Unit 3
Word Formation,compounding
Compounding is a process
of word formation by
which two independent
words are put together to
make one word,The word
formed in this way is
called c o m p o u n d
A,According to orthographic criterion,
compounds are written in three ways:
1) solid,such as bedtime
2)hyphenated,such as above-
mentioned
3) open,such as reading material
Phonologically,compounds can often
be identified as having a main stress on
the first element and a secondary stress
on t h e s e c o n d e l e m e n t,
`old /friends
`new /friends
`pure /scientists
Semantically,compounds can often
be identified as, having a meaning
which may be related to but can not
simply be inferred from the meaning
of its parts.
A darkroom is not just a room that is
dark,rather a room used for
photographic processing.
1.
Noun Compounds
In politics:
a hot line,a telephone line
for swift communication in
e m e r g e n c i e s b e t w e e n
Moscow and Washington.
(热线 )
hard-liner,a person following an
uncompromising or extreme policy
In economics:
unit pricing,the pricing of a
commodity expressed per unit of
weight,volume,etc,(单价与兑价分标
法 )
siege economics,extremely strict
economical measures
(极其严格的节约措施 )
In military fields:
cruise missile,a low-flying
subsonic guided missile (巡航
导弹 )
laser bomb,bomb guided by
laser 激光导弹
fox-bat (狐蝠式战斗机 )
In science and technology:
black hole,a hypothetical
celestial region formed from a
collapsed star,(黑洞 )
biological clock,inherent mechanism that
regulates cyclic physiological process in a
living organism.(生物钟 )
strobe light,higher intensity flashing light
频闪放电管
In social life:
identity crisis,a state of psychological
confusion in one's personality.个性危机
group therapy,the treatment of a group
of patients in regular sessions where
problems are shared in group discussion:
小组疗法
encounter group,a group of
people who meet to develop
understanding of others by
honest exchange of feelings,
op inions,etc.交朋友小组
shield law,a law that pretexts
journalists from forced
disclosure of
confidential news sources.新闻来
源保障法
answering service,a commercial
service that answers telephone
calls for its clients.营利性的
代客接听电话的服务处
demand scheduling,flight
scheduling on the part an
airline according to the
specific demand of a
passenger.
按乘客要求安排航空旅行日程,
silence vow,a vow to keep
silence about something secret
保守秘密誓词
heartbeat,The heart
beats.
revolving door,the door
that revolves
The analysis of the noun
compound structures:
1,subject + predicate:
2,predicate + object:
pickpocket,to pick the pocket
housekeeping,to keep the house
3,Verb + adverbial:
There are five kinds in this
type:
a) a prepositional phrase used as
an adverbial
(a)The adverbial relation of place:
diving board,diving from the board
living room,live in a room
waiting room,wait in a room
(b)The instrumental relation of an
adverbial:
sewing machine,sew with a machine
walking stick,walk with a machine
参见 258
4,subject + object:
steamboat,The steam powers
the boat.
honey bee,The bee produces
honey
5,appositive:
a peasant girl,a girl
who is a peasant
a,an off-the-cuff opinion
临时想起的意见
b,round-the-clock discussion
连续 24小时的讨论会
c,on-the-spot observation
2,Compound Adjectives:
1) the compound adjectives coming
from adverbials:
d,the ahead-of-
schedule general
election
提前举行的大选
e,an off-camera
announcer
影屏外的播音员
f,the first on-
scene attempt to
detect life on Mars
实景考察
a,a back-up generator
备用发电机
b,a stand-up collar
竖领
c,a walk-in closet
人可以走进去的大壁橱
d,a see-through shirt
透明的衬衫
2) the compound adjectives coming
from the phrasal verbs:
3) the compound adjectives coming
from infinitive phrases:
a,take-home pay
b,a cross-border
raid
c,a keep-fit
class（ 保健班）
a,an easy-to-paint portrait
b,a difficult-to-operate
machine
c,hard-to-get-at volumes
4) compound adjectives coming
from the compressed attributive
clauses:
d,a can't-be-put-down book
e,a never-to-be-forgotten
event
f,his higher-than-average
wages
T h e w o m e n h a v e
outgrown the jumping-
onto-the-chair-at -the-
sight-of -a-mouse era.
1) The common way to form a
compound verb is by means of
back -formation,The back-
formation is a process of word
formation by which a word is
created by dropping the supposed
or imagined affixes:
3,Compound Verbs:
d,air-condition,from air-
conditioning
a,mass-produce,from mass
production
b,window-dress,from window-
dressing布置橱窗
c,proof-read,from proof-reader
e,edit,from editor
f,automate; automation
g,gloom,from goomy
h,greed,from greedy
I,to window-shop,from window-shopping:
look at displays of goods in store
windows without entering the stores to
buy anything.
j,baby-sit,from
baby-sitting,care
f o r c h i l d r e n,
usually during a
short absence of
t h e p a r e n t s,
2) A compound verb can also be
formed by means of analogy:
a,chain-
drink,from
chain-smoke
b,bottle-feed:
feed from a
bottle,from
breast- feed,
feed from a
mother's breast
From the stylistic point of view:
1,usu,used as colloquialisms:
e.g,a,Don't nit-pick with me.
( find fault with me )
b,He sweet-talked her into
not being so sore.
( coax by flattery )
2,usu,used in news reports:
e.g,After leaving Washington he
job-hopped,serving briefly as
operating vice-president of the
bank.
(job-hop,change jobs frequently)
hand-wash,to wash
by hand
cold rinse,to
rinse in the cold
water
3,in advertisements:
warm iron,to iron
with moderate heat
Line dry （一晾就干）
drip-dry（滴干；易快速晾干）
e.g.
Leave all that out and
remember only that Hugh
Hefiner is a man who
chain-drinks Pepsis.
From the viewpoint of
communicative function and
communicative value:
1) humorous:
2) terse:
a,Cans are flash-cooked for six
seconds rather than sterilised for 60
minutes.
( flash-cook,to cook by a very
short exposure to intense heat )
b,So far I have press-shown 18 films.
( press-show,show to the press
before public presentation )
e.g.
He announced a series of
surprise summit meetings that
will have him jet-hopping from
island to island.
( jet-hop,travel from place to
place by jetcraft )
3) vivid and impressive
Word Formation,compounding
Compounding is a process
of word formation by
which two independent
words are put together to
make one word,The word
formed in this way is
called c o m p o u n d
A,According to orthographic criterion,
compounds are written in three ways:
1) solid,such as bedtime
2)hyphenated,such as above-
mentioned
3) open,such as reading material
Phonologically,compounds can often
be identified as having a main stress on
the first element and a secondary stress
on t h e s e c o n d e l e m e n t,
`old /friends
`new /friends
`pure /scientists
Semantically,compounds can often
be identified as, having a meaning
which may be related to but can not
simply be inferred from the meaning
of its parts.
A darkroom is not just a room that is
dark,rather a room used for
photographic processing.
1.
Noun Compounds
In politics:
a hot line,a telephone line
for swift communication in
e m e r g e n c i e s b e t w e e n
Moscow and Washington.
(热线 )
hard-liner,a person following an
uncompromising or extreme policy
In economics:
unit pricing,the pricing of a
commodity expressed per unit of
weight,volume,etc,(单价与兑价分标
法 )
siege economics,extremely strict
economical measures
(极其严格的节约措施 )
In military fields:
cruise missile,a low-flying
subsonic guided missile (巡航
导弹 )
laser bomb,bomb guided by
laser 激光导弹
fox-bat (狐蝠式战斗机 )
In science and technology:
black hole,a hypothetical
celestial region formed from a
collapsed star,(黑洞 )
biological clock,inherent mechanism that
regulates cyclic physiological process in a
living organism.(生物钟 )
strobe light,higher intensity flashing light
频闪放电管
In social life:
identity crisis,a state of psychological
confusion in one's personality.个性危机
group therapy,the treatment of a group
of patients in regular sessions where
problems are shared in group discussion:
小组疗法
encounter group,a group of
people who meet to develop
understanding of others by
honest exchange of feelings,
op inions,etc.交朋友小组
shield law,a law that pretexts
journalists from forced
disclosure of
confidential news sources.新闻来
源保障法
answering service,a commercial
service that answers telephone
calls for its clients.营利性的
代客接听电话的服务处
demand scheduling,flight
scheduling on the part an
airline according to the
specific demand of a
passenger.
按乘客要求安排航空旅行日程,
silence vow,a vow to keep
silence about something secret
保守秘密誓词
heartbeat,The heart
beats.
revolving door,the door
that revolves
The analysis of the noun
compound structures:
1,subject + predicate:
2,predicate + object:
pickpocket,to pick the pocket
housekeeping,to keep the house
3,Verb + adverbial:
There are five kinds in this
type:
a) a prepositional phrase used as
an adverbial
(a)The adverbial relation of place:
diving board,diving from the board
living room,live in a room
waiting room,wait in a room
(b)The instrumental relation of an
adverbial:
sewing machine,sew with a machine
walking stick,walk with a machine
参见 258
4,subject + object:
steamboat,The steam powers
the boat.
honey bee,The bee produces
honey
5,appositive:
a peasant girl,a girl
who is a peasant
a,an off-the-cuff opinion
临时想起的意见
b,round-the-clock discussion
连续 24小时的讨论会
c,on-the-spot observation
2,Compound Adjectives:
1) the compound adjectives coming
from adverbials:
d,the ahead-of-
schedule general
election
提前举行的大选
e,an off-camera
announcer
影屏外的播音员
f,the first on-
scene attempt to
detect life on Mars
实景考察
a,a back-up generator
备用发电机
b,a stand-up collar
竖领
c,a walk-in closet
人可以走进去的大壁橱
d,a see-through shirt
透明的衬衫
2) the compound adjectives coming
from the phrasal verbs:
3) the compound adjectives coming
from infinitive phrases:
a,take-home pay
b,a cross-border
raid
c,a keep-fit
class（ 保健班）
a,an easy-to-paint portrait
b,a difficult-to-operate
machine
c,hard-to-get-at volumes
4) compound adjectives coming
from the compressed attributive
clauses:
d,a can't-be-put-down book
e,a never-to-be-forgotten
event
f,his higher-than-average
wages
T h e w o m e n h a v e
outgrown the jumping-
onto-the-chair-at -the-
sight-of -a-mouse era.
1) The common way to form a
compound verb is by means of
back -formation,The back-
formation is a process of word
formation by which a word is
created by dropping the supposed
or imagined affixes:
3,Compound Verbs:
d,air-condition,from air-
conditioning
a,mass-produce,from mass
production
b,window-dress,from window-
dressing布置橱窗
c,proof-read,from proof-reader
e,edit,from editor
f,automate; automation
g,gloom,from goomy
h,greed,from greedy
I,to window-shop,from window-shopping:
look at displays of goods in store
windows without entering the stores to
buy anything.
j,baby-sit,from
baby-sitting,care
f o r c h i l d r e n,
usually during a
short absence of
t h e p a r e n t s,
2) A compound verb can also be
formed by means of analogy:
a,chain-
drink,from
chain-smoke
b,bottle-feed:
feed from a
bottle,from
breast- feed,
feed from a
mother's breast
From the stylistic point of view:
1,usu,used as colloquialisms:
e.g,a,Don't nit-pick with me.
( find fault with me )
b,He sweet-talked her into
not being so sore.
( coax by flattery )
2,usu,used in news reports:
e.g,After leaving Washington he
job-hopped,serving briefly as
operating vice-president of the
bank.
(job-hop,change jobs frequently)
hand-wash,to wash
by hand
cold rinse,to
rinse in the cold
water
3,in advertisements:
warm iron,to iron
with moderate heat
Line dry （一晾就干）
drip-dry（滴干；易快速晾干）
e.g.
Leave all that out and
remember only that Hugh
Hefiner is a man who
chain-drinks Pepsis.
From the viewpoint of
communicative function and
communicative value:
1) humorous:
2) terse:
a,Cans are flash-cooked for six
seconds rather than sterilised for 60
minutes.
( flash-cook,to cook by a very
short exposure to intense heat )
b,So far I have press-shown 18 films.
( press-show,show to the press
before public presentation )
e.g.
He announced a series of
surprise summit meetings that
will have him jet-hopping from
island to island.
( jet-hop,travel from place to
place by jetcraft )
3) vivid and impressive
