Institite of microciology,college of
life science,Najing Normal
University
Microbiology
Chapter 1 Introduction
A,What is microbe?
The word microbe (microorganism) is used to
describe an organism that is so small that,
normally,it cannot be seen without the use of a
microscope,
,microorganism” micro + organism
Microorganism is not a term on taxology
The main groups
Eukaryote－ fungoid,microscopic algae、
protozoa and some intestinal parasitic
worms
Prokaryote－ bacteria,actinomycete、
cyanobacteria and archaebacteria
Noncellular orgnism － virus,viroid and
prion
B,The characteristics of microorganism
1,Microscopic
2,independent units
3,less complex
4,rapid growth rates
5,opmipresent
6,Same research techniques
?Colony research
?Specific aseptic techniques
?Similar techniques in species identification
and cultivation
In fact,irrelevant microbial groups are studied
as an independent subject -microbiology,
which is mainly in accordance to the research
techniques rather than relative among
microorganisms,
C,The position in life world
原生生物界
植物界
真菌界
动物界
细菌域
古生菌域
真核生物域
a The categorizing system of biological five kindoms
植物界
真菌界
动物界
细菌域
古生菌域
真核生物域
b
Fungi kingdom
Prokaryote kingdom
Protista kindom
Plant kingdom Animal kingdom
Bacteria domains
Common ancester
Archaea domains
Eukaryote domains
The categorizing system of
three domains
D,Category
The systemic taxa of mocroorganisms follow the
systemic taxa built by Linnaeus,including seven
grades from top to bottom,
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
There are more than ten grades in the systemic taxa
altogether,because each grade,if needed,could sub-
divide some auxiliary units
All species names of cellular microorganisms
obey the Latin binominal nomenclature built by
Linnaeus without exception,i.e.,a formal
species name is built up by Latin words,and it
should be italic,According to binomial
nomenclature,a formal species name is consist
of a genus name and a adding word of a
species,A formal species name present in
taxology literature,namers often be added
after them,but namers could be omitted
generally,
e,g,
Escherichia coli（ Migula） Castellani et Chalmers
Aspergillus flavus
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
A formal species name should obey trinomial
nomenclature,when the name of microorganism
is a subspecies( sub-sp．,Roman type) or a
variety( var.,Roman type),
e.g,
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp,galleria
Saccharomyces cerevisiae var,ellipsoideus
A formal name could be omitted often,when a
species name is present repeatedly in a paper
or works,
e.g,Escherichia coli,E,coli
E,Research area of microbiology
Microbiology is a science of studying
microorganisms,including diversity,
activities rules of microorganisms and
microbial contributions to the economic
activities of human being,
M i c r o b i o l o g y
B a s i c
m i c r o b i o l o g y
A p p l i e d
m i c r o b i o l o g y
A c c o r d i n g t o
b i o l o g i c a l
p r o b l e m o f s t u d y
A c c o r d i n g t o
o b j e c t o f
s t u d y
A c c o r d i n g t o
a p p l i e d f i e l d
A c c o r d i n g t o
a p p l i e d t e c h n i q u e
m i c r o b i a l
t a x o n o m y
m i c r o b i a l
c y t o l o g y
m i c r o b i a l
b i o c h e m i s t r y
m i c r o b i a l g e n e t i c s
m i c r o b i a l
p h y s i o l o g y
m i c r o b i a l e c o l o g y
i m m u n o l o g y
v i r o l o g y
b a c t e r i o l o g y
f u n g u s
p h y c o l o g y
p r o t o z o o l o g y
f o o d m i c r o b i o l o g y
i n d u s t r i a l m i c r o b i o l o g y
e n v i r o n m e n t a l
m i c r o b i o l o g y
m i c r o b i a l m e d i c i n e
p a t h o g e n i c
m i c r o o r g a n i s m
a g r i c u l t u r a l
m i c r o b i o l o g y
m e d i c a l m i c r o b i o l o g y
b r e w a g e t e c h n i q u e
f e r m e n t a t i o n e n g i n e e r i n g
b i o l o g i c a l p r o d u c t s
M i c r o b i o l o g i c t e s t
e n v i r o n m e n t
b i o e n g i n e e r i n g
g e n e t i c e n g i n e e r i n g
e n z y m e e n g i n e e r i n g
a n t i b i o t i c s
Fig.1-2 Microbiological research area and branch
F,The importance and applications of microbiology
Close correlation to the health of human beings and
Animals
Wide applications in industrial productions
Great effect of microbe on agricultural productions
Acceleration development on biology
As mode organisms,microorganisms have advantages as follows,
Less complex;
Low cultivate cost and large stock number;
Credible results on statistics；
Rapid growth rates and short doubling time
Consequential event in phylogeny on microbiology
? 1546 Fracastoro held up that invisible organisms
may produce a disease,
? 1676 Leeuwenhoek found,animalcules”,
? 1765-1776 Spallanzani refuted autogenesis,
? 1786 Muller presented the first bacterial category,
? 1798 Jenner introduced vaccinia,
? 1838－ 1839 Schwann & Schleiden put forward cell
theory,
? 1857 Pasteur proved lactic acid fermentation is
produced by microorganisms,
? 1861 Pasteur overthrew,autogeny”,
? 1864 Pasteur built pasteurization,
?1867 — 1869 Lister built disinfection surgery and carried on the
carbolic acid disinfection experiment successfully for the first time,
Miescher found nucleic acid,
?1876—1877 Koch proved anthrax is induced by anthrax bacilus,
?1881 Koch initiated separating bacteria by gelatin solid
medium,
Louis Pasteur prepared anthrax vaccine,
?1882 Koch found Mycobacterium tuberculosis,
?1883 Koch stated Koch law for the first time,Metchnikoff
expounded phagolysis,and built high pressure steam sterilization,
1884 Pasteur investigated hydrophobia vaccine successfully，
and invent immunology,
? 1887 Richard Petri invented double layer Petri dish,
? 1889 Winogradsky found sulfur cycle and nitrobacteria,Beijerinck
separated rhizobium for the first time,
? 1890 Von Behring prepared antitoxin to cure diphtheria and
tetanus,
? 1891 Sternberg and Pasteur found Streptococcus pneumoniae at
the same time,
? 1895 Ivanowsky gave the evidence that tobacco mosaic is
produced by virus and Bordet found complementation,
? 1896 Büchner made alcoholic fermentation to glucose with
acellular saccharomycete raffinate successfully,
? 1899 Ross proved that malaria pathogenic bacteria is
transmitted by mosquito,
? 1909—1910 Ricketts found rickettsia； Ehrlich synthesized
chemotherapeutic agents to cure luetic,
?1928 Griffith found bacteria transformation,
?1929 Fleming discovered penicillin,
?1935 Stanley purified tobacco mosaic virus for the first time,and
obtained its,protein crystal”,
?1943 Luria and Delbück proved that resistance of bacteriophage is
resulted by gene spontaneous mutation by fluctuating experiments；
Chain and Flory designed the industrial producing process of
penicillin,
?1944 Avery proved DNA is the carrier of genetic information in the
conversion process; Waksman discovered streptomycin,
?1946—1947Lederberg and Tatum discovered joining of bacteria and
gene linkage,
?1949 Enders,Robbins and Weller cultivated poliomyelitis virus
successfully in nonnerveless tissue culture,
? 1952 Hershey and Chase found bacteriophages injected
DNA in host cells；
Lederberg invented replica plating；
Zinder and Lederberg discovered generalized
transduction;
Watson and Crick put forward DNA duplex structure,
? 1956 Umbarger discovered feedback supression,
? 1961 Jocob and Monod presented operon model of
generegulation,
? 1961—1966 Holley,Khorana and Nirenberg illuminated
genetic code,
? 1969 Edelman measured the primary structure of
antigen protein molecule,
? 1970—1972 Arber,Nathans and Smith discovered and
?1973 Ames built mensuration of bacteria to
detect carcinogen；
Cohen covered recombinant plasmids to Escherichia
coli,successfully for the first time,
?1974 Khler and Milstein built monoclonal
antibody production technology,
? 1977 Woese presented archaea is a special
monoid different from bacteria and eukaryote；
Sanger analyzed DNA of ΦX174 bacteriophage with
total order,
?1982—1983 Cech and Altman discovered RNA
（ ribozyme） containing catalytic activity；
Transposable element discovered by McClintock was
made his point； Prusiner found prion,
? 1983—1984 Gallo and Montagnier separated and
inspected human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)；
Mullis built PCR technology,
? 1988 Deisenhofer discovered photosynthesis
pigment of bacteria and began to study it,
? 1995 Full gene sequencing of the first organism
gone it alone (hemophilus influenza) was completed
? 1996 Genom of the first antotrophy
archaea sequencing was completed,
? 1997 Genom of the first eukaryote (brewersyeast)
sequencing was completed
? 2000 Genom of vibrio cholerae sequencing
was completed,
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
? 1901－ 1999 39 items,
? total,77 persons
? 46 Americans,11 Englishmen,7 Frenchmen, 6
Germans,4 Switzers,2 Australians,1 Italian
? In 1945,discovery and development of penicillin
? In 1952,discovery and development of streptomycin
? In 1953,metabolism of carbohydrate in cells
? In 1958,biochemistry study on microbial heredity
? In 1959,discovery and synthesizing DNA and RNA
?In 1962,mensuration of DNA structure
?In 1965,regulation study on gene activity in cells
?In 1969,viral infection mechanism study
?In 1984,development of monoclonal antibody
technology and study on immunology
?In 1997,study on prion
?In 1999,moving and positioning mechanism in
cells study on protein
1.Perceptual knowledge phase（ history
prophase）
about 800 years before ~ 1676
G,Development of microbiology
2.Morphology description period,original period,（ 1676~1861）
French scientist
Louis Pasteur,1822-1895
?Negated abiogenesis drastically;
?Proved ferment is reduced by microbe;
?Invented method of preparation street virus
attenuated vaccine,
?Invented pasteurization,
3,Physiological research period
foundation period,（ 1861-1897）
?Invented medium and
purified microbe using it;
?Found pathogeny of
anthracnose--anthrax
bacillus
?Built Koch Law
German microbiologist
Robert Koch,1843-1910
Acquiring single colony
by scoring method Koch Law graphics
Single colony
4.Bio-chemistry research stage,
development period （ 1897-1953）
?German scientist Eduard Buchner （ 1897）,
fermented glucose to alcohol with yeast non-
cellular extraction,
?English scientist Alexander Fleming （ 1929）,
discovered the first antibiotics—penicillin in the
world,
J.D.Waston,H.F.C.Crick
discovered DNA duplex model（ 1953）
5.molecular biology research
stage,maturation phase（ 1953-）
Having characteristics and commonness of vital phenomenon,
microbe will be optimal material to solve significant theory
problems and practical applications,such as origin and
evolution of life,basic law of matter motion,exploitation of new
microbial resources,energy resource and foodstuff etc,
Microbiology prospecting in 21century
References
Prescott LM,Harley JP,and Klein DA.,Microbiology (5th ed.),Higher education
press and McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.2002
Michael TM,John MM,Jack P,Brock.,Biology of Micoorganisms,International
edition,Pearson Education,Inc.2003
Talaro K,P,Foundations in Microbiology (Fifth Edition),Higher education press
and McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.2005
Zhou De-qing,Microbiology textbook,second edition,high education publishing
house,2002
