integrated manufacturing”
（ CIM） refers to the integrated use of computers
in all sections of enterprise,from the planning of
production,through the design an manufacture of
a product,up to the ensuring of good quality．
? 计算机集成制造（ CIM）指所有部门的计算机的集
成应用涉及产品的规划、设计、加工到确保良好的
质量等各个环节。
? The data connections between the most
important sections and fields of tasks can
be characterizedin the following way．
? 最重要的部门和生产领域之间的数据联系
可描述如下：
（ 1） Part geometry,Product specification
零件几何形状和产品的具体说明
? Within the more modern,solid modeling-based
CAD/CAM systems a data base of complete data on
geometry and attributes can be created,maintained，
and used by all necessary engineering functions
（ including manufacturing engineering）．
? 当今，基于 CAD/CAM系统的关于产品几何形状和属
性全部数据的数据库，可以根据必要工程（包括制造
工程）要求进行创立、保留和应用。
? For actual fabrication of the parts（ using NC tools）
an assembly of the complete product or logical
subassemblies,the information on part
geometries an the relationships of parts to each
other must also be passed to the machines on the
shop floor．
? 在实际的零件制造（用 NC工具）、整体产品的装配
或合理的部装过程中，零件几何形状和零件间相互
关系的信息也要由传输到车间的机器上。
? Today,this is typically one in the form of an NC
language description of the machining operations
require to create the part．
? In the future,machine controllers are expected
to link directly with the product database to
interpret the geometry an material information an
create their own instructions.
? Information on such things as surface finish may
be used to select appropriate tools．
? 今天，一个关于加工零件的机械操作的 NC语言描
述表便可以代表性地完成上述工作。
? 操作机器的控制器可以直接联结到产品数据库上，
来解释图形和材料信息，进而创建自己的指令。
? 如加工表面的信息可用于选择适当的刀具。
? Other operations,such as welding or fastening to
other parts for more complex product structures，
may also be interpreted directly from the hierarchy
of components in the database and their
relationship to each other．
? 诸如（将某些零件）焊接或固定其他零件一使产品
结构更复杂的其它操作，也可以利用数据库中部件
的指令集和他们间相互关系来直接解释。
（ 2） Manufacturing process data
制造工艺数据
? To the extent that parts and products cannot be
“automatically” manufactured from the CAD/CAM
data as discussed above,the design process can
be used to facilitate semi-automated（ or even
manual） production．
? 在某种程度上，根据如上所述 CAD/CAM提供的数据，
并不能进行自动生产。
? 该设计过程可用于半自动（甚至人工）制造。
? The design engineer,perhaps in a team
relationship with a manufacturing engineer,or
conceivably the CAD system itself,can assign a
group technology code describing the parts?basic
geometric and manufacturing characteristics。
? 设计工程师也许和加工工程师或 CAD系统自身相联
系构成一个组织编制描绘部件基本几何尺寸和加工
特性的工艺码。
? From this,a computer-aided, process planning
（ CAPP） system can use its database and logic
rules to generate manufacturing process plans
（ sometimes called routings or manufacturing data
sheets）．
? 从这一点，计算机辅助工艺计划系统（ CAPP）可用
其数据库和逻辑规则编制制造工艺计划（有时称工艺
规程或制造数据表）。
? These might include data on the tools required，
including any that are unique to the particular part，
such as dies,molds,or templates conforming to
the part geometry．
? 其中包括所需工具（装备）的数据，包括特殊零部
件专用数据，如与产品几何形状相一致的模具、模
板等。
（ 3） Product structure
? The CAD/CAM system should also develop the
complete product structure,or bill of materials，
for the benefit of the material planning and
control systems（ MPCS）．
? CAD/CAM系统也必须开发完全的产品结构或有料
清单，以利于材料规划和控制系统（ MPCS）（的
编制）。
? This information is needed for the material
requirements planning（ MRP） portion of the
MPCS,which must explode the master production
schedule generated from orders received and/or
finished goods inventory decisions into detailed
production schedules and purchase orders for all
of the component parts of the product．
? 这些信息是 MPCS中材料需求计划（ MRP）部分所
需的。材料需求计划（ MRP）必须将接受或完成库
存决策清单的主要生产计划彻底改变为编制详细产
品的零部件生产计划和采购清单。
（ 4） Configuration control
? Most complex products today go through many
variations in their life cycle as a result of special
customer requirements or engineering changes to
improve performance,reduce cost,correct error，
etc.
? 现今，大多数复杂的产品在生命周期中要经历许多变
化,这是由于顾客的特殊要求或工程变化来改善性能、
降低成本、改进缺陷等。
? （ in some cases,such as commercial aircraft
production,it can easily? happen that no two
members of a product family are can easily
happen that no two members of a product family
are exactly alike）．
? （在某些情况，如商业性的航空产品，没有两件同
类产品是完全相同的，这是很常见的事情）。
? Information on the effectivity of engineering
changes,by model/serial number,data of
engineering release,date of manufacturing
release,etc,must be maintained both in the
engineering records of the company and in the
production scheduling records,
? 通过产品型号或系列的数量、工程数据、加工过程
数据等，有关工程变化效率的信息必须保持在公司
的工程记录和生产进度记录中。
? If these databases are separate（ as is assumed
for most present-day systems）,This
necessitates a flow of data back and forth
concerning the specific configuration of all
subassemblies and components of each model or
range of serial numbers．
? 如果这些数据库是独立的（就象目前生产系统那
样），这就需要与所有型号或系列的装配及部件的
特殊配置的往复流动的数据流。
? Often,changes in the configuration of a product
will made by the manufacturing department,which
may substitute allowable alternative components or
vary the actual product design from what was
specified by the engineering department（ for
various reasons of expediency）,so it is important
that this be a two-way data flow．
? 通常产品配置的改变是由制造部门来完成，可以取
代允许选择的部件或改变实际的产品的设计，（由
于各种各样的适宜性原因）这些内容是由工程部门
确定的。因此，双向数据流是重要的。
（ 5） Production schedules,results
? An obvious two-way linkage must exist between the MPCS
systems and the manufacturing automation systems
regarding the planned schedule of production to meet order
requirements and the actual production results,which may
differ because of machine down time,misestimation of
operation time,unavailability of material,or many other
factors.
5.生产进度规划，结果
? 明显的双向连接必须存在于 MPCS和自动制造系统之间，同
时应将生产计划进度与产品需求和实际生产结果联系起来。
因为存在机器的停机时间、运行时间的错误估计、材料的不
可用性或许多其它因素，它们是有差别的。
? In fully automated systems at both ends of this
linkage,such discrepancies should theoretically
not exist（ i.e,machines are properly maintained or
alternate routings found,inventory is prescheduled
and therefore always available,estimates are
corrected on-line）,
? but in practice today,variations and consequent
interactions of production scheduling are inevitable；
hence,the two way flow
在全自动控制系统操作下，双向联接两端的这些差异理论上是
不存在的（例如，机器合适的维护或轮班作业，事先规划库存
保证材料供应，用时估计在线纠正）。
但是在今天的实际生产中，生产进度的变化及其相互影响是不
可避免的，对于双向流也是如此。
（ 6） Inventory availability
? This term implies both the planned inventories of
components and semi-finished products
generated by the MRP portion of the NTCS
system,and information on the actual state of
inventory and locations of items is determined by
the manufacturing automation system（ which
actually controls the handling an transformation
of material）
? 这个词包含了既有计划好的部件库存清单和由
MPCS系统中 MRP形成的半成品库存清单，项目
位置及库存实际状态信息由生产自动化系统（它控
制材料的处理和运输）决定。
? This linkage is somewhat analogous to the
scheduling information described above,but in
this case it deals with physical counts,locations，
movements,an transformations o inventory from
one state to another,
? 这种联系与前述的规划进度信息有些相似。但在这
里，它处理库存由一个状态到另一个状态变化时的
实际数量、位置、运动和传输情况。
? With full feedback from the production automation
equipment,on rejects data,scrap an
consumables（ lubricants,coolants,etc．） can
be monitored,as well as usable parts and
products,so complete of all material can be
maintained．
? 产品自动信息的反馈，废品，废屑，润滑剂的消耗
能被掌握，合格品和可再利用部分的情况也能被掌
握，因此所有物料的全自动控制能够实现。
? The different computer systems for the
preparation and execution of production have to
be interconnected in a way that will establish
optimal flexibility in the entire range of
operations．
? This can be done with the aid of so-called local
networks-local area network（ LAN）．
? 生产准备和执行过程不同的计算机系统必须在操作
的全范围内相互联系，以实现最优的适应性。
? 这可以在局域网 (LAN）的帮助下完成。
? In a spatially delimitated range,a LAN includes
workstation-related systems,which can
communicate,for example,through coaxial
cables or fiber-optic light guides．
? By means of such networks it is possible to
interconnect devices for the processing,storage，
or representation of information as a system in
such a way that specific tasks can be assigned to
individual cooperating system components,
? 在确定的空间范围内，一个局域网是指相互联系的工作站
系统，这些系统可通过诸如同轴光缆、纤维光缆相联系。
? 通过这样的网络，将（生产）过程存储或信息描述方面的
设备相互联系起来成为一个系统，在这个系统中，特定的
任务可以分成 具有独立性又相互联系的子系统的各
个部分。
? In this way free access to various data or
program ranges can a provided to users．
? 这种方式中，各种数据和项目范围的自由进人（权）
可提供给用户。
? In the course of this process of development
toward computer integrated manufacturing,a
number of the theoretical and practical problems
must still be solved,
? There is a connection between system size，
necessary volume of information,and system
stability．
? 在计算机集成制造的发展过程中，许多理论和实际
问题必须被解决。系统规模、信息的数据组、系统
的稳定性都不联系。
? Proceeding from the purpose,there will be an
optimal range or a compromise solution for every
technical system with respect to these three
components．
? If the systems size is regarded as given，
maximum stability will be achieved when the
coupling relations within the system and outwards
are minimized and the extent of the necessary
exchange of information is reduced a minimum．
? 继而，针对这三个因素，每个技术体系将有优化范畴和协
调解决方案。
? 若给定系统规模，系统内部和外部联系最小化，且信息必
要的交换程度也减到最小值时，可以实现系统的最大稳定
性。
? The determination of these minimum values
constitutes one of the essential problems．
? Since no algorithms or genera principles or the
determination of such limits exist,the experience
gained from working with such systems has to be
used as the basis,
? 确定这些最小值是基本问题之一。
? 因为不存在算法或基本原则来确定这些极值。在这
些系统中的工作经验不得不被用作（解决上述问题
的）基础。
? On principle,as seen from the viewpoint of system
theory,a so-called multistable system must be
generated,consisting of ultrastable subsystems
（ the system is independently capable of finding a
stable state of equilibrium）．
? This is accomplished by the continuous
rearrangement of the system structure in response
to each disturbing influence（ deviation from the
desired state）,which initiates appropriate
counterreactions．
? 原则上，由系统理论的角度，包含（多个）超稳定子系统
（具有独立地发现稳定平衡状态能力的系统）的多稳定系
统必须产生。这是通过因每次干扰影响（偏离理想状态）
而产生的系统结构不断重组实现的。对每次干扰，系统会
作出相应的交互反应。
? For computer-guided production systems this
means that a shift of tasks has to be controlled in
an operation-connected way．
? Control systems which are efficient in this respect
aim at informational restructuring with the
concept of,priority-controlled shifting
intelligence．”
? 计算机辅助生产系统意谓着工作任务的变化是以一
种相互联系的操作方式来控制。
? 在这方面有效控制系统的目标是具有“预先控制变
化智能”概念的信息结构重组。
? 1
Engineering Collage,
Heilongjiang August First Land Reclamation University
Hu jun
E-mail:hjgj7275@126.com
? You only live once,But if you work it
right,once is enough.
? 你只活一次,如果活得好,一次就够了。
? Everyone must die; let me but leave a
loyal heart shining in the pages of
history.
? 人生自古谁无死,留取丹心照汗青,
? [出处 ],Wen Tianxiang 文天祥
常用的前缀
5,表示共同，相等意思的前缀
? 1)com-,cop-,con-,cor-,co- 表示“共同，一
起”。
connect,combine,collect,combat,coexist,
cooperate
? 2)syn-,syl-,sym-,表示“同，共，和，类”
symmetry 对称,匀称
sympathy 同情,同情心
synthesis 综合, 合成
6,表示整个完全意思的前缀
? 1)al- 表示“完整，完全”
alone,almost,
? 2) over-表示“完全，全”
overall,overflow(充满 )
? 3) pan-表示“全，总，万”
panentheism(泛神论 ),panorama
7,表示分离，离开意思的前缀
? 1)a- ab-,abs-,表示“分离，离开”
away,apart,abstract,abstain
? 2)de- 表示“离去，处去”
depart,decolour,
? 3)dis-,di-,dif-,表示“分离，离开”
divorce,disarm(缴械 )
? 4)ex-,e-,表示“离开，分离”
expel,exclude,expatriate(驱出国外 )
? 5)for- 表示“离开，脱离” forget,forgive
? 6)re- 表示“离开” release,resolve
? 7)se- 表示“分离，隔离” separate,seduce,
select
8,表示通过，遍及意思的前缀
? 1)dia-,表示“通过，横过”
diameter,diagram,
? 2)per-,pel-,表示“通，总，遍”
perfect,perform,pervade(浸透 )
? 3)trans-,表示“横过，贯通”
transparent,transmit,transport
9,表示加强意思的前缀
? a-,arouse,ashamed
? ad-,adjoin,adhere( 粘着 )
10,表示变换词类作用的前缀
? be-,befriend,
? en-,enslave,enable,enrich
? ad-,ac-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-,
? adapt,accord,affix,aggression,arrive,assist,
attend,attract,arrange,assign(委派 )
Unit 5 Development from CAD/CAM to CIM
? What is CAD,CAM,CIM?
? CAD 计算机辅助设计
? Computer aided design
? CAM计算机辅助 制造
? Computer-aided manufacturing
? CIM计算机集成制造
? Computer-Integrated manufacturing
The State of the Art of CAD/CAM
? The state of the art of automated manufacturing
and the possibilities of versatile computer-aided
engineering are the preconditions or even more
complex solutions of automation,
? 自动化制造的发展状态和多功能计算机辅助工程
的可能性是解决更复杂的自动化问题的前提。
? With examples from several industrial countries it
has been demonstrated that even for small and
mediumsized batch production a relatively broad
basis of flexible automation and computerized
engineering has been established．
? 从工业化国家的例子已表明, 即使中小批量生产,
相对广泛的灵活自动化和计算机化的工程基础已建
立起来 。
? Computer-aided manufacturing— including the
automatic production of numerically controlled
machining,forming,welding,assembly,and
other manufacturing tools,machining centers；
flexible manufacturing systems and machining
cells as the core o flexible factory automation— is
a reality today in many companies．
? 计算机辅助制造（ CAM） ——包括数控加工、成
形、焊接、装配和其它的生产设备；加工中心、灵
活的生产体系和作为自动化工厂核心的加工单元，
今天在一些公司已成为现实。
? Computer-aide design— including design，
simulation,and optimization of product
performance； analysis of material and other
manufacturing requirements,production of tools，
dies,and special features— is also reality,with
commercially available hardware an software
products able to support the creative engineer in
all these function effectively．
? 计算机辅助设计包括设计、模拟、产品性能优化；材料和其
它生产需求分析；刀具、模具以及特殊性能工具的生产等也
已成为现实。这一现实也包括有效支持创造性的工程师商业
性硬件和软件。
? Computerized manufacturing planning and control
systems which can use their internally store
knowledge of a product?s subassembly an
component structure to generate appropriate
production and supplier purchase orders,and to
apply NC programming systems and methods of
group technology,are also very helpful tools in
industry today．
? 计算机化的制造计划和控制系统利用内部储存的产
品部装, 部件结构来组织合适的生产过程和提供
（ 原材料 ） 采购清单, 运用 NC系统和分组工艺的方
法生产合适的产品, 这样的程序和控制系统在当今
工业社会还是非常有效的工具 。
? The efficiency of computer-aided engineering is
increasing as methods of artificial intelligence in the
form of expert systems,‘ knowledge bases,and
other kinds of knowledge assistance are being
applied．
? There are also new,efficient principles in software
development, which increase modularity and
portability．
? 计算机辅助工程的高效率是由于人工智能方法的支持,
如专家系统, 知识库及其他知识支持软件 。
? 软件发展遵循更新快, 高效率的原则, 提高了标准化
程度和便携性 。
? On the whole,the technical level of development
presents the preconditions for integrating all the
devices of automation employed into closed
systems．
? 总之，技术发展的水平为封闭系统中采用所有集成
装置提供前提。
Computer-integrated Manufacturing
? The term“computer-integrated manufacturing”
（ CIM） refers to the integrated use of computers
in all sections of enterprise,from the planning of
production,through the design an manufacture of
a product,up to the ensuring of good quality．
? 计算机集成制造（ CIM）指所有部门的计算机的集
成应用涉及产品的规划、设计、加工到确保良好的
质量等各个环节。
? The data connections between the most
important sections and fields of tasks can
be characterizedin the following way．
? 最重要的部门和生产领域之间的数据联系
可描述如下：
（ 1） Part geometry,Product specification
零件几何形状和产品的具体说明
? Within the more modern,solid modeling-based
CAD/CAM systems a data base of complete data on
geometry and attributes can be created,maintained，
and used by all necessary engineering functions
（ including manufacturing engineering）．
? 当今，基于 CAD/CAM系统的关于产品几何形状和属
性全部数据的数据库，可以根据必要工程（包括制造
工程）要求进行创立、保留和应用。
? For actual fabrication of the parts（ using NC tools）
an assembly of the complete product or logical
subassemblies,the information on part
geometries an the relationships of parts to each
other must also be passed to the machines on the
shop floor．
? 在实际的零件制造（用 NC工具）、整体产品的装配
或合理的部装过程中，零件几何形状和零件间相互
关系的信息也要由传输到车间的机器上。
? Today,this is typically one in the form of an NC
language description of the machining operations
require to create the part．
? In the future,machine controllers are expected
to link directly with the product database to
interpret the geometry an material information an
create their own instructions.
? Information on such things as surface finish may
be used to select appropriate tools．
? 今天，一个关于加工零件的机械操作的 NC语言描
述表便可以代表性地完成上述工作。
? 操作机器的控制器可以直接联结到产品数据库上，
来解释图形和材料信息，进而创建自己的指令。
? 如加工表面的信息可用于选择适当的刀具。
? Other operations,such as welding or fastening to
other parts for more complex product structures，
may also be interpreted directly from the hierarchy
of components in the database and their
relationship to each other．
? 诸如（将某些零件）焊接或固定其他零件一使产品
结构更复杂的其它操作，也可以利用数据库中部件
的指令集和他们间相互关系来直接解释。
（ 2） Manufacturing process data
制造工艺数据
? To the extent that parts and products cannot be
“automatically” manufactured from the CAD/CAM
data as discussed above,the design process can
be used to facilitate semi-automated（ or even
manual） production．
? 在某种程度上，根据如上所述 CAD/CAM提供的数据，
并不能进行自动生产。
? 该设计过程可用于半自动（甚至人工）制造。
? The design engineer,perhaps in a team
relationship with a manufacturing engineer,or
conceivably the CAD system itself,can assign a
group technology code describing the parts?basic
geometric and manufacturing characteristics。
? 设计工程师也许和加工工程师或 CAD系统自身相联
系构成一个组织编制描绘部件基本几何尺寸和加工
特性的工艺码。
? From this,a computer-aided, process planning
（ CAPP） system can use its database and logic
rules to generate manufacturing process plans
（ sometimes called routings or manufacturing data
sheets）．
? 从这一点，计算机辅助工艺计划系统（ CAPP）可用
其数据库和逻辑规则编制制造工艺计划（有时称工艺
规程或制造数据表）。
? These might include data on the tools required，
including any that are unique to the particular part，
such as dies,molds,or templates conforming to
the part geometry．
? 其中包括所需工具（装备）的数据，包括特殊零部
件专用数据，如与产品几何形状相一致的模具、模
板等。
（ 3） Product structure
? The CAD/CAM system should also develop the
complete product structure,or bill of materials，
for the benefit of the material planning and
control systems（ MPCS）．
? CAD/CAM系统也必须开发完全的产品结构或有料
清单，以利于材料规划和控制系统（ MPCS）（的
编制）。
? This information is needed for the material
requirements planning（ MRP） portion of the
MPCS,which must explode the master production
schedule generated from orders received and/or
finished goods inventory decisions into detailed
production schedules and purchase orders for all
of the component parts of the product．
? 这些信息是 MPCS中材料需求计划（ MRP）部分所
需的。材料需求计划（ MRP）必须将接受或完成库
存决策清单的主要生产计划彻底改变为编制详细产
品的零部件生产计划和采购清单。
（ 4） Configuration control
? Most complex products today go through many
variations in their life cycle as a result of special
customer requirements or engineering changes to
improve performance,reduce cost,correct error，
etc.
? 现今，大多数复杂的产品在生命周期中要经历许多变
化,这是由于顾客的特殊要求或工程变化来改善性能、
降低成本、改进缺陷等。
? （ in some cases,such as commercial aircraft
production,it can easily? happen that no two
members of a product family are can easily
happen that no two members of a product family
are exactly alike）．
? （在某些情况，如商业性的航空产品，没有两件同
类产品是完全相同的，这是很常见的事情）。
? Information on the effectivity of engineering
changes,by model/serial number,data of
engineering release,date of manufacturing
release,etc,must be maintained both in the
engineering records of the company and in the
production scheduling records,
? 通过产品型号或系列的数量、工程数据、加工过程
数据等，有关工程变化效率的信息必须保持在公司
的工程记录和生产进度记录中。
? If these databases are separate（ as is assumed
for most present-day systems）,This
necessitates a flow of data back and forth
concerning the specific configuration of all
subassemblies and components of each model or
range of serial numbers．
? 如果这些数据库是独立的（就象目前生产系统那
样），这就需要与所有型号或系列的装配及部件的
特殊配置的往复流动的数据流。
? Often,changes in the configuration of a product
will made by the manufacturing department,which
may substitute allowable alternative components or
vary the actual product design from what was
specified by the engineering department（ for
various reasons of expediency）,so it is important
that this be a two-way data flow．
? 通常产品配置的改变是由制造部门来完成，可以取
代允许选择的部件或改变实际的产品的设计，（由
于各种各样的适宜性原因）这些内容是由工程部门
确定的。因此，双向数据流是重要的。
（ 5） Production schedules,results
? An obvious two-way linkage must exist between the MPCS
systems and the manufacturing automation systems
regarding the planned schedule of production to meet order
requirements and the actual production results,which may
differ because of machine down time,misestimation of
operation time,unavailability of material,or many other
factors.
5.生产进度规划，结果
? 明显的双向连接必须存在于 MPCS和自动制造系统之间，同
时应将生产计划进度与产品需求和实际生产结果联系起来。
因为存在机器的停机时间、运行时间的错误估计、材料的不
可用性或许多其它因素，它们是有差别的。
? In fully automated systems at both ends of this
linkage,such discrepancies should theoretically
not exist（ i.e,machines are properly maintained or
alternate routings found,inventory is prescheduled
and therefore always available,estimates are
corrected on-line）,
? but in practice today,variations and consequent
interactions of production scheduling are inevitable；
hence,the two way flow
在全自动控制系统操作下，双向联接两端的这些差异理论上是
不存在的（例如，机器合适的维护或轮班作业，事先规划库存
保证材料供应，用时估计在线纠正）。
但是在今天的实际生产中，生产进度的变化及其相互影响是不
可避免的，对于双向流也是如此。
（ 6） Inventory availability
? This term implies both the planned inventories of
components and semi-finished products
generated by the MRP portion of the NTCS
system,and information on the actual state of
inventory and locations of items is determined by
the manufacturing automation system（ which
actually controls the handling an transformation
of material）
? 这个词包含了既有计划好的部件库存清单和由
MPCS系统中 MRP形成的半成品库存清单，项目
位置及库存实际状态信息由生产自动化系统（它控
制材料的处理和运输）决定。
? This linkage is somewhat analogous to the
scheduling information described above,but in
this case it deals with physical counts,locations，
movements,an transformations o inventory from
one state to another,
? 这种联系与前述的规划进度信息有些相似。但在这
里，它处理库存由一个状态到另一个状态变化时的
实际数量、位置、运动和传输情况。
? With full feedback from the production automation
equipment,on rejects data,scrap an
consumables（ lubricants,coolants,etc．） can
be monitored,as well as usable parts and
products,so complete of all material can be
maintained．
? 产品自动信息的反馈，废品，废屑，润滑剂的消耗
能被掌握，合格品和可再利用部分的情况也能被掌
握，因此所有物料的全自动控制能够实现。
? The different computer systems for the
preparation and execution of production have to
be interconnected in a way that will establish
optimal flexibility in the entire range of
operations．
? This can be done with the aid of so-called local
networks-local area network（ LAN）．
? 生产准备和执行过程不同的计算机系统必须在操作
的全范围内相互联系，以实现最优的适应性。
? 这可以在局域网 (LAN）的帮助下完成。
? In a spatially delimitated range,a LAN includes
workstation-related systems,which can
communicate,for example,through coaxial
cables or fiber-optic light guides．
? By means of such networks it is possible to
interconnect devices for the processing,storage，
or representation of information as a system in
such a way that specific tasks can be assigned to
individual cooperating system components,
? 在确定的空间范围内，一个局域网是指相互联系的工作站
系统，这些系统可通过诸如同轴光缆、纤维光缆相联系。
? 通过这样的网络，将（生产）过程存储或信息描述方面的
设备相互联系起来成为一个系统，在这个系统中，特定的
任务可以分成 具有独立性又相互联系的子系统的各
个部分。
? In this way free access to various data or
program ranges can a provided to users．
? 这种方式中，各种数据和项目范围的自由进人（权）
可提供给用户。
? In the course of this process of development
toward computer integrated manufacturing,a
number of the theoretical and practical problems
must still be solved,
? There is a connection between system size，
necessary volume of information,and system
stability．
? 在计算机集成制造的发展过程中，许多理论和实际
问题必须被解决。系统规模、信息的数据组、系统
的稳定性都不联系。
? Proceeding from the purpose,there will be an
optimal range or a compromise solution for every
technical system with respect to these three
components．
? If the systems size is regarded as given，
maximum stability will be achieved when the
coupling relations within the system and outwards
are minimized and the extent of the necessary
exchange of information is reduced a minimum．
? 继而，针对这三个因素，每个技术体系将有优化范畴和协
调解决方案。
? 若给定系统规模，系统内部和外部联系最小化，且信息必
要的交换程度也减到最小值时，可以实现系统的最大稳定
性。
? The determination of these minimum values
constitutes one of the essential problems．
? Since no algorithms or genera principles or the
determination of such limits exist,the experience
gained from working with such systems has to be
used as the basis,
? 确定这些最小值是基本问题之一。
? 因为不存在算法或基本原则来确定这些极值。在这
些系统中的工作经验不得不被用作（解决上述问题
的）基础。
? On principle,as seen from the viewpoint of system
theory,a so-called multistable system must be
generated,consisting of ultrastable subsystems
（ the system is independently capable of finding a
stable state of equilibrium）．
? This is accomplished by the continuous
rearrangement of the system structure in response
to each disturbing influence（ deviation from the
desired state）,which initiates appropriate
counterreactions．
? 原则上，由系统理论的角度，包含（多个）超稳定子系统
（具有独立地发现稳定平衡状态能力的系统）的多稳定系
统必须产生。这是通过因每次干扰影响（偏离理想状态）
而产生的系统结构不断重组实现的。对每次干扰，系统会
作出相应的交互反应。
? For computer-guided production systems this
means that a shift of tasks has to be controlled in
an operation-connected way．
? Control systems which are efficient in this respect
aim at informational restructuring with the
concept of,priority-controlled shifting
intelligence．”
? 计算机辅助生产系统意谓着工作任务的变化是以一
种相互联系的操作方式来控制。
? 在这方面有效控制系统的目标是具有“预先控制变
化智能”概念的信息结构重组。
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