Chapter 2
Prokaryotic Microorganisms
Purpose
Predominate basic concepts of the
prokaryotic microorganism,
Study the basic form,cell structure,
reproduction method and cultural
characteristics of primary prokaryotic
microorganisms,
Comprehend the close relation between each
kind of prokaryotic microorganism and
humanity production and our life,
What is the prokaryotic microorganism?
It is an single-celled organism which doesn’t have a
nuclear membrane outside the cell nucleus and only
has the bare DNA called as the nuclear area,It is
entitled the generalized bacterium,
Main sorts of the prokaryotic microorganism,
According to shape characteristic,bacteria (narrow
sense),actinomycete,cyanobacteria,mycoplasma,ricket
tsia,chlamydia and spirochete,
According to physiological and biochemical Indices and
molecular biological characteristics,true bacteria and
Archaeum
Section 1 Bacteria
Bacteria (narrow sense) is a kind of procaryote,Its
special characters are that thin and short cell,simple
structure,tough cell wall,fissiparity of two parts and
stronger hydrophily trait,
Bacteric locations,aerosphere, water,soil,in the
body of propagation
Bacteric breed and quantity, various kinds,high
numbers
The influence of bacteria to human society,
1,harmful influence,it’s a kind of propagation
pathogens which cause the putrescence of food and
goods,
2.wholesome effect,the manufacture of bacteria
zymolytic products,agro-biological pesticide,the
product of bacterial manure,bacterial leaching,
microbial preparation,sewage management and so on,
I,Modality and bulk of bacteria
（ 1） Modality of bacteria
Basic form of bacteria unit,
globularity,rod shape and twist
(a) monococcus (b) diplococcus (c) tetracoccus (d) sarcina
(e) staphylococcus (f) streptococcus
Different shapes coccus
Different shapes bacilus
(a) coccobacillus
(b) single bacilus
(c) diplobacillus
(d) streptobacillus
Different shapes spirochete
(a) spirillum (b) leptospira (c) vibrio
cocci
bacilli
spirillum
Special types of bacteria
（ 2） bacterial size
Most of the bacterial cell diameter is about 0.5mm,and
the length is about 0.5~5 mm,However,reported the
diameter of the smallest nanobacteria is less than 0.05
mm,The largest coccus is Thiomargarita namibia，
whose diameter size is up to 100-750 μm,
model
construction
of bacterial cell
2,Cell structure
(1) cell wall
Conception of cell wall,Cell wall is the
most outside layer of cells which is thick and
tenacious,Its main ingredient is peptidoglycan,It
has many functions such as fixed shape,protecting
cells and so on,
The functions of cell wall, ① fix cell shape,
enhance its mechanical strength,and protect cells
from outside injury； ② It is necessary for cell growth,
division and flagellum movement ； ③ It can block
enzyme protein,antibiotics,and other harmful
substances into cells ； ④ It can give specific antigen
and pathogenicity to bacteria (e.g.,toxins),It is
closely related to the sensitivity of bacteria to
antibiotics and bacteriovirus,
Structure of cell wall about gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria
Types of cell wall,cell wall of gram-positive bacteria
cell wall of gram-negative bacteria
1.Cell wall structure of gram-positive bacteria
characteristic,thickness of cell wall is big between 20~80 nm,
Chemical composition is simple,which contains 90 percent
peptidoglycan and 10 percent Lipoteichoic acid,
(1)Titanium
Polysacchari,
Peptide Polysaccharid
is composed of
network molecules
formed by the short
peptides that one
Passing another,It is
the own element of
cellular wall,and it
constructs the hard
framework of the
cellular wall,
短肽交联
Polysaccharid chain
n （ M） （ G）
the monomer illustrate of Gram bacteria (+) cellular wall peptide Polysaccharide left,the connection
among simplified monomer molecules； Right,the constuctionof simplified monomer arrowhead
stands for the pot of bacteriolysis enzyme hydrolyze
The main 4 types of peptide bridge in peptide Polysaccharid molecules
type the connecting point of the
end of A peptide peptide bridge the connecting point of B peptide eg,
I 4th amino acid -CO.NH-connected directly 3th amino acid E,coli (G-)
II 4th amino acid -(Gly)5 3th amino acid S,aureus (G+)
III 4th amino acid -(the end of pepitide)1~2- 3th amino acid M,luteus (G+)
IV 4th amino acid -D-Lys- 2 th amino acid C,poinsettiae(G+)
（ 2） Teichoic acid
teichoic acid is a kind of acid polysaccharide,which combines with bacteria
cellular wall of Gram bacteria (+).It’s one of the Gram bacteria (+) bacterias
own elements,
The structure pattern of glycerin teichoic acid
（ left） and monomer (right)
The type of teichoic acid,
Acrording to the elements of Polysaccharid,
glycerin teichoic acid
ribose methyl teichoic acid
Acrording to the type of conbining molecules with the
wall and the distribution,
Wall teichoic acid
Lipoteichoic acid
The main physical function of teichoic acid,
① With it’s negative electric charge,teichoic acid can combine
with Mg2+ and other positive ions which present under
circumstances and increase these ions’ concentration which
ensures the requirement of maintaining hi-activity of some
compound enzyme that subsist on the cell thecrs,
② and to some G(+)(such as group A asstreptococcus),with
the help of teichoic acid(mainly theca teichoic acid )they can
conglutinate hosts,
③ special exterior antigen is endowed to G(+)④ It’s the special
adsorbing embracer of some phagocytes,
2.The cell wall structure of G-,
Characteristic,the layer of peptide polysaccharid is very
thin (only 2~3nm),there is another theca outside the layer
of peptide polysaccharid and its components is complex,
The wall ply of G- is thinner than G+ and its mechanical
intensity is frailer than G+’s
(1) The layer of peptide polysaccharid,
Characteristic （ take coliform for instance）,
?the layer of peptide polysaccharid is thin (2~3nm)
?The third of the end of tetrapeptide is not L-Lys,but M－
DAP,
?No special peptide bridge,the connection between its back-
and –forth 2 monomer is D-carboxyl of lactamine which is the
forth amino acid of a former telopeptide and M-carboxyl of
DAP which is the third amino acid of a back telopeptide
straightly,(It only can form a peptidoglycan meshwork of
estrangement and bad mechanical intension.)
(2) Ectoblast,
Characteristic,
a.It is the special structure of G- bacteria cell wall,which is at the
most Outer of the wall,
b,The chemic compositions are lipopolysaccharide,phosphatide
and some kinds of ectoblast albumens,
Function,a,Control the cell permeability
b,improve the concentration of Mg2+
c,decide the antigenicity of cell wall,
d,lipoid A is the basis of anatoxin
G- exosporium
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
structure of lipoid A in salmonella lipopolysaccharide
3.Gram staining
Composition gram positive bacteria gram negtive bacteria
gram stain reaction
Peptidoglycan
Content
Structure
Cell wall
Thickness
Layer arrangement
teichoic acid
lipopolysaccharide and
lipoid
lipoprotein
Sensitivity to
penicillin and
sulfanilamide
And the relation to
membrane
bacteria take on purple
High,30-95% of solid bacteria
Multilayers and compact
20-80nm,monolayer
Exists in most cases,high in
content(<50)
None in most cases
None in most cases
sensitive
Sensitive
loose
Bacteria take on red after being
decolored and restained
Low,5-20% of the solid bacteria
Mono or double lays loose
~10nm (8nm of theout membrane ),
multilayers
none
High content（ mainly in outmembrane
）
High content（ mainly in outmembrane）
insensitive
insensitive
Compact
Table,
The comparison of cell wall composition between gram positive bacteria and
gram negative bacteria
4,Defection of cell wall
Several types of defective cell wall or non cell wall bacteria,
a,Protoplast refers to the left cell only coated by cell membrane after
clearing inhere cell wall by lysozyme or restraining synthesis of cell
wall by penicillin,which is often seen in Gram-positive bacteria;
b,Sphaeroplast refers to the protoplasm which is the residue of part
of cell wall,which is often seen in Gram-negative bacteria;
③ L-form Bacteria,L-form Bacteria special refer
to transmissibility stable cell wall deficient strains,
shaped by its natural mutant in the laboratory,In
1935,Lister Research Institute of preventive
Medicine in England found out a kind of cell wall
deficient bacteria,formed by natural mutant.----
Streptobacillus moniliformis,it cell is big,and it is
sensitive to the osmotic pressure,engendering
small colonies in the solid culture media,like
omelette,because of the first letter of Lister
Research Institute is,L”,so named L-form
Bacteria,
(2) Cytoplasmic membrane
characteristic,
① The cell membrane of prokaryotes commonly not include
cholesterol and sterol (except Chlamydia),this is clearly
difference from eucaryote,Because Mutil- alkene antibiotic
can destroy the cell membrane of sterol,so it can inhibit the
mycoplasma and eucaryote,It is,however,not act to other
prokaryotic microorganism,
② Many gram-positive bacteria can form capsular
mesosome by cytoplasm construction-a body,which is fraught
with the bedded or fistular vesicles,mesosome have related
to the secretion of certain enzymes,such as penicillin enzyme;
also probablely related to the DNA replication,distribution and
cell division,
Bacillus fastidiosus
Mesosome
（ 3） Cytoplasm and inclusion body
Cytoplasm,The term cytoplasm refers to everything between
the cell membrane and the nuclear envelope,including all
translucent,jelly-like material and grains,The clearly difference
between prokaryotic microorganism and eucaryote is the
cytoplasm of prokaryotic microorganism can not float,
Cytoplasm composition,
Water,about 80%
Ribosome,(consist of 50S subunit and 30S subunit)
Various compounds,such as stromal ingredient,intermediate
metabolite,nourishing substance,large molecule and so on,
inclusion body,such as thylakoid,carboxysome,gasvesicle(or
parasporal body) and so on,(the larger shape granular
construction called inclusion in cytoplasm,including various
stock and carboxysome,gasvesicle and so on,
Poly-b-hydroxybutyrate( PHB）, it is a kind of carbon source storage,which
pertain to adipoid property,it plays role of store capacity,carbon source and reduce
cell osmotic pressure,As biological polymers,it has bright future of application,
Polyphosphate granules(PP）, because it can be
dyed magenta by methylene blue or 甲本胺蓝,so it
known as metachromatic granules,Components for
the keys are orthophosphoric acid linear polymer
monomer linked by esters,it plays an important part
in storing phosphorus,energy capacity and
reducing cell osmotic pressure,
趋磁水生螺菌
(Acuaspirillum magnetotacticum)
电镜照片
磁细菌在磁场中做波状迁移
链状排列的磁性颗粒
分离的磁小体
② Magnetosome,the ingredient is F3O4.outside,there are a layer of
phosphatide,protein or sugar protein parcels,it has oriented function,
c,Carboxysome lies in polygon or hexagon inclusions of some autotrophic bacterial
cells containing 1,5 ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase,where autotrophic bacterial
fix carbon dioxide,and which lies in Thiobacillus,Beggiatoa,nitrobacteria and some
cyanobacteria,
Carboxysome of thiobacilli is showed in the picture,
羧酶体
④ Gas vacuoles (blue)
and storage granules (red)
in the cyanobacterium
Microcystis
The formation of gas vacuoles by aquatic bacteria
provides a mechanism for adjusting the buoyancy
of the cell.Many aquatic cyanobacteria use their
gas vacuoles to move up and down in the water
column,
(D) Nuclear region （ prokaryon,nucleoid ）
nuclear region refers to the special non nuclear- membrane structure of
prokaryote and the non-fixing morphology original nucleus,
(E) Glycocalyx
Glycocalyx is sticky
substance secreted
by some bacteria
under a certain
nutritional condition,
which is coated
on the surface of
cell wall with
variable thickness,
（ b）
（ d）
（ a） Glycocalyx slime （ b） Slime Layer (c) fluorescence microphoto
(d) capsule
（ a）
（ c）
Types of glycocalyx,
a,With immobile layer coated on single cell
wall
capsule
microcapsule
slime layer
b,With several cells or a group of cells
coated
zoogloca
Major constituent of glycocalyx, polysaccharide,polypeptide or protein,
especially polysaccharide
Function of glycocalyx, a,protective action, Lots of polar
ionogens of it can protect thallus from damaging by drought or
absorbing and cracking by bacteriophage; some capsules of animal
pathogenic bacteria can also protect them from phagocytizing by host
leukocyte,for example,capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae can not
only adhere human’s pneogaster and fix planting,but also prevent
phagocytizing of leucocyte; b,preserve carbon source and energe
source to be ready for reusing when nutrition deficiency; c,as
permeability barrier or (and) ion exchange system to prevent bacteria
from poisoning of heavy-metal ion; d,surface adhesion action,for
example,Streptococcus salivarius which can bring decayed tooth will
secrete a kind of transhexosylase to change sugar into levans,and
make bacteria stick firmly on the surface of teeth,which will corrode
substantia adamantina of teeth and result in decayed tooth; e,
information identification between bacteria; f,product metabolism
waste,
(F) Flagellum (pl,flagella)
Flagellum is the filament and sinuate
proteinaceous appurtenance which grows on
the surface of bacterial,A bacterium has 1—
10 flagella which have motor function,
Flagellum is about 15~20μm long and
0.01~0.02μm in diameter,
1,Four basic types of flagellar arrangements
a,monotrichous b,amphitrichous
c,lophotrichous
d,peritrichous
Flagella are arranged differently on different bacteria,
In polar flagellation the flagella are attached at one or
both ends of the cell,Occasionally a tuft (group) of
flagella may arise at one end of the cell,an
arrangement called lophotrichous,In peritrichous
flagellation the flagella are inserted at many places
around the cell surface (peri means "around"),The
type of flagellation,polar or peritrichous,is often used
as a characteristic in the classification of bacteria,
2.Flagellate general structure
The flagellum of a Gram-negative bacterium
The filament of bacterial flagella is composed of
subunits of a protein called flagellin,
The base of the flagellum is different in structure from
that of the filament,There is a wider region at the base
of the flagellum called the hook,The hook consists of a
single type of protein and functions to connect the
filament to the motor portion of the flagellum,
The basal body is anchored in the cytoplasmic
membrane and cell wall,The basal body consists of a
small central rod that passes through a system of rings,
In gram-negative Bacteria,an outer ring is anchored in
the lipopolysaccharide layer and another in the
peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall,and an inner ring is
located within the cytoplasmic membrane,
In gram-positive Bacteria,which lack the outer
lipopolysaccharide layer,only the inner pair of rings is
present,Surrounding the inner ring and anchored in the
cytoplasmic membrane are a pair of proteins called
Mot, These proteins actually drive the flagellar motor
causing a torque that rotates the filament,A final set of
proteins,called the Fli proteins function as the motor
switch,reversing rotation of the flagella in response to
intracellular signals,
3.Mechanism of flagellar movement
― rotation theory‖
4.Flagellate function
Many prokaryotes are motile,and this ability to move
independently is usually due to a special structure,the
flagellum (plural,flagella),
(G) Fimbria and pili
E.coli （ fimbria）
(quote,―Foundations of
Microbiology‖)
1,Fimbriae can be evenly distributed over the entire
surface of the cell,They can number anywhere from a few
to several hundred per cell,Fimbriae allow a cell to adhere
to surfaces including the surfaces of other cells,
Photo of
Escherichia
coli,pili
(quoted
from― Founda
tions of
Microbiology)
2, Pilius is longer than fimbria with few amount,whose
structure and component is as same as fimbria,Each cell
has only one or several pili,
function,
to
participate
bacterial
conjugatio
n and to
transmit
germ
materials
(H) Special dormant structure--spore
Some bacteria can form a rounded or oval resting structure which
has thick wall,low water content and strong stress tolerance in the
late growth and development stage,which is called spore or
Endpspore,
Dominant species,
Bacillus and
Clostridium
1,Characteristics of spore
a.Spore is resting structure instead of
propagative structure
b,Spore has strong stress tolerance,
c,Dormant ability of spore is very
strong,
2,Schematic diagram of sporular structure
Spore coat
Cortex
Spore wall
Spore membrane
Spore cytoplast
Spore nucleus section
Spore extexine
Spore coat
3,Sporulate process
4,Heat-resistance molecular mechanism of spore
a.Cortex expansion osmoregulation theroy
b,Dipicolinic acid （ DPA） theroy
5,Parasporal crystal
Few bacillus,such as Bacillus thurgiensis
will produce a rhombic or biconic alkali
soluble protein crystal— δ endotoxin near new
spore,which is called parasporal crystal,Its
dry weight can be 30% of sporangium weight,and
it consists of eighteen amino acids。
This kind of bacteria producing parasporal
crystal can be made biotic pesticide--
bacterial insecticide which is in favor of
environmental protection,because parasporal
crystal can poision more than 200 kinds insects
especially lepidoptera larvage,
6,Other resting structure-- cyst
Cyst is a kind rounded siccocolous,no heat-
resistant hypopus which is formed when
azotobacteria especially azotobacter
vinelandi lack of nutritious because of
nutrient cellular extine accretion and cellular
dehydration,A nutrient cell is hypopus as
spores,because it can form a cyst only,Cyst
can bud and grow vegetatively under
feasible environment,
III,Reproduction and cultural
characteristics of bacteria
（ A） Reproduction of bacteria
Method of production is general Vegetative propagation,
Major method of production,binary fission
Few method,ternary fission ( e.g,sulfur bacteria)
multiple fission (e.g,minitype
campylodromous bacteria )
budding ( budding bacillus)
binary fission of bacillus Ternary fission of 格形暗网菌 multiple fission of Bdellovibrio
(B), Cultural characteristics of bacteria
Cultural characteristics refer to colonial
growing morphological characteristics of
bacteria in solid,semisolid and liquid medium,
Bacteria have their intrinsic cultural
characteristics,
1.Solid cultural characteristics of bacteria
Colony is a macroscopic group formed by a bacterium or spore in
the solid medium,
Colonial characteristics,It is humid,smooth,transparent,ropy,
easily to pick up and even,and it has same color on positive
or negative surface,edge or center,
Significance,It is one of indications of classification and
determination of microbe,
Bacterial lawn refers to much flaky
macroscopic of colony formed by many bacteria
or spores’ reproduction in the solid medium,
2,Semisolid cultural characteristics of
bacteria
Semisolid medium,containing 0.35-0.4% agar
Punchinoculation
Purpose,to observe their motility and whether
bacteria will diffuse and contain flafellum,
3,Liquid cultural characteristics of bacteria
They often present turbid and seldom
form deposition and pellicle,
A.Characteristics of actinomyces
1.What is actinomyce？
Actinomyce is a kind of mycelium with branches and filamentous bacterium
reproducing by spores,
2.Why does it belong to prokaryote?
a.Mycelium of it is unicell,which is thinner than fungoid and close to
bacteria;
b,Without nuclear membrane,nucleolus and mitochondria etc.,it belongs
to prokaryote with 70S ribosome;
c,Cell walls contain muramic acid,diaminopimelic acid,but don’t
contain chitin and cellulose,and Gram staining is masculine；
d,Environmental PH could be near neutral or tending to alkali,which is
similar to bacteria,but different from fungi (tending to acidity)；
e,Antibiotics which can restrain bacteria can also restrain
actinomycetes,while antibiotics which can restrain fungi can not restrain
actinomyces；
f,It is sensitive to lysozyme,
Section 2 Actinomyces
Chain of
conidiospores
Agar
surface
Substrate
mycelium
Aerial hyphae
The cross section of an actinomycete colony showing the substrate
mycelium and aerial mycelium with chains of conidiospores
Various types of
spore-bearing
structures on the
streptomyces
B,Morphology and structure of actinomycete
--- actinomycete of Streptomyces
1,Morphology and structure of streptomycete thallus
sporular
hyphae
spore
aerial hyphae
surface of medium
substrate mycelium
Chain of
conidiospores
Agar
surface
Substrate
mycelium
Aerial hyphae
The cross section of an actinomycete colony showing the substrate
mycelium and aerial mycelium with chains of conidiospores
a,Substrate mycelium (vegetative hypha,primary
mycelium) reptate in or on the surface of medium,
Absorbing nourishing substance and draining wastes of
metabolism are its primary functions,It has not
diaphragms except nocardin,which has 0.2-1.2μm
diameters and great difference lengths (100- 600μm),
It presents achromatic or all the colors of yellow,green,
orange,red,purple,blue,brown or black because of
producing water soluble or fat soluble pigments
b,Aerial hyphae (secondary mycelium) is substrate
mycelium outgrowing spaceward when it develops to a
certain stage,which is often dark and fatter than
substrate mycelium in 1-1.4μm diameter,and which is
straight or bending with branches and greatly different
lengths,
c,Sporular hypha
(breeding hypha,
gonimoblast) would
form after
differentiation of aerial
hyphae when it grows
to a certain stage,The
shape and tactic mode
of Sporular hypha is
different according to
its species,some are
straight and some are
undulation or volution,
the counts,spacing
degree and rotation
sense of which is the
characteristics of
spicies,
Type-scheme diagram of sporular hypha of actinomycete
Various types of spore-bearing
structures on the streptomyces Streptomyces spores,
called conidia,are not
related in any way to the
endospores of Bacillus
and Clostridium because
the streptomycete spores
are produced simply by
the formation of cross-
walls in the multinucleate
sporophores followed by
separation of the
individual cells directly
into spores,
d,Spore of actinmycete could be spherical,oval,rod and column
etc., The shapes and sizes of same sporular hypha are different
sometimes,As a result,species could not be distinguished by the
shapes and sizes only,The structural difference of spore surface
could be seen with electron microscope,some surfaces are
smoothing,some have miliary tubercles,spines or filiform,Spore is
often gray,white,yellow orange,blue and green,and the color it is
very stable under some medium and culturing condition,Surface
structure and color of spores are one of main references in
identifying actinomycetes species,
Structural pattern
diagram of sporular
form and surface
texturing of
actinomycetes
2,Morphology
and structure
of other
actinomycetes
C,Reproduction of actinomycetes
1,Conidium
When actinomycetes grow to a certain stage,
some aerial hyphaes form spore fiber,which
differentiate to many conidiophores,of Spores are
produced by two septum splitup modes,
(a) Invaginate of cytoplasmic membrane； (b) Invaginate of cytoplasmic membrane and cell walls
2,Sporangiospore
Some actinomycetes form cysts from curl hypha,
and septums and spores produce between cysts,After
maturation,cysts give off cystozoite,It can be formed
on aerial hyphae or substrate mycelium,
Forming process of 链孢霉孢子囊形成过程
(a) The initial forming stage of sporangium； (b) regrowing of sporagium and forming of septum inside； (c) mature sporangium and disordered sporangiospore
Sporangiospore
Sporangiospores are formed
within a sporangium
Conidiospores
3,Fracture of substrate mycelium
when vegetative hyphae maturates,
nocardia will come upon bacillar,globular
or dendroid conidiospores which have
uniform shape and size in crosscutting
split,
4,Any hyphal fragments
Actinomycetes can form new
mycelium by fractured fragments of
hypha,which can be seen in liquid
medium,They reproduce a lot in the way
during antibiotic production,Pellicle will
always form at the surface of medium and
spores will push out of pellicle during
static culture,
Section 3
mycoplasma,rickettsia,chlamydia
I,Mycoplasma
Mycoplasma are the procaryotic organism between bacteria and
rickettsia,They are naturally lack a cell wall,and often take on
ramose protonema when submerged cultured,so they are called
mycoplasma,
The mycoplasma which was first isolated named pleuropneumonia
mycoplasma,for it was from the cattle suffered from
pleuropneumonia,It was found in 1967 that mycoplasma were also
exist in the phloem of many plants such as mulberry and potato
which suffered from hexenbesen,In order to distinguish with the
mycoplasma infect animal,mycoplasma which infect plate are usually
called,mycoplasma-like organism”,
The biological meaning of mycoplasma are,many mycoplasma
cause diseases of animals such as cattle,sheep,goat,pig,birds and
human; some mycoplasma cause botanic diseases; often pollute
tissue culture in laboratory because of their filtration permeability,
1.Configuration and Size
Cells of mycoplasma are very small,
they are eyeable constrainedly under
optical microscope,Their diameter are
probably 150 ～ 300nm,usually about
250nm,so mycoplasma could
permeate bacterial colander,Mycoplasma
were deemed to be the least autotroph in
the whole biological universe,before
nanobacteria which are only 50～ 200 nm
were founded,
cells of mycoplasma are
polymorphous,variability and assume as
filiform and cladodromous with globosity
or differ length
Images of Mycoplasma pneumoniae,Show their
polymorphism.（ a） TEM image（ X47,880） ;（ b）
SEM image（ X26,000）,
2.Cytoarchitecture
Mycoplasma are lack a cell wall,cells are pliability,Gram-negative,
sensitive to osmotic pressure,sensitive to surfactant and alcohol
substance,not sensitive to the antibiotics such as penicillin,
cycloserine which could inhibit the synthesis of cell wall,
Cytolemma contain cholesterin,is quite sensitive to polyenic
antibiotics such as amphotericin and fungicidin,Cytolemma is also
quite sensitive to surfactant which destroy cytolemma structure and
liposoluble substance,
The genome of mycoplasma is very small,only about 0.6～ 1.1Mb
Configurable characteristic
1） Cytolemma contain sterol
2） lack of cell wall,not sensitive to the antibiotics which
inhibit the synthesis of cell wall
3）,fried egg colony”
4） genome is small,0.6~1.1Mb
5） binary fission and gemmation
3,Character of propagation
and culture
Mycoplasma usually propagation
by the way of binary fission
Mycoplasma are parasitism or
pythogenesis,could grow in
eutrophic media which contain
serum,yeast extraction or sterol
etc,
Character of colony,colony is
small,diameter usually is only
0.1～ 1mm,take on its own,fried
egg”shape,
Character of submerged
culture,no turbidity,
“fried egg”shape
II,Rickettsia
In 1909,a American doctor H,T,Ricketts（ 1871～ 1910）
first found the pathogen of typhus and died of this
disease in 1910,Because the genus of microbe are
obligatory parasitism and could not be artificially cultured,
and in order to commemorate the discoverer,the genus of
pathogen are called rickettsia,
Since 1972 many microbes which were like rickettsia
had been found from phloem of some sicken plant,In
order to distinguish with rickettsia which parasitize in
zooblast,they were named,rickettsia-like organism”
Biological meaning,are pathogen of human severe
zymosis such as,typhus,tsutsugamushi fever and Q
fever etc,Mainly cause human death by produce
endotoxin,
1） G-,parasitism （ have cell wall,could not life
independently,cell is big 0.3-2 μm）
2） Sensitive to heat,could be killed up 56℃ for 30min,
sensitive to antibiotics such as tetracycline,penicillin
and etc,
3） Propagate by binary fission,their parasitifer
commonly are arthropod,and could inroad into body
from wound,
4） Genome is small,1.1Mb,
5） Pathogenicity,propagate largely in blood of
parasitifer,and produce endotoxin,
Characteristic
rickettsia
1.Configuration and Size
The bulk of cell is 0.3～ 0.6μm× 0.8～ 2μm.The size is
similar to generic bacteria,but larger than mycoplasma
and chlamydia, have no filtration permeability,
The shape of cell is multiplicity,usually take on sphericity,
rod shape or filiform,
2.Cytoarchitecture
Rickettsia have cell wall,Gram-negative,Its cell wall
contains muramic acid and diaminopimelic acid,In
addition,Its cell wall contains lipopolysaccharide
complex which is similar to bacterial endotoxin,but its
lipid content is outclass common bacteria,
Because the cytolemma of rickettsia is loose,the
osmolarity is relatively large, This permeability
cytolemma allow rickettsia easily obtain some important
substance( include coenzymes such as NAD+ and
coenzyme A) from parasitifer,meanwhile,some
important substance also easily depart from rickettsia,
Genome of rickettsia is quite small,for example,the
genome of Rickettsia prowazeki is only 1.1Mb,contains
only 834 genes,
3,Resistivity
Rickettsia are sensitive to heat,could be
killed up 56℃ for 30min,Rickettsia are
sensitive to many antibiotics which resist
bacteria such as tetracycline,penicillin and etc,
4,Metabolic system
Exist energesis system,but lack intact
energesis metabolic pathway,Rickettsia could
not oxidateglucose or organic acid,they could
only oxidate glutamic acid and glutamine to
generate energy,so rickettsia would go dead
when leave parasitifer,
Rickettsia usually propagation by the way of
binary fission,They are strict intracellular
parasitism which is similar to virus,The majority
of rickettsia could not be cultured by artificial
media,it is need to use yolk bag of chichen
embryo,histiocyte of sensitive animal,and
sensitive laboratory animal to do secondary
culture,
Rickettsia need haematophagous arthropod
such as flea,acarid as the vector in their life cycle
to passage between animals,so rickettsia are
also called,entomophilous microbe”,
5,Character of propagation and culture
III,Chlamydia
Chlamydia are a genus of minitype Gram-negative
prokaryotic organism which obligate parasitize in
eukaryotic cells,They are called,energy
parasitism”because they need ATP from parasitifer for
have no energesis system,so chlamydia had been
deemed to be,large virus” for a long time,Chlamydia
are gradually proven to be a genus of special organism
with cytoarchitecture since professor Tang fei-fang
separated pathogen from trachoma in 1956,
Primary biological meaning,Chlamydia psittacosis
which cause zoonoses such as psittacosis and etc.,
Chlamydia trachomatis which cause human trachoma,
Chlamydia pneumoniae which cause pneumonia,
1,Configuration and Size
Chlamydia have two kinds of cellular configurations,one kind is extracellular of
parasitifer,named protomer which take on sphericity (diameter is smaller than
0.4μm) and have infectivity; another kind is indwell in endocellular of parasitifer,
named initial body or filoplasmodium which take on biggish sphericity( diameter
1～ 1.5μm),
2,Life cycle of Chlamydia
① Have cell wall with the character of Gram-negative,but
lack peptidoglycan;
② Have h a l f - b a k e d enzyme system,especially lack
energesis metabolic enzyme system;
③ Be sensitive to antibiotic and medication which inhibit
growth of bacteria,but are not sensitive to penicillin,
Chlamydia psittacosis has the resistivity tosulfanilamide;
④ Life style is strictly obligate endocellular parasitism,In
laboratory,Chlamydia could be cultured in yolk bag
membrane of chicken embryo,abdominal cavity of little
white rat,tissue culture cells,or HeLa cells;
⑤ Have special life cycle and two configuration,could form
endocellular occlusion body of parasitifer,
3,Character of Chlamydia
Section 4 Spirochaeta
Spirochaeta are a group of Gram-negative
unicellular prokaryotic organism whose
configuration and kinesiology are particular,
Spirochaeta were classified to animal because
their cells are slightness and pliancy,and could
make special bend twist or move like snake,
1,Configuration and Size of Spirochaeta
Cells are gracile,take on twist and have no flagellum,The
size of Spirochaeta is 0.1~3.0X3~500mm,
2,Conformation of Spirochaeta,protoplasmic
columniation,axial fiber,epitheca
3,Biological meaning
Spirochaeta are indwell water and animal,
The contagious venereal disease syphilis is
caused by Treponema pallidum,
Section 5 Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria are similar with Plant in some aspects,Such as,
they both contain chlorophyll a and photosynthesis Ⅱ,and have
photosynthesis with oxygen,were regarded as plant for a long
time,So they were called blue algae,But in fact,Cyanobacteria
are different from algae in many ways,Cyanobacteria do not
have chloroplast and eukaryon,have 70S ribosome,there are
peptide polysaccharide in their cell wall,They are sensitive with
penicillin and lysozyme,So Cyanobacteria was wiped in
bacteria,Cyanobacteria differ from photosynthetic bacteria
which are belonged to rhodospirillales,the latter process quite
cruder cyclic photophosphorylation,and do not give out oxygen,
were called anaerobe,
1,Morphology and Size
The size of Cyanobacteria cell is bigger than the
bacteria,is often 3~10μm,but some is also big as
60μm,
They have variety of morphology,single cell form as
ball or rod shape,many cells form as filiform,braid
filiform or twist,some have heterocyst,
Figure 1-25 Type form of some Cyanobacteria
1,Gloeothece 2,Synechococcus-group,3,Gloeocapsa-group,
4,Dermocarpa,5,Anabaena,6,Spirulina,7,Fischerella
2,Cellularity of Cyanobacteria
3,Heterocyst and Akinete
1) Heterocyst
Nitrogen Fixation
Function
2) Akinete
Dormancy Function
异形胞 ((H)和静息孢子 (A)
4,Propagation and cultural characteristic of Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria propagate with asexuality mode,
? Species with single cell propagate with binary fission or multiple
fission,
? Species with filiform often propagate with hormogonium which is
formed by protonema breaking-off,
? Few species as tracheid Cyanobacteria propagate with endospore,
Liquid culture of Cyanobacteria commonly do not appear
feculence,
5,Biological significance of Cyanobacteria
1） Contribution on biological evolution history,
Cyanobacteria are aerobic bacteria which live in pond,lake,river,sea and so
on,are archaic prokaryote with numerous and jumbled species,they made
significant for biological evolution in the earth phylogeny,because their
development made the earths atmosphere from non-oxygen state to oxygen
state,
Cyanobacteria distribute widely in a variety of water and soil,They can
symbiosis with some plant,as leaf cavity of Azolla and root of Cycas and
Gunnera,They have high resistance to poor condition and general nitrogen-
fixing capacity,so they have a good name of,Pioneering Organism”
2） Some Cyanobacteria with commercial value, Nostoc
flagelliforme,N,commune,Spirulina platensis and Helix
Alga on sale,
3） Some Cyanobacteria cause red tide and water bloom
which can pollute the lakes
Section 6 The Archaeobateria
The Archaeobateria are a crowd of single cell nucleus biology
which has a unique gene structure or the system growth
biology macro-molecule sequence,live with the extreme
habitat or the environment period of the life initial on the
Earth,live on self-supportive or other-supportive life; Has
the special physiological function,live in the environment
of superhigh temperature,the high potential of hydrogen,
high consistence of salt and non- oxygen condition; Has
the unique cell structure,as the cell wall skeleton is
protein or the vacation butcher wall acid,and the cell
membrane contains the glycerine ether linkage; As well as
in metabolism enzyme action way both is different with
the bacterium and is different with the really nuclear
biology,
Some bacteria which can
produce the methane,
(a) Henry methane spirillum;
(b) Shi methane bacillus brevis;
(c) Pakistan methane sarcina;
(d) Maze methane sarcina;
(e) cloth Methane bacillus;
(f) Black Sea methane bag
shape fungus
I,Morphology of Archaeobateria (ancient bacterium)
II,The structure and the chemical composition
of ancient bacterium
1,cell wall
Not contain the peptide polyose,also is called as
"mendosicutes",the cell wall ingredient does not contain the
butcher wall acid,the D amino acid and two aminos pimelic acid,
Because ancient bacterial cell wall bacteriolysin haven’t the
dissolve bacterium effect to ancient bacterial,Ancient ancient
bacterial cell wall have many kinds of special structures,like cell
wall which is composed by the vacation peptide polyose or the
acidic mixed polysaccharide,and be composed the cell wall by
the protein or glycoprotein sub-unit,at the same time it has the
fault peptide polyose and the glycoprotein outer layer cell wall
and so on,
The type of ancient bacterium cell wall structure
The structure of false peptide
polyose In methane bacilli cell
wall
The spiny
Four hydrogen spiny
(1) in the phosphatide the sparse water tail has the special long chain
hydrocarbon composition
2,Cell membrane
(2)Glycerine and hydrocarbon
are connected with special ether
linkage,
(3) Exist the unique monolayer membrane,or the
monolayer,the double molecular mix membrane,
(1) ribose body,The size is 70S,but its structure is similar to the
80S ribose body,its 16S the rRNA nucleotide order is unique,either
different with the real bacterium,or different with the really nuclear
biology,
(2) tRNA ingredient,Its nucleotide order is also special,and does
not have the thymine,The majority kind shifts in RNA that not to
contain the dihydro uracil,
(3) protein synthesis outset password,Begins with the methionine,
the same as really nuclear biology,
(4) The sensitivity on antibiotic,To these functions in the real
bacterium cell wall antibiotic like penicillin,the spore mildew
element and the D - cycloserine and so on is insensitive; Has the
inhibitory action to the real bacterium translation the chloromycetin
not to be insensitive; Has the inhibitory action to the really nuclear
biological translation the diphtheria toxin extremely to be actually
sensitive,In addition the ancient fungus is sensitive to the anise
mildew element but also has to the card that mildew element
insensitive characteristic with the real bacterium leaves,
3,Special biochemistry composition
4,The unique ecological condition
Under the extreme special ecological environment,some are
the strict anaerobes,some are the extremely addicted to salty
bacterium,the other is addicted to the hotly and sour bacterium,
III,The main species group of ancient bacterium
Ancient bacterium can be divide into 5 species groups,
1,Produces the methane ancient bacterium
2,The return to original state sulfate ancient bacterium
3,The extreme is ancient addicted to the salt ancient bacterium
4,Ultra addicted to hotly ancient bacterium
5,Heat source body
IV.The biology significance of ancient
bacterium
1.The ancient bacterium and the life origin
2,extreme microorganism enzyme and its
latent application value,
Section 7
Classification and the main species
Sergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology,the 9th edition of this
Manual divide original nucleus organism into four species groups by the
characteristic of cellular wall.All of these the species number of thin-wall-
bacilli and thick- wall- bacilli is the largest,
Species groups I,thin-wall-bacilli (Gran,negative bacilli)
Group 1, The dark bacterium outline (does not carry on
photosynthesis)
Group 2,Does not produce the oxygen photosynthesis bacterium
outline (photosynthesis bacterium,does not produce oxygen)
Group 3,Produces the oxygen photosynthesis bacterium outline
(photosynthesis bacterium,produces oxygen)
species groups II,thick- wall-bacterium (Gran,masculine bacilli)
Group 1,Thick wall bacterium outline
Group 2,radioactive bacterium outline
species groups III,non-wall bacilli
Group 1,The supple membrane bacterium outline (lacks cell wall
protoplast)
species groups IV,mendosicutes bacilli
Group 1,Ancient bacterium outline
Category’s model
Model specific----A typical specific in the Category
Bacillus
Bacillus subtilis (Cohn,1872)
Type strain,ATCC 6051
=DSM 10
=CCTCC AB 92068
category’s name Specific name Define person years
Preserve institution
And
Preserve ID
Specific
epithet
References
Prescott LM,Harley JP,and Klein DA.,Microbiology (5th ed.),Higher education
press and McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.2002
Michael TM,John MM,Jack P,Brock.,Biology of Micoorganisms,International
edition,Pearson Education,Inc.2003
Talaro K,P,Foundations in Microbiology (Fifth Edition),Higher education press
and McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.2005
Zhou De-qing,Microbiology textbook,second edition,high education publishing
house,2002
Prokaryotic Microorganisms
Purpose
Predominate basic concepts of the
prokaryotic microorganism,
Study the basic form,cell structure,
reproduction method and cultural
characteristics of primary prokaryotic
microorganisms,
Comprehend the close relation between each
kind of prokaryotic microorganism and
humanity production and our life,
What is the prokaryotic microorganism?
It is an single-celled organism which doesn’t have a
nuclear membrane outside the cell nucleus and only
has the bare DNA called as the nuclear area,It is
entitled the generalized bacterium,
Main sorts of the prokaryotic microorganism,
According to shape characteristic,bacteria (narrow
sense),actinomycete,cyanobacteria,mycoplasma,ricket
tsia,chlamydia and spirochete,
According to physiological and biochemical Indices and
molecular biological characteristics,true bacteria and
Archaeum
Section 1 Bacteria
Bacteria (narrow sense) is a kind of procaryote,Its
special characters are that thin and short cell,simple
structure,tough cell wall,fissiparity of two parts and
stronger hydrophily trait,
Bacteric locations,aerosphere, water,soil,in the
body of propagation
Bacteric breed and quantity, various kinds,high
numbers
The influence of bacteria to human society,
1,harmful influence,it’s a kind of propagation
pathogens which cause the putrescence of food and
goods,
2.wholesome effect,the manufacture of bacteria
zymolytic products,agro-biological pesticide,the
product of bacterial manure,bacterial leaching,
microbial preparation,sewage management and so on,
I,Modality and bulk of bacteria
（ 1） Modality of bacteria
Basic form of bacteria unit,
globularity,rod shape and twist
(a) monococcus (b) diplococcus (c) tetracoccus (d) sarcina
(e) staphylococcus (f) streptococcus
Different shapes coccus
Different shapes bacilus
(a) coccobacillus
(b) single bacilus
(c) diplobacillus
(d) streptobacillus
Different shapes spirochete
(a) spirillum (b) leptospira (c) vibrio
cocci
bacilli
spirillum
Special types of bacteria
（ 2） bacterial size
Most of the bacterial cell diameter is about 0.5mm,and
the length is about 0.5~5 mm,However,reported the
diameter of the smallest nanobacteria is less than 0.05
mm,The largest coccus is Thiomargarita namibia，
whose diameter size is up to 100-750 μm,
model
construction
of bacterial cell
2,Cell structure
(1) cell wall
Conception of cell wall,Cell wall is the
most outside layer of cells which is thick and
tenacious,Its main ingredient is peptidoglycan,It
has many functions such as fixed shape,protecting
cells and so on,
The functions of cell wall, ① fix cell shape,
enhance its mechanical strength,and protect cells
from outside injury； ② It is necessary for cell growth,
division and flagellum movement ； ③ It can block
enzyme protein,antibiotics,and other harmful
substances into cells ； ④ It can give specific antigen
and pathogenicity to bacteria (e.g.,toxins),It is
closely related to the sensitivity of bacteria to
antibiotics and bacteriovirus,
Structure of cell wall about gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria
Types of cell wall,cell wall of gram-positive bacteria
cell wall of gram-negative bacteria
1.Cell wall structure of gram-positive bacteria
characteristic,thickness of cell wall is big between 20~80 nm,
Chemical composition is simple,which contains 90 percent
peptidoglycan and 10 percent Lipoteichoic acid,
(1)Titanium
Polysacchari,
Peptide Polysaccharid
is composed of
network molecules
formed by the short
peptides that one
Passing another,It is
the own element of
cellular wall,and it
constructs the hard
framework of the
cellular wall,
短肽交联
Polysaccharid chain
n （ M） （ G）
the monomer illustrate of Gram bacteria (+) cellular wall peptide Polysaccharide left,the connection
among simplified monomer molecules； Right,the constuctionof simplified monomer arrowhead
stands for the pot of bacteriolysis enzyme hydrolyze
The main 4 types of peptide bridge in peptide Polysaccharid molecules
type the connecting point of the
end of A peptide peptide bridge the connecting point of B peptide eg,
I 4th amino acid -CO.NH-connected directly 3th amino acid E,coli (G-)
II 4th amino acid -(Gly)5 3th amino acid S,aureus (G+)
III 4th amino acid -(the end of pepitide)1~2- 3th amino acid M,luteus (G+)
IV 4th amino acid -D-Lys- 2 th amino acid C,poinsettiae(G+)
（ 2） Teichoic acid
teichoic acid is a kind of acid polysaccharide,which combines with bacteria
cellular wall of Gram bacteria (+).It’s one of the Gram bacteria (+) bacterias
own elements,
The structure pattern of glycerin teichoic acid
（ left） and monomer (right)
The type of teichoic acid,
Acrording to the elements of Polysaccharid,
glycerin teichoic acid
ribose methyl teichoic acid
Acrording to the type of conbining molecules with the
wall and the distribution,
Wall teichoic acid
Lipoteichoic acid
The main physical function of teichoic acid,
① With it’s negative electric charge,teichoic acid can combine
with Mg2+ and other positive ions which present under
circumstances and increase these ions’ concentration which
ensures the requirement of maintaining hi-activity of some
compound enzyme that subsist on the cell thecrs,
② and to some G(+)(such as group A asstreptococcus),with
the help of teichoic acid(mainly theca teichoic acid )they can
conglutinate hosts,
③ special exterior antigen is endowed to G(+)④ It’s the special
adsorbing embracer of some phagocytes,
2.The cell wall structure of G-,
Characteristic,the layer of peptide polysaccharid is very
thin (only 2~3nm),there is another theca outside the layer
of peptide polysaccharid and its components is complex,
The wall ply of G- is thinner than G+ and its mechanical
intensity is frailer than G+’s
(1) The layer of peptide polysaccharid,
Characteristic （ take coliform for instance）,
?the layer of peptide polysaccharid is thin (2~3nm)
?The third of the end of tetrapeptide is not L-Lys,but M－
DAP,
?No special peptide bridge,the connection between its back-
and –forth 2 monomer is D-carboxyl of lactamine which is the
forth amino acid of a former telopeptide and M-carboxyl of
DAP which is the third amino acid of a back telopeptide
straightly,(It only can form a peptidoglycan meshwork of
estrangement and bad mechanical intension.)
(2) Ectoblast,
Characteristic,
a.It is the special structure of G- bacteria cell wall,which is at the
most Outer of the wall,
b,The chemic compositions are lipopolysaccharide,phosphatide
and some kinds of ectoblast albumens,
Function,a,Control the cell permeability
b,improve the concentration of Mg2+
c,decide the antigenicity of cell wall,
d,lipoid A is the basis of anatoxin
G- exosporium
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
structure of lipoid A in salmonella lipopolysaccharide
3.Gram staining
Composition gram positive bacteria gram negtive bacteria
gram stain reaction
Peptidoglycan
Content
Structure
Cell wall
Thickness
Layer arrangement
teichoic acid
lipopolysaccharide and
lipoid
lipoprotein
Sensitivity to
penicillin and
sulfanilamide
And the relation to
membrane
bacteria take on purple
High,30-95% of solid bacteria
Multilayers and compact
20-80nm,monolayer
Exists in most cases,high in
content(<50)
None in most cases
None in most cases
sensitive
Sensitive
loose
Bacteria take on red after being
decolored and restained
Low,5-20% of the solid bacteria
Mono or double lays loose
~10nm (8nm of theout membrane ),
multilayers
none
High content（ mainly in outmembrane
）
High content（ mainly in outmembrane）
insensitive
insensitive
Compact
Table,
The comparison of cell wall composition between gram positive bacteria and
gram negative bacteria
4,Defection of cell wall
Several types of defective cell wall or non cell wall bacteria,
a,Protoplast refers to the left cell only coated by cell membrane after
clearing inhere cell wall by lysozyme or restraining synthesis of cell
wall by penicillin,which is often seen in Gram-positive bacteria;
b,Sphaeroplast refers to the protoplasm which is the residue of part
of cell wall,which is often seen in Gram-negative bacteria;
③ L-form Bacteria,L-form Bacteria special refer
to transmissibility stable cell wall deficient strains,
shaped by its natural mutant in the laboratory,In
1935,Lister Research Institute of preventive
Medicine in England found out a kind of cell wall
deficient bacteria,formed by natural mutant.----
Streptobacillus moniliformis,it cell is big,and it is
sensitive to the osmotic pressure,engendering
small colonies in the solid culture media,like
omelette,because of the first letter of Lister
Research Institute is,L”,so named L-form
Bacteria,
(2) Cytoplasmic membrane
characteristic,
① The cell membrane of prokaryotes commonly not include
cholesterol and sterol (except Chlamydia),this is clearly
difference from eucaryote,Because Mutil- alkene antibiotic
can destroy the cell membrane of sterol,so it can inhibit the
mycoplasma and eucaryote,It is,however,not act to other
prokaryotic microorganism,
② Many gram-positive bacteria can form capsular
mesosome by cytoplasm construction-a body,which is fraught
with the bedded or fistular vesicles,mesosome have related
to the secretion of certain enzymes,such as penicillin enzyme;
also probablely related to the DNA replication,distribution and
cell division,
Bacillus fastidiosus
Mesosome
（ 3） Cytoplasm and inclusion body
Cytoplasm,The term cytoplasm refers to everything between
the cell membrane and the nuclear envelope,including all
translucent,jelly-like material and grains,The clearly difference
between prokaryotic microorganism and eucaryote is the
cytoplasm of prokaryotic microorganism can not float,
Cytoplasm composition,
Water,about 80%
Ribosome,(consist of 50S subunit and 30S subunit)
Various compounds,such as stromal ingredient,intermediate
metabolite,nourishing substance,large molecule and so on,
inclusion body,such as thylakoid,carboxysome,gasvesicle(or
parasporal body) and so on,(the larger shape granular
construction called inclusion in cytoplasm,including various
stock and carboxysome,gasvesicle and so on,
Poly-b-hydroxybutyrate( PHB）, it is a kind of carbon source storage,which
pertain to adipoid property,it plays role of store capacity,carbon source and reduce
cell osmotic pressure,As biological polymers,it has bright future of application,
Polyphosphate granules(PP）, because it can be
dyed magenta by methylene blue or 甲本胺蓝,so it
known as metachromatic granules,Components for
the keys are orthophosphoric acid linear polymer
monomer linked by esters,it plays an important part
in storing phosphorus,energy capacity and
reducing cell osmotic pressure,
趋磁水生螺菌
(Acuaspirillum magnetotacticum)
电镜照片
磁细菌在磁场中做波状迁移
链状排列的磁性颗粒
分离的磁小体
② Magnetosome,the ingredient is F3O4.outside,there are a layer of
phosphatide,protein or sugar protein parcels,it has oriented function,
c,Carboxysome lies in polygon or hexagon inclusions of some autotrophic bacterial
cells containing 1,5 ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase,where autotrophic bacterial
fix carbon dioxide,and which lies in Thiobacillus,Beggiatoa,nitrobacteria and some
cyanobacteria,
Carboxysome of thiobacilli is showed in the picture,
羧酶体
④ Gas vacuoles (blue)
and storage granules (red)
in the cyanobacterium
Microcystis
The formation of gas vacuoles by aquatic bacteria
provides a mechanism for adjusting the buoyancy
of the cell.Many aquatic cyanobacteria use their
gas vacuoles to move up and down in the water
column,
(D) Nuclear region （ prokaryon,nucleoid ）
nuclear region refers to the special non nuclear- membrane structure of
prokaryote and the non-fixing morphology original nucleus,
(E) Glycocalyx
Glycocalyx is sticky
substance secreted
by some bacteria
under a certain
nutritional condition,
which is coated
on the surface of
cell wall with
variable thickness,
（ b）
（ d）
（ a） Glycocalyx slime （ b） Slime Layer (c) fluorescence microphoto
(d) capsule
（ a）
（ c）
Types of glycocalyx,
a,With immobile layer coated on single cell
wall
capsule
microcapsule
slime layer
b,With several cells or a group of cells
coated
zoogloca
Major constituent of glycocalyx, polysaccharide,polypeptide or protein,
especially polysaccharide
Function of glycocalyx, a,protective action, Lots of polar
ionogens of it can protect thallus from damaging by drought or
absorbing and cracking by bacteriophage; some capsules of animal
pathogenic bacteria can also protect them from phagocytizing by host
leukocyte,for example,capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae can not
only adhere human’s pneogaster and fix planting,but also prevent
phagocytizing of leucocyte; b,preserve carbon source and energe
source to be ready for reusing when nutrition deficiency; c,as
permeability barrier or (and) ion exchange system to prevent bacteria
from poisoning of heavy-metal ion; d,surface adhesion action,for
example,Streptococcus salivarius which can bring decayed tooth will
secrete a kind of transhexosylase to change sugar into levans,and
make bacteria stick firmly on the surface of teeth,which will corrode
substantia adamantina of teeth and result in decayed tooth; e,
information identification between bacteria; f,product metabolism
waste,
(F) Flagellum (pl,flagella)
Flagellum is the filament and sinuate
proteinaceous appurtenance which grows on
the surface of bacterial,A bacterium has 1—
10 flagella which have motor function,
Flagellum is about 15~20μm long and
0.01~0.02μm in diameter,
1,Four basic types of flagellar arrangements
a,monotrichous b,amphitrichous
c,lophotrichous
d,peritrichous
Flagella are arranged differently on different bacteria,
In polar flagellation the flagella are attached at one or
both ends of the cell,Occasionally a tuft (group) of
flagella may arise at one end of the cell,an
arrangement called lophotrichous,In peritrichous
flagellation the flagella are inserted at many places
around the cell surface (peri means "around"),The
type of flagellation,polar or peritrichous,is often used
as a characteristic in the classification of bacteria,
2.Flagellate general structure
The flagellum of a Gram-negative bacterium
The filament of bacterial flagella is composed of
subunits of a protein called flagellin,
The base of the flagellum is different in structure from
that of the filament,There is a wider region at the base
of the flagellum called the hook,The hook consists of a
single type of protein and functions to connect the
filament to the motor portion of the flagellum,
The basal body is anchored in the cytoplasmic
membrane and cell wall,The basal body consists of a
small central rod that passes through a system of rings,
In gram-negative Bacteria,an outer ring is anchored in
the lipopolysaccharide layer and another in the
peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall,and an inner ring is
located within the cytoplasmic membrane,
In gram-positive Bacteria,which lack the outer
lipopolysaccharide layer,only the inner pair of rings is
present,Surrounding the inner ring and anchored in the
cytoplasmic membrane are a pair of proteins called
Mot, These proteins actually drive the flagellar motor
causing a torque that rotates the filament,A final set of
proteins,called the Fli proteins function as the motor
switch,reversing rotation of the flagella in response to
intracellular signals,
3.Mechanism of flagellar movement
― rotation theory‖
4.Flagellate function
Many prokaryotes are motile,and this ability to move
independently is usually due to a special structure,the
flagellum (plural,flagella),
(G) Fimbria and pili
E.coli （ fimbria）
(quote,―Foundations of
Microbiology‖)
1,Fimbriae can be evenly distributed over the entire
surface of the cell,They can number anywhere from a few
to several hundred per cell,Fimbriae allow a cell to adhere
to surfaces including the surfaces of other cells,
Photo of
Escherichia
coli,pili
(quoted
from― Founda
tions of
Microbiology)
2, Pilius is longer than fimbria with few amount,whose
structure and component is as same as fimbria,Each cell
has only one or several pili,
function,
to
participate
bacterial
conjugatio
n and to
transmit
germ
materials
(H) Special dormant structure--spore
Some bacteria can form a rounded or oval resting structure which
has thick wall,low water content and strong stress tolerance in the
late growth and development stage,which is called spore or
Endpspore,
Dominant species,
Bacillus and
Clostridium
1,Characteristics of spore
a.Spore is resting structure instead of
propagative structure
b,Spore has strong stress tolerance,
c,Dormant ability of spore is very
strong,
2,Schematic diagram of sporular structure
Spore coat
Cortex
Spore wall
Spore membrane
Spore cytoplast
Spore nucleus section
Spore extexine
Spore coat
3,Sporulate process
4,Heat-resistance molecular mechanism of spore
a.Cortex expansion osmoregulation theroy
b,Dipicolinic acid （ DPA） theroy
5,Parasporal crystal
Few bacillus,such as Bacillus thurgiensis
will produce a rhombic or biconic alkali
soluble protein crystal— δ endotoxin near new
spore,which is called parasporal crystal,Its
dry weight can be 30% of sporangium weight,and
it consists of eighteen amino acids。
This kind of bacteria producing parasporal
crystal can be made biotic pesticide--
bacterial insecticide which is in favor of
environmental protection,because parasporal
crystal can poision more than 200 kinds insects
especially lepidoptera larvage,
6,Other resting structure-- cyst
Cyst is a kind rounded siccocolous,no heat-
resistant hypopus which is formed when
azotobacteria especially azotobacter
vinelandi lack of nutritious because of
nutrient cellular extine accretion and cellular
dehydration,A nutrient cell is hypopus as
spores,because it can form a cyst only,Cyst
can bud and grow vegetatively under
feasible environment,
III,Reproduction and cultural
characteristics of bacteria
（ A） Reproduction of bacteria
Method of production is general Vegetative propagation,
Major method of production,binary fission
Few method,ternary fission ( e.g,sulfur bacteria)
multiple fission (e.g,minitype
campylodromous bacteria )
budding ( budding bacillus)
binary fission of bacillus Ternary fission of 格形暗网菌 multiple fission of Bdellovibrio
(B), Cultural characteristics of bacteria
Cultural characteristics refer to colonial
growing morphological characteristics of
bacteria in solid,semisolid and liquid medium,
Bacteria have their intrinsic cultural
characteristics,
1.Solid cultural characteristics of bacteria
Colony is a macroscopic group formed by a bacterium or spore in
the solid medium,
Colonial characteristics,It is humid,smooth,transparent,ropy,
easily to pick up and even,and it has same color on positive
or negative surface,edge or center,
Significance,It is one of indications of classification and
determination of microbe,
Bacterial lawn refers to much flaky
macroscopic of colony formed by many bacteria
or spores’ reproduction in the solid medium,
2,Semisolid cultural characteristics of
bacteria
Semisolid medium,containing 0.35-0.4% agar
Punchinoculation
Purpose,to observe their motility and whether
bacteria will diffuse and contain flafellum,
3,Liquid cultural characteristics of bacteria
They often present turbid and seldom
form deposition and pellicle,
A.Characteristics of actinomyces
1.What is actinomyce？
Actinomyce is a kind of mycelium with branches and filamentous bacterium
reproducing by spores,
2.Why does it belong to prokaryote?
a.Mycelium of it is unicell,which is thinner than fungoid and close to
bacteria;
b,Without nuclear membrane,nucleolus and mitochondria etc.,it belongs
to prokaryote with 70S ribosome;
c,Cell walls contain muramic acid,diaminopimelic acid,but don’t
contain chitin and cellulose,and Gram staining is masculine；
d,Environmental PH could be near neutral or tending to alkali,which is
similar to bacteria,but different from fungi (tending to acidity)；
e,Antibiotics which can restrain bacteria can also restrain
actinomycetes,while antibiotics which can restrain fungi can not restrain
actinomyces；
f,It is sensitive to lysozyme,
Section 2 Actinomyces
Chain of
conidiospores
Agar
surface
Substrate
mycelium
Aerial hyphae
The cross section of an actinomycete colony showing the substrate
mycelium and aerial mycelium with chains of conidiospores
Various types of
spore-bearing
structures on the
streptomyces
B,Morphology and structure of actinomycete
--- actinomycete of Streptomyces
1,Morphology and structure of streptomycete thallus
sporular
hyphae
spore
aerial hyphae
surface of medium
substrate mycelium
Chain of
conidiospores
Agar
surface
Substrate
mycelium
Aerial hyphae
The cross section of an actinomycete colony showing the substrate
mycelium and aerial mycelium with chains of conidiospores
a,Substrate mycelium (vegetative hypha,primary
mycelium) reptate in or on the surface of medium,
Absorbing nourishing substance and draining wastes of
metabolism are its primary functions,It has not
diaphragms except nocardin,which has 0.2-1.2μm
diameters and great difference lengths (100- 600μm),
It presents achromatic or all the colors of yellow,green,
orange,red,purple,blue,brown or black because of
producing water soluble or fat soluble pigments
b,Aerial hyphae (secondary mycelium) is substrate
mycelium outgrowing spaceward when it develops to a
certain stage,which is often dark and fatter than
substrate mycelium in 1-1.4μm diameter,and which is
straight or bending with branches and greatly different
lengths,
c,Sporular hypha
(breeding hypha,
gonimoblast) would
form after
differentiation of aerial
hyphae when it grows
to a certain stage,The
shape and tactic mode
of Sporular hypha is
different according to
its species,some are
straight and some are
undulation or volution,
the counts,spacing
degree and rotation
sense of which is the
characteristics of
spicies,
Type-scheme diagram of sporular hypha of actinomycete
Various types of spore-bearing
structures on the streptomyces Streptomyces spores,
called conidia,are not
related in any way to the
endospores of Bacillus
and Clostridium because
the streptomycete spores
are produced simply by
the formation of cross-
walls in the multinucleate
sporophores followed by
separation of the
individual cells directly
into spores,
d,Spore of actinmycete could be spherical,oval,rod and column
etc., The shapes and sizes of same sporular hypha are different
sometimes,As a result,species could not be distinguished by the
shapes and sizes only,The structural difference of spore surface
could be seen with electron microscope,some surfaces are
smoothing,some have miliary tubercles,spines or filiform,Spore is
often gray,white,yellow orange,blue and green,and the color it is
very stable under some medium and culturing condition,Surface
structure and color of spores are one of main references in
identifying actinomycetes species,
Structural pattern
diagram of sporular
form and surface
texturing of
actinomycetes
2,Morphology
and structure
of other
actinomycetes
C,Reproduction of actinomycetes
1,Conidium
When actinomycetes grow to a certain stage,
some aerial hyphaes form spore fiber,which
differentiate to many conidiophores,of Spores are
produced by two septum splitup modes,
(a) Invaginate of cytoplasmic membrane； (b) Invaginate of cytoplasmic membrane and cell walls
2,Sporangiospore
Some actinomycetes form cysts from curl hypha,
and septums and spores produce between cysts,After
maturation,cysts give off cystozoite,It can be formed
on aerial hyphae or substrate mycelium,
Forming process of 链孢霉孢子囊形成过程
(a) The initial forming stage of sporangium； (b) regrowing of sporagium and forming of septum inside； (c) mature sporangium and disordered sporangiospore
Sporangiospore
Sporangiospores are formed
within a sporangium
Conidiospores
3,Fracture of substrate mycelium
when vegetative hyphae maturates,
nocardia will come upon bacillar,globular
or dendroid conidiospores which have
uniform shape and size in crosscutting
split,
4,Any hyphal fragments
Actinomycetes can form new
mycelium by fractured fragments of
hypha,which can be seen in liquid
medium,They reproduce a lot in the way
during antibiotic production,Pellicle will
always form at the surface of medium and
spores will push out of pellicle during
static culture,
Section 3
mycoplasma,rickettsia,chlamydia
I,Mycoplasma
Mycoplasma are the procaryotic organism between bacteria and
rickettsia,They are naturally lack a cell wall,and often take on
ramose protonema when submerged cultured,so they are called
mycoplasma,
The mycoplasma which was first isolated named pleuropneumonia
mycoplasma,for it was from the cattle suffered from
pleuropneumonia,It was found in 1967 that mycoplasma were also
exist in the phloem of many plants such as mulberry and potato
which suffered from hexenbesen,In order to distinguish with the
mycoplasma infect animal,mycoplasma which infect plate are usually
called,mycoplasma-like organism”,
The biological meaning of mycoplasma are,many mycoplasma
cause diseases of animals such as cattle,sheep,goat,pig,birds and
human; some mycoplasma cause botanic diseases; often pollute
tissue culture in laboratory because of their filtration permeability,
1.Configuration and Size
Cells of mycoplasma are very small,
they are eyeable constrainedly under
optical microscope,Their diameter are
probably 150 ～ 300nm,usually about
250nm,so mycoplasma could
permeate bacterial colander,Mycoplasma
were deemed to be the least autotroph in
the whole biological universe,before
nanobacteria which are only 50～ 200 nm
were founded,
cells of mycoplasma are
polymorphous,variability and assume as
filiform and cladodromous with globosity
or differ length
Images of Mycoplasma pneumoniae,Show their
polymorphism.（ a） TEM image（ X47,880） ;（ b）
SEM image（ X26,000）,
2.Cytoarchitecture
Mycoplasma are lack a cell wall,cells are pliability,Gram-negative,
sensitive to osmotic pressure,sensitive to surfactant and alcohol
substance,not sensitive to the antibiotics such as penicillin,
cycloserine which could inhibit the synthesis of cell wall,
Cytolemma contain cholesterin,is quite sensitive to polyenic
antibiotics such as amphotericin and fungicidin,Cytolemma is also
quite sensitive to surfactant which destroy cytolemma structure and
liposoluble substance,
The genome of mycoplasma is very small,only about 0.6～ 1.1Mb
Configurable characteristic
1） Cytolemma contain sterol
2） lack of cell wall,not sensitive to the antibiotics which
inhibit the synthesis of cell wall
3）,fried egg colony”
4） genome is small,0.6~1.1Mb
5） binary fission and gemmation
3,Character of propagation
and culture
Mycoplasma usually propagation
by the way of binary fission
Mycoplasma are parasitism or
pythogenesis,could grow in
eutrophic media which contain
serum,yeast extraction or sterol
etc,
Character of colony,colony is
small,diameter usually is only
0.1～ 1mm,take on its own,fried
egg”shape,
Character of submerged
culture,no turbidity,
“fried egg”shape
II,Rickettsia
In 1909,a American doctor H,T,Ricketts（ 1871～ 1910）
first found the pathogen of typhus and died of this
disease in 1910,Because the genus of microbe are
obligatory parasitism and could not be artificially cultured,
and in order to commemorate the discoverer,the genus of
pathogen are called rickettsia,
Since 1972 many microbes which were like rickettsia
had been found from phloem of some sicken plant,In
order to distinguish with rickettsia which parasitize in
zooblast,they were named,rickettsia-like organism”
Biological meaning,are pathogen of human severe
zymosis such as,typhus,tsutsugamushi fever and Q
fever etc,Mainly cause human death by produce
endotoxin,
1） G-,parasitism （ have cell wall,could not life
independently,cell is big 0.3-2 μm）
2） Sensitive to heat,could be killed up 56℃ for 30min,
sensitive to antibiotics such as tetracycline,penicillin
and etc,
3） Propagate by binary fission,their parasitifer
commonly are arthropod,and could inroad into body
from wound,
4） Genome is small,1.1Mb,
5） Pathogenicity,propagate largely in blood of
parasitifer,and produce endotoxin,
Characteristic
rickettsia
1.Configuration and Size
The bulk of cell is 0.3～ 0.6μm× 0.8～ 2μm.The size is
similar to generic bacteria,but larger than mycoplasma
and chlamydia, have no filtration permeability,
The shape of cell is multiplicity,usually take on sphericity,
rod shape or filiform,
2.Cytoarchitecture
Rickettsia have cell wall,Gram-negative,Its cell wall
contains muramic acid and diaminopimelic acid,In
addition,Its cell wall contains lipopolysaccharide
complex which is similar to bacterial endotoxin,but its
lipid content is outclass common bacteria,
Because the cytolemma of rickettsia is loose,the
osmolarity is relatively large, This permeability
cytolemma allow rickettsia easily obtain some important
substance( include coenzymes such as NAD+ and
coenzyme A) from parasitifer,meanwhile,some
important substance also easily depart from rickettsia,
Genome of rickettsia is quite small,for example,the
genome of Rickettsia prowazeki is only 1.1Mb,contains
only 834 genes,
3,Resistivity
Rickettsia are sensitive to heat,could be
killed up 56℃ for 30min,Rickettsia are
sensitive to many antibiotics which resist
bacteria such as tetracycline,penicillin and etc,
4,Metabolic system
Exist energesis system,but lack intact
energesis metabolic pathway,Rickettsia could
not oxidateglucose or organic acid,they could
only oxidate glutamic acid and glutamine to
generate energy,so rickettsia would go dead
when leave parasitifer,
Rickettsia usually propagation by the way of
binary fission,They are strict intracellular
parasitism which is similar to virus,The majority
of rickettsia could not be cultured by artificial
media,it is need to use yolk bag of chichen
embryo,histiocyte of sensitive animal,and
sensitive laboratory animal to do secondary
culture,
Rickettsia need haematophagous arthropod
such as flea,acarid as the vector in their life cycle
to passage between animals,so rickettsia are
also called,entomophilous microbe”,
5,Character of propagation and culture
III,Chlamydia
Chlamydia are a genus of minitype Gram-negative
prokaryotic organism which obligate parasitize in
eukaryotic cells,They are called,energy
parasitism”because they need ATP from parasitifer for
have no energesis system,so chlamydia had been
deemed to be,large virus” for a long time,Chlamydia
are gradually proven to be a genus of special organism
with cytoarchitecture since professor Tang fei-fang
separated pathogen from trachoma in 1956,
Primary biological meaning,Chlamydia psittacosis
which cause zoonoses such as psittacosis and etc.,
Chlamydia trachomatis which cause human trachoma,
Chlamydia pneumoniae which cause pneumonia,
1,Configuration and Size
Chlamydia have two kinds of cellular configurations,one kind is extracellular of
parasitifer,named protomer which take on sphericity (diameter is smaller than
0.4μm) and have infectivity; another kind is indwell in endocellular of parasitifer,
named initial body or filoplasmodium which take on biggish sphericity( diameter
1～ 1.5μm),
2,Life cycle of Chlamydia
① Have cell wall with the character of Gram-negative,but
lack peptidoglycan;
② Have h a l f - b a k e d enzyme system,especially lack
energesis metabolic enzyme system;
③ Be sensitive to antibiotic and medication which inhibit
growth of bacteria,but are not sensitive to penicillin,
Chlamydia psittacosis has the resistivity tosulfanilamide;
④ Life style is strictly obligate endocellular parasitism,In
laboratory,Chlamydia could be cultured in yolk bag
membrane of chicken embryo,abdominal cavity of little
white rat,tissue culture cells,or HeLa cells;
⑤ Have special life cycle and two configuration,could form
endocellular occlusion body of parasitifer,
3,Character of Chlamydia
Section 4 Spirochaeta
Spirochaeta are a group of Gram-negative
unicellular prokaryotic organism whose
configuration and kinesiology are particular,
Spirochaeta were classified to animal because
their cells are slightness and pliancy,and could
make special bend twist or move like snake,
1,Configuration and Size of Spirochaeta
Cells are gracile,take on twist and have no flagellum,The
size of Spirochaeta is 0.1~3.0X3~500mm,
2,Conformation of Spirochaeta,protoplasmic
columniation,axial fiber,epitheca
3,Biological meaning
Spirochaeta are indwell water and animal,
The contagious venereal disease syphilis is
caused by Treponema pallidum,
Section 5 Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria are similar with Plant in some aspects,Such as,
they both contain chlorophyll a and photosynthesis Ⅱ,and have
photosynthesis with oxygen,were regarded as plant for a long
time,So they were called blue algae,But in fact,Cyanobacteria
are different from algae in many ways,Cyanobacteria do not
have chloroplast and eukaryon,have 70S ribosome,there are
peptide polysaccharide in their cell wall,They are sensitive with
penicillin and lysozyme,So Cyanobacteria was wiped in
bacteria,Cyanobacteria differ from photosynthetic bacteria
which are belonged to rhodospirillales,the latter process quite
cruder cyclic photophosphorylation,and do not give out oxygen,
were called anaerobe,
1,Morphology and Size
The size of Cyanobacteria cell is bigger than the
bacteria,is often 3~10μm,but some is also big as
60μm,
They have variety of morphology,single cell form as
ball or rod shape,many cells form as filiform,braid
filiform or twist,some have heterocyst,
Figure 1-25 Type form of some Cyanobacteria
1,Gloeothece 2,Synechococcus-group,3,Gloeocapsa-group,
4,Dermocarpa,5,Anabaena,6,Spirulina,7,Fischerella
2,Cellularity of Cyanobacteria
3,Heterocyst and Akinete
1) Heterocyst
Nitrogen Fixation
Function
2) Akinete
Dormancy Function
异形胞 ((H)和静息孢子 (A)
4,Propagation and cultural characteristic of Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria propagate with asexuality mode,
? Species with single cell propagate with binary fission or multiple
fission,
? Species with filiform often propagate with hormogonium which is
formed by protonema breaking-off,
? Few species as tracheid Cyanobacteria propagate with endospore,
Liquid culture of Cyanobacteria commonly do not appear
feculence,
5,Biological significance of Cyanobacteria
1） Contribution on biological evolution history,
Cyanobacteria are aerobic bacteria which live in pond,lake,river,sea and so
on,are archaic prokaryote with numerous and jumbled species,they made
significant for biological evolution in the earth phylogeny,because their
development made the earths atmosphere from non-oxygen state to oxygen
state,
Cyanobacteria distribute widely in a variety of water and soil,They can
symbiosis with some plant,as leaf cavity of Azolla and root of Cycas and
Gunnera,They have high resistance to poor condition and general nitrogen-
fixing capacity,so they have a good name of,Pioneering Organism”
2） Some Cyanobacteria with commercial value, Nostoc
flagelliforme,N,commune,Spirulina platensis and Helix
Alga on sale,
3） Some Cyanobacteria cause red tide and water bloom
which can pollute the lakes
Section 6 The Archaeobateria
The Archaeobateria are a crowd of single cell nucleus biology
which has a unique gene structure or the system growth
biology macro-molecule sequence,live with the extreme
habitat or the environment period of the life initial on the
Earth,live on self-supportive or other-supportive life; Has
the special physiological function,live in the environment
of superhigh temperature,the high potential of hydrogen,
high consistence of salt and non- oxygen condition; Has
the unique cell structure,as the cell wall skeleton is
protein or the vacation butcher wall acid,and the cell
membrane contains the glycerine ether linkage; As well as
in metabolism enzyme action way both is different with
the bacterium and is different with the really nuclear
biology,
Some bacteria which can
produce the methane,
(a) Henry methane spirillum;
(b) Shi methane bacillus brevis;
(c) Pakistan methane sarcina;
(d) Maze methane sarcina;
(e) cloth Methane bacillus;
(f) Black Sea methane bag
shape fungus
I,Morphology of Archaeobateria (ancient bacterium)
II,The structure and the chemical composition
of ancient bacterium
1,cell wall
Not contain the peptide polyose,also is called as
"mendosicutes",the cell wall ingredient does not contain the
butcher wall acid,the D amino acid and two aminos pimelic acid,
Because ancient bacterial cell wall bacteriolysin haven’t the
dissolve bacterium effect to ancient bacterial,Ancient ancient
bacterial cell wall have many kinds of special structures,like cell
wall which is composed by the vacation peptide polyose or the
acidic mixed polysaccharide,and be composed the cell wall by
the protein or glycoprotein sub-unit,at the same time it has the
fault peptide polyose and the glycoprotein outer layer cell wall
and so on,
The type of ancient bacterium cell wall structure
The structure of false peptide
polyose In methane bacilli cell
wall
The spiny
Four hydrogen spiny
(1) in the phosphatide the sparse water tail has the special long chain
hydrocarbon composition
2,Cell membrane
(2)Glycerine and hydrocarbon
are connected with special ether
linkage,
(3) Exist the unique monolayer membrane,or the
monolayer,the double molecular mix membrane,
(1) ribose body,The size is 70S,but its structure is similar to the
80S ribose body,its 16S the rRNA nucleotide order is unique,either
different with the real bacterium,or different with the really nuclear
biology,
(2) tRNA ingredient,Its nucleotide order is also special,and does
not have the thymine,The majority kind shifts in RNA that not to
contain the dihydro uracil,
(3) protein synthesis outset password,Begins with the methionine,
the same as really nuclear biology,
(4) The sensitivity on antibiotic,To these functions in the real
bacterium cell wall antibiotic like penicillin,the spore mildew
element and the D - cycloserine and so on is insensitive; Has the
inhibitory action to the real bacterium translation the chloromycetin
not to be insensitive; Has the inhibitory action to the really nuclear
biological translation the diphtheria toxin extremely to be actually
sensitive,In addition the ancient fungus is sensitive to the anise
mildew element but also has to the card that mildew element
insensitive characteristic with the real bacterium leaves,
3,Special biochemistry composition
4,The unique ecological condition
Under the extreme special ecological environment,some are
the strict anaerobes,some are the extremely addicted to salty
bacterium,the other is addicted to the hotly and sour bacterium,
III,The main species group of ancient bacterium
Ancient bacterium can be divide into 5 species groups,
1,Produces the methane ancient bacterium
2,The return to original state sulfate ancient bacterium
3,The extreme is ancient addicted to the salt ancient bacterium
4,Ultra addicted to hotly ancient bacterium
5,Heat source body
IV.The biology significance of ancient
bacterium
1.The ancient bacterium and the life origin
2,extreme microorganism enzyme and its
latent application value,
Section 7
Classification and the main species
Sergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology,the 9th edition of this
Manual divide original nucleus organism into four species groups by the
characteristic of cellular wall.All of these the species number of thin-wall-
bacilli and thick- wall- bacilli is the largest,
Species groups I,thin-wall-bacilli (Gran,negative bacilli)
Group 1, The dark bacterium outline (does not carry on
photosynthesis)
Group 2,Does not produce the oxygen photosynthesis bacterium
outline (photosynthesis bacterium,does not produce oxygen)
Group 3,Produces the oxygen photosynthesis bacterium outline
(photosynthesis bacterium,produces oxygen)
species groups II,thick- wall-bacterium (Gran,masculine bacilli)
Group 1,Thick wall bacterium outline
Group 2,radioactive bacterium outline
species groups III,non-wall bacilli
Group 1,The supple membrane bacterium outline (lacks cell wall
protoplast)
species groups IV,mendosicutes bacilli
Group 1,Ancient bacterium outline
Category’s model
Model specific----A typical specific in the Category
Bacillus
Bacillus subtilis (Cohn,1872)
Type strain,ATCC 6051
=DSM 10
=CCTCC AB 92068
category’s name Specific name Define person years
Preserve institution
And
Preserve ID
Specific
epithet
References
Prescott LM,Harley JP,and Klein DA.,Microbiology (5th ed.),Higher education
press and McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.2002
Michael TM,John MM,Jack P,Brock.,Biology of Micoorganisms,International
edition,Pearson Education,Inc.2003
Talaro K,P,Foundations in Microbiology (Fifth Edition),Higher education press
and McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.2005
Zhou De-qing,Microbiology textbook,second edition,high education publishing
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