Chapter 3
Eukaryotic Microorganism
Eukaryotic microorganisms have the nuclear
membrane coating a cell nucleus,carry out
mitosis,and have mitochondria in the cytoplasm,
They mainly include yeast (unicelluar fungi),
filamentous fungi,microalgae and protozoa,
Thus,the eukaryotic microorganisms is not a
natural monophyletic taxon,The Fungi is one of
the most significant kingdoms in these Eukaryotic
microorganisms which have more species,
Definition
Molds
Mushrooms Fungi
Yeasts
Microalgae Algae
Protozoa
Eukaryotic Microorganisms
The kingdom Fungi is a natural taxon,Members in this
kingdom involve very tiny yeast and larger mushroom,In
the biologist’s viewpoint,this term fungus indicates those
organisms that have true nucleus,produce spores by asexual
or sexual reproduction,absorb the nourishment material,
have no chloroplast,
As the development of biosystematics including fungal
systematics,some organisms that were thought to been
belong to the Fungi in the past have been classificated into
other kingdoms now,For example,Oomycetes and
Hyphochytidiomycetes is put into the kingdom Chromista
or Straminipila,Myxomycetes and Plasmodiophoremycetes
into the Protozoa,
Major characters of fungi
① with a real nucleus
② having no chloroplast and photosynthesis
③ vegetative bodies are usually developing
filamentous and branched structure as well as unicell
④ typically forming asexual and sexual reproductive
spores
⑤ containing chitin in the cell wall
⑥ heterotrophy by absorption
⑦ more living adaptively in the land
The comparison between Protokaryotic and Eukaryotic Microorganisms
item Eukaryotic microorganisms Prokaryotic mocroorganisms
cell size larger(>5mm) smaller(<5mm)
major component of cell wall cellulose,chitin peptidoglycan
cytoplasm
mitochondria ＋ －
mesosome － ＋
lysosome ＋ －
Golgi body ＋ －
microtubule ＋ －
cache inclusion Starch et al,PHB et al,
ribisome 80S 70S
nucleus
nuclear
membrane
＋ －
nucleolus ＋ －
chromosome 1 to several piece,with
histone
1 piece,without histone
Cell Structure of Eukaryotic Microorganism
Cell Wall
yeast,mannan and glucan
fungi,chitin
Flagellum
Cytomembrane
9+2 type
sterol
lysosome
microbody
lomasome
hydrogenosome
Cytoplasma and Cell Nucleous
vacuole
microfilum
mitochondria
Section 1 Filamentous fungi——Molds
Fungi also are extensive to distribute in moist
place and are very important to mankind,the current
benefit is again harmful,At the vegetative stage,the
fungi mainly exit in a form of hypha,Mold is the
popularized name of filamentous fungi,There are
filamentous fungi nearly throughout the world,
Cited from,Taxonomic illustration of the fungal genus” edited by Zhou Maofan（ 1983）
Mycelium
Septate hyphae and
non-septate hyphae
Vegetative bodies
Septum of hypha
The structure of hypha
The cell structure of fungi
Cited from,Taxonomic illustration of the fungal genus” edited by Zhou Maofan（ 1983）
lomasome
lomasome of Bipolaris maydis
Cited from,General Mycology” edited by Xing Laijun and Li Mingchun（ 1999）
The structure of the hypha top,prolongation section,
rigidufication section,formation section of secondary
wall,maturation section,septum section,septa section
Cited from,Microbiological course” edited by Zhou Deqing（ 1993）
Hypha Structure
The top (prolongation section and rigidufication section),
maturation section,septum section and so on
Cited from,Taxonomic illustration of the fungal genus” edited by Zhou Maofan（ 1983）
Hyphal tissue
Pseudoparenchyma Prosenchyma
More Complicated Mycelium Tissue
sclerotium stroma
rhizomorph
Cited from,Taxonomic
illustration of the fungal genus”
edited by Zhou Maofan（ 1983）
Cited from,General Mycology”
edited by Xing Laijun and Li
Mingchun（ 1999）
sclerotia
Specialization of Hyphae
Specialized vegetative bodies
Fruiting bodies
rhizoid,haustorium,tenaculum,
hyphopodium,stolen,ring,net and
so on
Asexual,such as pycnidium
Sexual,such as perithecium
specialized vegetative bodies
rhizoid haustorium
Cited from,General Mycology” edited by Xing Laijun and Li Mingchun（ 1999）
specialized vegetative bodies
ring and net
ring
net
A ellworm being captured
by the rings under the
transmitted electronic
microscopy
specialized vegetative bodies
appresorium
infection hypha
appresorium a spore
bud
Reproduction
Asexual spores are formed by the aerial mycelium of
one organism,When these spores germinate,they
become organisms that are genetically identical to the
parent,
Sexual spores result from the fusion of nuclei from
two opposite mating strains of the same species of fungus,
Organisms that grow from sexual spores will have genetic
characteristics of both parental strains,
Asexual Fruiting Body
A,Zoosporangium and zoosporangiophore
B,Sporangium and sporangiophore
C,Conidium and conidiophore
D,Conidium and synnema
E,Conidium and pycnidium
F,Conidium and acervulus
G,Conidium and sporodochium
asexual fruiting bodies in Deuteromycotina
pycnidium
acervulus sporodochium
conidia
conidia
setae
The conidia of many fungi usually
form in a certain fruiting body,such
as pycnidium,sporodochium and
acervulus,
sporangium and sporangiophore
asexual fruiting bodies in Zygomycotina
Sexual Fruiting Body
A,Basidiocarp
B,Ascocarp
（ 1） Cleistotricium
（ 2） Perithecium
（ 3） Apothecium
（ 4） Ascostroma
Sexual Fruiting Body in Ascomycotina
Cleistotricium
Perithecium
Apothecium
Sexual Fruiting Bodies in Ascomycotina
Cleistotricium Perithecium Apothecium
Cited from,Microbiological course” edited by Zhou Deqing（ 1993）
Spores of Fungi
asexual spores
Lower fungi,zoospores,sporangiospores
Higher fungi,conidia,chlamydospores,ballistospores
Conidia of Penicillum
Penicillum sp,(× 1,560)
Penicillum sp,(× 3,220)
conidia of Aspergillus sp,chlamydospore
A fungal sexual spore results from sexual reproduction,
consisting of three phases,
1,A haploid nucleus of a donor cell (+) penetrates
the cytoplasm of a recipient cell (Plasmogamy),
2,The (+) and (-) nuclei fuse to form a diploid
zygote nucleus (Karyogamy),
3,By meiosis,the diploid nucleus gives rise to
haploid nuclei (sexual spores),some of which may
be genetic recombinants (Meiosis),
Sexual Spores
lower fungi,oospores(Mastigomycotina),
zygospores(Zygomycotina)
higher fungi,ascospores(Ascomycotina),
basidiospores(Basidiomycotina)
zygospores
sexual spores
basidium and ascospores
basidiospores
sexual spores
Item Spores of fungi Endospores of bacteria
size larger smaller
number several produced from a
hypha or a soma
one produced from a cell
shape various shape and colour simple shape
forming place ether in the cell or out the cell only in the cell
cell nucleus eukaryotic prokaryotic
function the most important
reproduction form
resistant structure,but
reproduction form
resistant to heat easily killed at 60~~70oC
rapidly
usually killed at more 100oC
and in several minutes
kinds producing
them
produced by most species produced by a little species
◎
The comparison between spores of fungi and endospores of bacteria
colony of mould
colony
Colony of spore colour mutant of Aspergillus nidulans
Section II Yeast
From the outer to the inner,
glucoprotein
?-glucan (dissoluble in alkalescent solution)
?-glucan (nonsoluble in alkalescent solution)
Component,
mannan,glucan,protein,lipid
glucanase,mannanase and other enzymes mainly in
protein
Morphology and structure of yeast cell
Cell wall
containing ergot sterol
cytomembrane
cell nucleus
Observed with the phase microscopy through
being cultured at 18~21% glutin medium
Containing DNA,RNA and chain polyphosphate
with incomplete 20-40 phosphate base
2 ?m plasmid（ 6kb）, 60~100/cell,its copy
regulated by the nucleus genome
Reproduction of Yeast
The wall of mother cell attenuates,The materials
synthesized newly is deposited,The dissepiment forms,
The filial cells deviates,
The mother cell,bud scar; the filial cell,birth scar
Asexual Reproduction
Budding
fission
Schizosaccharomyces sp,
Sexual Reproduction
This is a process that two cells with different shape and sex
carry through plasmogamy,karyogamy and meiosis and
bring spores,
The sketch map showing the formation
of yeast ascospores
Karyogamy(2N)
ascospoes（ N） soma（ N）
filial generation(N)
Plasmogamy(N+N)
budding
budding
The Life History of Yeast
The life historic type which the haploid and diploid
soma coexists,
germination
meiosis
filial generation(2N)
Characters
A,Asexual reproducition,budding
B,Sexual reproduction,bring 4 ascospores
C,With haploid and diploid soma
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Cited from,General Mycology” edited by Xing Laijun and Li Mingchun（ 1999）
soma(N) filial generation(N) plasmogamy
karyogamy(2N) ascospores(N)
fission
meiosis
The haploid type of life history (The diploid soma
cannot exist and live by itself.)
budding
Characters
A,The soma is haploid and the diploid
cannot live independently,
B,The method of asexual reproduction is
fission,
C,8 ascospores are brought by sexual
reproduction,
Schizosaccharomyces octosporus
Cited from,General Mycology” edited by Xing Laijun and Li Mingchun（ 1999）
Soma(2N) filial generation(2N)
ascospores(four) plasmogamy karyogamy
（ 2N） （ N+N） （ N）
budding
meiosis
The diploid type of life history (The haploid soma
cannot exist and live by itself.)
germination
A,The soma is diploid and the haploid
cannot live independently,
B,The method of asexual reproduction
is budding,
C,4 haploid ascospores are brought by
sexual reproduction,
characters
Sacchromycodes ludwigii
Cited from,General Mycology” edited by Xing Laijun and Li Mingchun（ 1999）
Colony of Yeast
drab color,usually milky white
being easy to pick,with trim or coarse rim edge
having vino aroma
Section III Mushroom
The mushroom (macrofungi) is used to indicate generally
those fungi that produce larger fruting bodies which partial
structure can be seen without the aid of instruments,Most of
macrofungi belong to the subphylum Basidiomycotina,few to
the Ascomycotina,
Evolution History
Cell Structure
Individual Development
Biological Charecters
Research Methods
Basidiocarp structure
The life history of
mushroom
The development of mushroom hyphae
The hyphae of mushroom are differentiated into
the first hypha with single nucleus,the secondary
hypha with two nucleus and the third hypha
composing basidiocarp,
The formation of clamp connection
Forming basidiocarp
The type structure of mushroom
Producing basidiospores
The formation of basidiospores
mildew and rot of corn,food,cloth and so
on
animal disease (such as grey nail and
tinea)
plant disease (rice blast,wheat rust)
toxin
Application of Fungi
Benefit aspect (such as industrial production)
citric acid,gluconic acid and other organic acid
cellulase,protease and other enzyme
penicillin,cephalosporin and other antibiotics
sauce,crème and other traditional flavor food
Harmful aspect
The Importance of Fungi
Enzyme Plant Disease
Organic acid Animal and mankind disease
Antibiotics Mould and rot
Alkaloid Toxin
Phytohormone
Biocontrol
Biotransformation
Sewage treatment
Scinetific Research
Fermentation
Edible mushroom
Experimental Model
References,
1,Zhou Deqing,Microbiological Course,2nd ed,Beijing,Higher
Education Press,2002
2,Shen Ping,Microbiology,Beijing,Higher Education Press,2000
3,Xing Laijun,Li Mingchun,General Mycology,Beijing,Higher
Education Press,1999
4,Madigan,MT,Martinko,JM,Parker,J,Brock’s Biology of
Microorganisms,8th ed,Prentice-Hall Inc.,Upper Saddle River,
NJ.1997
5,Prescott,L,Harley,JP,Klein,DA,Microbiology,5rd ed,Wm C,
Brown Communications Inc,Dubuque,IA,2002
6,Alexopoulos,CJ.,Mims,CW.,Blackwell,M,Introductory
Mycology,4th,ed,Ney York,John Wiley &Sons,Inc,869pp,
1996
Eukaryotic Microorganism
Eukaryotic microorganisms have the nuclear
membrane coating a cell nucleus,carry out
mitosis,and have mitochondria in the cytoplasm,
They mainly include yeast (unicelluar fungi),
filamentous fungi,microalgae and protozoa,
Thus,the eukaryotic microorganisms is not a
natural monophyletic taxon,The Fungi is one of
the most significant kingdoms in these Eukaryotic
microorganisms which have more species,
Definition
Molds
Mushrooms Fungi
Yeasts
Microalgae Algae
Protozoa
Eukaryotic Microorganisms
The kingdom Fungi is a natural taxon,Members in this
kingdom involve very tiny yeast and larger mushroom,In
the biologist’s viewpoint,this term fungus indicates those
organisms that have true nucleus,produce spores by asexual
or sexual reproduction,absorb the nourishment material,
have no chloroplast,
As the development of biosystematics including fungal
systematics,some organisms that were thought to been
belong to the Fungi in the past have been classificated into
other kingdoms now,For example,Oomycetes and
Hyphochytidiomycetes is put into the kingdom Chromista
or Straminipila,Myxomycetes and Plasmodiophoremycetes
into the Protozoa,
Major characters of fungi
① with a real nucleus
② having no chloroplast and photosynthesis
③ vegetative bodies are usually developing
filamentous and branched structure as well as unicell
④ typically forming asexual and sexual reproductive
spores
⑤ containing chitin in the cell wall
⑥ heterotrophy by absorption
⑦ more living adaptively in the land
The comparison between Protokaryotic and Eukaryotic Microorganisms
item Eukaryotic microorganisms Prokaryotic mocroorganisms
cell size larger(>5mm) smaller(<5mm)
major component of cell wall cellulose,chitin peptidoglycan
cytoplasm
mitochondria ＋ －
mesosome － ＋
lysosome ＋ －
Golgi body ＋ －
microtubule ＋ －
cache inclusion Starch et al,PHB et al,
ribisome 80S 70S
nucleus
nuclear
membrane
＋ －
nucleolus ＋ －
chromosome 1 to several piece,with
histone
1 piece,without histone
Cell Structure of Eukaryotic Microorganism
Cell Wall
yeast,mannan and glucan
fungi,chitin
Flagellum
Cytomembrane
9+2 type
sterol
lysosome
microbody
lomasome
hydrogenosome
Cytoplasma and Cell Nucleous
vacuole
microfilum
mitochondria
Section 1 Filamentous fungi——Molds
Fungi also are extensive to distribute in moist
place and are very important to mankind,the current
benefit is again harmful,At the vegetative stage,the
fungi mainly exit in a form of hypha,Mold is the
popularized name of filamentous fungi,There are
filamentous fungi nearly throughout the world,
Cited from,Taxonomic illustration of the fungal genus” edited by Zhou Maofan（ 1983）
Mycelium
Septate hyphae and
non-septate hyphae
Vegetative bodies
Septum of hypha
The structure of hypha
The cell structure of fungi
Cited from,Taxonomic illustration of the fungal genus” edited by Zhou Maofan（ 1983）
lomasome
lomasome of Bipolaris maydis
Cited from,General Mycology” edited by Xing Laijun and Li Mingchun（ 1999）
The structure of the hypha top,prolongation section,
rigidufication section,formation section of secondary
wall,maturation section,septum section,septa section
Cited from,Microbiological course” edited by Zhou Deqing（ 1993）
Hypha Structure
The top (prolongation section and rigidufication section),
maturation section,septum section and so on
Cited from,Taxonomic illustration of the fungal genus” edited by Zhou Maofan（ 1983）
Hyphal tissue
Pseudoparenchyma Prosenchyma
More Complicated Mycelium Tissue
sclerotium stroma
rhizomorph
Cited from,Taxonomic
illustration of the fungal genus”
edited by Zhou Maofan（ 1983）
Cited from,General Mycology”
edited by Xing Laijun and Li
Mingchun（ 1999）
sclerotia
Specialization of Hyphae
Specialized vegetative bodies
Fruiting bodies
rhizoid,haustorium,tenaculum,
hyphopodium,stolen,ring,net and
so on
Asexual,such as pycnidium
Sexual,such as perithecium
specialized vegetative bodies
rhizoid haustorium
Cited from,General Mycology” edited by Xing Laijun and Li Mingchun（ 1999）
specialized vegetative bodies
ring and net
ring
net
A ellworm being captured
by the rings under the
transmitted electronic
microscopy
specialized vegetative bodies
appresorium
infection hypha
appresorium a spore
bud
Reproduction
Asexual spores are formed by the aerial mycelium of
one organism,When these spores germinate,they
become organisms that are genetically identical to the
parent,
Sexual spores result from the fusion of nuclei from
two opposite mating strains of the same species of fungus,
Organisms that grow from sexual spores will have genetic
characteristics of both parental strains,
Asexual Fruiting Body
A,Zoosporangium and zoosporangiophore
B,Sporangium and sporangiophore
C,Conidium and conidiophore
D,Conidium and synnema
E,Conidium and pycnidium
F,Conidium and acervulus
G,Conidium and sporodochium
asexual fruiting bodies in Deuteromycotina
pycnidium
acervulus sporodochium
conidia
conidia
setae
The conidia of many fungi usually
form in a certain fruiting body,such
as pycnidium,sporodochium and
acervulus,
sporangium and sporangiophore
asexual fruiting bodies in Zygomycotina
Sexual Fruiting Body
A,Basidiocarp
B,Ascocarp
（ 1） Cleistotricium
（ 2） Perithecium
（ 3） Apothecium
（ 4） Ascostroma
Sexual Fruiting Body in Ascomycotina
Cleistotricium
Perithecium
Apothecium
Sexual Fruiting Bodies in Ascomycotina
Cleistotricium Perithecium Apothecium
Cited from,Microbiological course” edited by Zhou Deqing（ 1993）
Spores of Fungi
asexual spores
Lower fungi,zoospores,sporangiospores
Higher fungi,conidia,chlamydospores,ballistospores
Conidia of Penicillum
Penicillum sp,(× 1,560)
Penicillum sp,(× 3,220)
conidia of Aspergillus sp,chlamydospore
A fungal sexual spore results from sexual reproduction,
consisting of three phases,
1,A haploid nucleus of a donor cell (+) penetrates
the cytoplasm of a recipient cell (Plasmogamy),
2,The (+) and (-) nuclei fuse to form a diploid
zygote nucleus (Karyogamy),
3,By meiosis,the diploid nucleus gives rise to
haploid nuclei (sexual spores),some of which may
be genetic recombinants (Meiosis),
Sexual Spores
lower fungi,oospores(Mastigomycotina),
zygospores(Zygomycotina)
higher fungi,ascospores(Ascomycotina),
basidiospores(Basidiomycotina)
zygospores
sexual spores
basidium and ascospores
basidiospores
sexual spores
Item Spores of fungi Endospores of bacteria
size larger smaller
number several produced from a
hypha or a soma
one produced from a cell
shape various shape and colour simple shape
forming place ether in the cell or out the cell only in the cell
cell nucleus eukaryotic prokaryotic
function the most important
reproduction form
resistant structure,but
reproduction form
resistant to heat easily killed at 60~~70oC
rapidly
usually killed at more 100oC
and in several minutes
kinds producing
them
produced by most species produced by a little species
◎
The comparison between spores of fungi and endospores of bacteria
colony of mould
colony
Colony of spore colour mutant of Aspergillus nidulans
Section II Yeast
From the outer to the inner,
glucoprotein
?-glucan (dissoluble in alkalescent solution)
?-glucan (nonsoluble in alkalescent solution)
Component,
mannan,glucan,protein,lipid
glucanase,mannanase and other enzymes mainly in
protein
Morphology and structure of yeast cell
Cell wall
containing ergot sterol
cytomembrane
cell nucleus
Observed with the phase microscopy through
being cultured at 18~21% glutin medium
Containing DNA,RNA and chain polyphosphate
with incomplete 20-40 phosphate base
2 ?m plasmid（ 6kb）, 60~100/cell,its copy
regulated by the nucleus genome
Reproduction of Yeast
The wall of mother cell attenuates,The materials
synthesized newly is deposited,The dissepiment forms,
The filial cells deviates,
The mother cell,bud scar; the filial cell,birth scar
Asexual Reproduction
Budding
fission
Schizosaccharomyces sp,
Sexual Reproduction
This is a process that two cells with different shape and sex
carry through plasmogamy,karyogamy and meiosis and
bring spores,
The sketch map showing the formation
of yeast ascospores
Karyogamy(2N)
ascospoes（ N） soma（ N）
filial generation(N)
Plasmogamy(N+N)
budding
budding
The Life History of Yeast
The life historic type which the haploid and diploid
soma coexists,
germination
meiosis
filial generation(2N)
Characters
A,Asexual reproducition,budding
B,Sexual reproduction,bring 4 ascospores
C,With haploid and diploid soma
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Cited from,General Mycology” edited by Xing Laijun and Li Mingchun（ 1999）
soma(N) filial generation(N) plasmogamy
karyogamy(2N) ascospores(N)
fission
meiosis
The haploid type of life history (The diploid soma
cannot exist and live by itself.)
budding
Characters
A,The soma is haploid and the diploid
cannot live independently,
B,The method of asexual reproduction is
fission,
C,8 ascospores are brought by sexual
reproduction,
Schizosaccharomyces octosporus
Cited from,General Mycology” edited by Xing Laijun and Li Mingchun（ 1999）
Soma(2N) filial generation(2N)
ascospores(four) plasmogamy karyogamy
（ 2N） （ N+N） （ N）
budding
meiosis
The diploid type of life history (The haploid soma
cannot exist and live by itself.)
germination
A,The soma is diploid and the haploid
cannot live independently,
B,The method of asexual reproduction
is budding,
C,4 haploid ascospores are brought by
sexual reproduction,
characters
Sacchromycodes ludwigii
Cited from,General Mycology” edited by Xing Laijun and Li Mingchun（ 1999）
Colony of Yeast
drab color,usually milky white
being easy to pick,with trim or coarse rim edge
having vino aroma
Section III Mushroom
The mushroom (macrofungi) is used to indicate generally
those fungi that produce larger fruting bodies which partial
structure can be seen without the aid of instruments,Most of
macrofungi belong to the subphylum Basidiomycotina,few to
the Ascomycotina,
Evolution History
Cell Structure
Individual Development
Biological Charecters
Research Methods
Basidiocarp structure
The life history of
mushroom
The development of mushroom hyphae
The hyphae of mushroom are differentiated into
the first hypha with single nucleus,the secondary
hypha with two nucleus and the third hypha
composing basidiocarp,
The formation of clamp connection
Forming basidiocarp
The type structure of mushroom
Producing basidiospores
The formation of basidiospores
mildew and rot of corn,food,cloth and so
on
animal disease (such as grey nail and
tinea)
plant disease (rice blast,wheat rust)
toxin
Application of Fungi
Benefit aspect (such as industrial production)
citric acid,gluconic acid and other organic acid
cellulase,protease and other enzyme
penicillin,cephalosporin and other antibiotics
sauce,crème and other traditional flavor food
Harmful aspect
The Importance of Fungi
Enzyme Plant Disease
Organic acid Animal and mankind disease
Antibiotics Mould and rot
Alkaloid Toxin
Phytohormone
Biocontrol
Biotransformation
Sewage treatment
Scinetific Research
Fermentation
Edible mushroom
Experimental Model
References,
1,Zhou Deqing,Microbiological Course,2nd ed,Beijing,Higher
Education Press,2002
2,Shen Ping,Microbiology,Beijing,Higher Education Press,2000
3,Xing Laijun,Li Mingchun,General Mycology,Beijing,Higher
Education Press,1999
4,Madigan,MT,Martinko,JM,Parker,J,Brock’s Biology of
Microorganisms,8th ed,Prentice-Hall Inc.,Upper Saddle River,
NJ.1997
5,Prescott,L,Harley,JP,Klein,DA,Microbiology,5rd ed,Wm C,
Brown Communications Inc,Dubuque,IA,2002
6,Alexopoulos,CJ.,Mims,CW.,Blackwell,M,Introductory
Mycology,4th,ed,Ney York,John Wiley &Sons,Inc,869pp,
1996
