Chapter 4
Blending,Backformation and Shortening
Blending is a process of
word formation by which a
word is created by combining
parts of other words,Words
formed in this way are
called blends,From
morphological viewpoints,
there are four types of
blending:
botel,boat + hotel 汽艇游客
旅馆
smaze,smoke + haze 烟霾
advertistics,advertising +
statistics 广告统计学
1,The first part of the first
word + the last part of the
second word:
autocide,automobile + suicide
撞车自杀
altiport,altitude + airport
高山短距起落机场
ballute,balloon + parachute
减速汽球
chunnel,channel + tunnel
海峡隧道
lunacast,lunar + telecast
登月电视广播
carbecue,car + barbecue
一种用火烤法处理废弃车辆
的熔车装置
jazzotheque,jazz + discotheque
爵士音乐夜总会
lunarnaut,lunar + astronaut
登月宇宙航行员
2,the whole part of the first
word + last part of the second
word:
Nixonomics,Nixon + economics
尼克松的经济政策
workfare, work + welfare
工作福利
helipad,helicopter + pad
直升飞机升降场
medicaid,medical + aid
美国的医疗补助方案
medicare,medical + care
医疗照顾方案
3,the whole form of the second
word + the first part of the
first word:
Eurasian,Europe + Asian
欧亚混血儿
motown,motor + town
汽车城
psywar,psychological + warfare
心里战
Amerind,American + Indian
美洲印第安人
memcon,memorandum + conversation
谈话记录
4,the first part of the first
word + the first part of the
second word:
sitcom,situation + comedy
情景喜剧
comint,communications + intelligence
通讯情报
humint,human + intelligence
间谍情报
comsat,communications + satellite
通讯卫星
The words formed in this way are
often regarded as nonce words.
However,some words have been
accepted into standard English
such as brunch,smog,motel.
It seems in scientific fields,this
process of word formation is
especially useful in lexicalizing a
scientific concept:
telex,teleprinter + exchange
用户直通电报
pulsar,pulse + quasar 脉冲星
skylab,sky + laboratory
空中实验室
biorhythm,
biological + rhythm
生理节奏
mascon,
mass + concentration
质量密集
Some of the blends are especially
effective in certain contexts:
e.g A longtime Nixon backer,he
assumes a dawk stance on the
problem.
dawk,dove + hawk
介乎鸽派和鹰派之间的中间人物
e.g,The whole area have been
turned into one huge autopia.
autopia,auto + utopia
轿车适宜行驶的地区
Backformation
Backformation is a process of
word formation by which a word
is formed by deleting the
s u p p o s e d a f f i x e s,
1,From nouns
a,peddle,from
peddler
b,burgle,from
burglar
c,beg,from
beggar
d,orate,from
orator
e,auth,from author
f,emote,from emotion
g,caretake,from caretaker
h,free-associate,from
free-association
i,enthuse,from enthusiasm
2,From adjectives
a,peeve,from peevish
b,gloom,from gloomy
c,frivol,from frivolous
d,cose or coze,from cosy
e,laze,from lazy
f,greed,from greedy
g,grue,from gruesome
3,By dropping the supposed
prefix
a,flappable,from unflappable
易惊慌的
b,ept,from inept
Shortening ( Abbreviation )
1,Clipped
words
1) to clip the
front part of
a word
a,phone,
from
telephone
b,varsity,
from
university
c,chute,
from
parachute
2) to clip the back part of a
word
a,ad,advertisement
b,exam,examination
c,mod,modern
d,pro,professional
e,demo,demonstration
f,exp.,exposition
g,memo,memorandum
h,lib,liberation
3) to clip both the front and
the back parts of a word
a,flu,influenza
b,Tec,detective
c,fridge,refrigerator
4） Phrase clippings:
pub,public house
pop-singer,popular song singer
lube,lubricating oil
Initialises:
Initialisms are words formed by the
initial letters of words and
pronounced as letters:
C.O.D,cash on delivery
EEC,European Economic
Community
FBI,Federal Bureau of
Investigation
e.g.,exempli gratia,for
example
Acronyms are words formed by
the initial letters of words
and pronounced as words:
Acronyms:
OPEC,Organisation of Petroleum
Export Countries
NATO,North Atlantic Treaty
Organisation
SALT,Strategic Arms Limitation
Talks
Blending,Backformation and Shortening
Blending is a process of
word formation by which a
word is created by combining
parts of other words,Words
formed in this way are
called blends,From
morphological viewpoints,
there are four types of
blending:
botel,boat + hotel 汽艇游客
旅馆
smaze,smoke + haze 烟霾
advertistics,advertising +
statistics 广告统计学
1,The first part of the first
word + the last part of the
second word:
autocide,automobile + suicide
撞车自杀
altiport,altitude + airport
高山短距起落机场
ballute,balloon + parachute
减速汽球
chunnel,channel + tunnel
海峡隧道
lunacast,lunar + telecast
登月电视广播
carbecue,car + barbecue
一种用火烤法处理废弃车辆
的熔车装置
jazzotheque,jazz + discotheque
爵士音乐夜总会
lunarnaut,lunar + astronaut
登月宇宙航行员
2,the whole part of the first
word + last part of the second
word:
Nixonomics,Nixon + economics
尼克松的经济政策
workfare, work + welfare
工作福利
helipad,helicopter + pad
直升飞机升降场
medicaid,medical + aid
美国的医疗补助方案
medicare,medical + care
医疗照顾方案
3,the whole form of the second
word + the first part of the
first word:
Eurasian,Europe + Asian
欧亚混血儿
motown,motor + town
汽车城
psywar,psychological + warfare
心里战
Amerind,American + Indian
美洲印第安人
memcon,memorandum + conversation
谈话记录
4,the first part of the first
word + the first part of the
second word:
sitcom,situation + comedy
情景喜剧
comint,communications + intelligence
通讯情报
humint,human + intelligence
间谍情报
comsat,communications + satellite
通讯卫星
The words formed in this way are
often regarded as nonce words.
However,some words have been
accepted into standard English
such as brunch,smog,motel.
It seems in scientific fields,this
process of word formation is
especially useful in lexicalizing a
scientific concept:
telex,teleprinter + exchange
用户直通电报
pulsar,pulse + quasar 脉冲星
skylab,sky + laboratory
空中实验室
biorhythm,
biological + rhythm
生理节奏
mascon,
mass + concentration
质量密集
Some of the blends are especially
effective in certain contexts:
e.g A longtime Nixon backer,he
assumes a dawk stance on the
problem.
dawk,dove + hawk
介乎鸽派和鹰派之间的中间人物
e.g,The whole area have been
turned into one huge autopia.
autopia,auto + utopia
轿车适宜行驶的地区
Backformation
Backformation is a process of
word formation by which a word
is formed by deleting the
s u p p o s e d a f f i x e s,
1,From nouns
a,peddle,from
peddler
b,burgle,from
burglar
c,beg,from
beggar
d,orate,from
orator
e,auth,from author
f,emote,from emotion
g,caretake,from caretaker
h,free-associate,from
free-association
i,enthuse,from enthusiasm
2,From adjectives
a,peeve,from peevish
b,gloom,from gloomy
c,frivol,from frivolous
d,cose or coze,from cosy
e,laze,from lazy
f,greed,from greedy
g,grue,from gruesome
3,By dropping the supposed
prefix
a,flappable,from unflappable
易惊慌的
b,ept,from inept
Shortening ( Abbreviation )
1,Clipped
words
1) to clip the
front part of
a word
a,phone,
from
telephone
b,varsity,
from
university
c,chute,
from
parachute
2) to clip the back part of a
word
a,ad,advertisement
b,exam,examination
c,mod,modern
d,pro,professional
e,demo,demonstration
f,exp.,exposition
g,memo,memorandum
h,lib,liberation
3) to clip both the front and
the back parts of a word
a,flu,influenza
b,Tec,detective
c,fridge,refrigerator
4） Phrase clippings:
pub,public house
pop-singer,popular song singer
lube,lubricating oil
Initialises:
Initialisms are words formed by the
initial letters of words and
pronounced as letters:
C.O.D,cash on delivery
EEC,European Economic
Community
FBI,Federal Bureau of
Investigation
e.g.,exempli gratia,for
example
Acronyms are words formed by
the initial letters of words
and pronounced as words:
Acronyms:
OPEC,Organisation of Petroleum
Export Countries
NATO,North Atlantic Treaty
Organisation
SALT,Strategic Arms Limitation
Talks
