05年英语新增题型全突破
第一章 阅读理解新题型制胜方略
一、大纲要求
根据《2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试大纲》修订部分的要求，试卷第二部分是阅读理解新增B节，为一篇阅读文章 (500-600词)，测试文章结构，共10分，该节共5题，主要考察考生对诸如连贯性、一致性、逻辑联系等语篇、语段整体特征的理解，即要求考生在理解全文的基础上弄清文章的整体和微观结构。
二、出题形式以及特点
阅读理解新增题型的考查点在于：考查考生理解文章的总体结构以及单句之间、段落之间的关系，对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征以及文章结构和写作思路的理解和掌握。本部分的内容是一篇总长度为500～600词的文章，其中有5段空白，文章后有6～7段文字，要求考生根据文章内容从这6～7段文字中选择能分别放进文章中5个空白处的5个选择答案。
这一新题型的增设，加大了阅读量，因为传统阅读理解中的文章长度一般为400字左右，而新题型中虽然只有一篇文章，但其总字数可达到500～600词，这无疑增加了阅读的总量，并对阅读理解提出了更高层次的要求，即不仅要有阅读速度，要对所读文章的主旨要义、具体信息要有所了解，尤其重要的是要掌握作者的写作意图、观点，区分出论点和论据，并且能够把握文章的写作结构和脉络层次，只有了解了这一切，才能比较准确地确定应该选择哪个选项。另外，此题中可供选择的文字有6～7段，也使问题答案和原文空缺处产生了差额选择，加大了选出正确答案的干扰性和难度。
不过，只要了解了这种新题型所考查的要点，在阅读文章时有意识地加强对文章写作思路和结构组织安排的理解，掌握英语文章常见的几种写作结构，对迅速增强此类新题型的应对能力还是非常有帮助的。
1．出题位置
① 句子(段首,段中,段尾 ,缺1句或1个以上的句子)
② 段落(一般是一段)
该节分为两个部分：主干部分和选项部分。主干部分的原文约600词，其中有5段空白处—空白处的位置可能在段首、段落中间、段未，但不会是文章的第一句，一般情况下也不会是最后一句。选项部分为6或7文字，每段可能是一个句子，可能是两三个短句，也有可能是完整的段落。其中5段分属于主干部分的空白处。要求考生依据自己对文章的理解从选项中选择5段文字放回到文章中相应的5段空白处。
2 出题数量
非等额选项（题目5道，6-7个选项）
3 测试重点
考生需要认真搞清楚主干内容和结构上的关系和布局，从而分辨出选项部分从结构和内容上看是属于文章的哪个部分，并可以与空白处的上下文有机地衔接起来。一般情况下不可能有特别明显的词汇、句子等语言方面的提示，也并不要求考生过分关注某一具体的细节；而是要着眼于全文，在理解全文内容、文章结构、逻辑关系（如时间、地点、因果关系、从属关系等）的基础之上方能做出正确选择。
三、文章的结构
1描述性结构(主要介绍事物 、问题或倾向的特点，对人物的描述如传记，包括人身体特征、家庭背景、成长过程、个性爱好、成就贡献等内容进行描述、因此时间、地点往往是出题重点)
2释义性结构(解释某一理论、学科、事物，主要用例子比喻类比阐述)
3比较性结构(把两个人或事物功能、特点、优缺点进行对比)
4原因性结构(这种结构主要分析事物的成因，客观的、主观的、直接的、间接的)
5驳斥性结构(这种结构主要是先介绍一种观点，然后对其评论或驳斥，然后分析其优点缺点，危害性，最后阐明自己的观点)。
以上文章结构的知识其实反映了完型填句（段）题型的出题原则。
四、完形填句（段）题解题步骤
1阅读文章题目附近的句子，锁定目标答案可能的特征
2阅读选择项，寻找特征词
特征词：代词、专用名词、连接词、数字、复数名词等
3回头再去看原文，明确1—5位置
①开头常是主题句，不行再看前和尾
②中间不忘主题句，前瞻后望找启示
③ 末尾常是下结论，也可排比和例子
4 用代入法通读全文，检查答案是否合理
五、完形填句（段）题的解题技巧
1就近原则寻找信息线索
2选项中出现时间年代时，往往要注意与原文中年代的前后对应关系。
3选项中出现代词时，往往该选项往往不能放在首句，往往要注意指代成立的条件。
it可指代前面的单数名词或整个句子；they或them指代前面的复数名词；one指代前面的单数可数名词；that指代前面的不可数名词或句子；this指代前面的单数名词或句子。
4绝对常是干扰项，意思太泛太窄要小心
5警惕无关离题词，两项相近有答案
6选项对比原文时，与原文重复或同义改写的字越多的往往就是选项
7总体观、相互补，做题不用按顺序，选做易后做难，莫忘近邻上下文
8 完形填句题常考的逻辑关系词
并列和递进关系
①标志词：and, indeed,also, besides, almost, even, similarly, like, correspondingly, accordingly, in the same way, meanwhile, furthermore, moreover, too ②前后句子的名词或意思具有同指性
转折或让步的对立关系
①标志词：but, yet, however, although, though, while, wheras, despite, by contrast, on the contrary
②前后句子的名词同指，但句意对立，往往出现以下情况：a.褒贬对立；b.句式结构对立，前肯后否、前否后肯
例证关系
①标志词 ：for example, for instance. for one thing, to illustrate, as an illustration, that is, namely, verify
②出题模式：a. 总结说明例子(例证)，总结说明后往往伴有表例证关系的提示词；for example, for in stance 此时前面往往有复数名词或表述概念句子。b. 例子(例证)总结说明，总结说明提前往往伴有提示词：thus ,therefore, in conclusion, as a result
定义关系 ①有定义或释义关系的句子往往是文章或段落主题句，所以放段首或段尾
②下定义的方式有：a：判断句：A is B；b：名词(被定义对象)+定语从句(定义内容)；c：名词 +同位语；d：名词+be called+名词；e：by+名词(被定义对象)+be meant + 名词(定义内容)。
③下定义时所伴随的过度词：namely, in other words, that is to say, or rather
9放在段首的句子的特点
①当选项或某段段首会含有between…and ,either…or, not only…but also；
②复数名词时，那么该段将是总分结构，其中提到的名词可能定是线索；
③会有标点符号：或；
10放在段尾的句子有时也会有提示词：
①因果连词：therefore, thus, as a result, for this reason, hence
②总结性连词：in short, to sum up, to conclude, in a word
③转折性连词：but, nevertheless
六 完形填句（段）通用的解题方法
1 主旨解题法
2 同现关系
3 复现关系
4 逻辑关系与解题法
5 数单词个数解题法
第二章 完形填句（段）题型示范及练习(20篇)
大纲样题
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41--45, choose the most suitable one from the list A--G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Long before Man lived on the Earth , there were fishes ,reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today ,others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now .
41)Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land ,often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate.
42)____Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know noting.
43) There were also crablike creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom ,the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.
44)____Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important .They have a shell composed of many chambers , each representing a temporary home of the animal .As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one .Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast .
45)____ About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out .The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse . Many of the later mammals though now extinct ,were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings .
[A]The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.
[B]Nevertheless , we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils ,From them we can tell their size and shape ,how they walked ,the kind of food they ate .
[C]The first animals with true backbones were the fishes ,first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago .About 300 million years ago the amphibians ,the animals able to live both on land and in water , appeared. They were giant ,sometimes 8 feet long ,and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam ,or layer ,or formed .The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land ,in the sea ,and in the air .
[D]The best index fossils tend to be marine creature .There animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world .
[E]The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forma are more complex ,and among these are the sea-lilies , relations of the star-fishes ,which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed ,or to rocks .
[F]When an animal dies ,the body ,its bones ,or shell ,may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud .If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud .More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved .
[G]Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks .Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form .
本篇介绍的是史前类动物。文章结构的脉络清晰：首先介绍什么是史前动物和我们研究史前动物的依据——化石，以及化石形成的过程。随后，作者即按照动物进化的顺序——我们可以见到其化石的最早的动物，水生壳类动物，脊椎类动物——逐一加以介绍。文章部分总字数为342字，而备选答案总字数为327词，即所有的给出信息总阅读量高达669词。相当于传统阅读题型的一篇半或将近两篇文章的阅读量，从此可以看出，新题型要求我们要有较好的阅读方法和一定的阅读理解能力。
英语中的阅读方法有许多种，包括：意群式阅读、研究式阅读、浏览式阅读、查阅式阅读和跳跃式阅读等等。在做阅读新题型的阅读理解和寻找相关的答案时，应该综合利用各种阅读方法。
开始阅读时，我们应该先采用浏览式阅读对全文主旨和要点句子进行一下了解，而不能拿到文章就采取意群式阅读从头读到尾，边读边做题，这样会有抓不住文章总体结构、失于片面，从而影响对正确答案的确定。
本文第一段第一句指出：在人类出现很早以前，地球上就出现了鱼类、爬虫类、鸟类和一些哺乳动物。虽然这些动物中有一些是现今活着的各种动物的祖先，但是另一些动物现在已经灭绝了，即他们现在已经没有活着的后代了。
而第二段首句指出：偶尔我们可以根据石头里所表现出来的印记合理地推断出几百万年前灭绝了的某种动物的准确图形，尽管不能确定其颜色。
第三段中已知信息是：几乎我们所知道的所有化石都是由于水的作用而被保存在了石头中，而且大多都是生活在水里或水边的动物。因此，肯定存在过许多我们一无所知的哺乳动物、鸟类和昆虫类。
第四段中提供的信息是：还有像螃蟹一样的动物，其身体覆盖着一层角质层物质。接下来此段详细介绍了这类动物的外貌特征。
第五段缺少段首句，但是在本段的已知信息第二句中有比较明显的提示线索：在这些动物中，鹦鹉螺化石非常有趣而又很重要。它们身体上有个由许多腔室构成的硬壳，每个腔室都代表着这个动物的临时住所。
文章最后一段指出，大约七千五百万年前，爬行动物时代结束了，其中大部分物种都灭绝了。而哺乳动物迅速发展起来，我们可以追寻出许多大家熟悉的动物如大象和马的进化过程。后来的许多哺乳动物，虽然现在已经灭绝了，还是被原始的人类所了解，并被画在了壁画中或被雕刻在了骨头上。
通过这样浏览全文要点信息，我们知道本文介绍了如何通过化石了解动物的进化过程。因此，在做题找答案时，我们可以根据上下文内容线索和写作结构线索，判断每个问题的正确选项。
41．文章一开始，作者告诉我们，早在人类出现以前地球上就许多物种，现在有些物种的后代依然生存，而另外一些则没有留下后裔。在本题空白处后面文章又说岩石上偶尔会留下数百万年前就死掉了的动物精确的印记。显然，空白处应该是关于岩石与灭绝了的动物之间的关系（7个选项中有A﹑B﹑E﹑G四项提到了“rock”,但另外大三项意思上不符）。此外，空白处前面的“extinct”和“no descendant”均为否定意义和表达，而空白处的后面“accurate”和“much”则为肯定意义的表达；这意味着空白处的内容应该有一个结构上的“转折—只有B项符合这一条件。所以正确答案只能是B。
42．本题具有相当的难度。由于G项一开始就有“how fossils ate preserved” ,与上文和下文似乎都是相吻合的；但是G项后面讲的是动物遗体上的有机组织“organism”可能转达化成几种形式而本题空白处后面的内容则告诉人们“Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action”(岩石中几乎所有的化石都是由于水作用泥沙对于化石保存下来所起的作用—与上下文相符合。
43．本题选择的线索有两条：下文中有“There were also crab-like creatures …’,空白处显然有关于另一动物的内容；从本段开始，文章转向讨论由低级高级变化（进化）中的动物。E项开始的部分是“The earliest animals whose remains have been found…”,符合文章写作的顺序。B项与上文相符，但与下文不符，且与全文结构不相吻合。
44．本题选择的主要根据是：下文一开始就有“Of these,…”,也就是说，空白部分应该有“some, several, many”或类似的词，答案只能是A。由于文中有了“The first animals”,为避免句式上的复，作者改变句子起始的模式—这种做法很多见，因而也是考生阅读和写作中应该注意的。
45．从文章的整体结构看，这里需要一个内容的“高潮”：前面几段，动物都在不断的进化，而下文中“About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over”,这里需要有一个“交代”。只有C项符合这一条件；同时，“reptile”在本题空白处前文章中从没有提到，在下文中又没有作为新信息，因而作为正确答案的选项中一定有这个词，只有C项中有“The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the sea ,and in the air”。所以正确答案只能是C。
所以，本文的正确答案如下：
41.B 42.F 43.E 44.A 45.C
由此可见，在处理阅读新题型时，最重要的是要抓住文章主题，了解文章写作结构，要对文章的每一节、每一段给予足够的关注，清楚地掌握文章发展的脉络、层次以及句子与句子之间、段落与段落之间的逻辑关系，注重文章各个段落和句子之间在内容上的衔接和连贯关系，然后再做题找答案，这样会准确率相对来说高一些。
Text 1
Directions
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1--5, choose the most suitable one from the list A--G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The patriotic outpouring that followed the World Trade Center and Pentagon attacks—80 percent of Americans displayed the flag on their car, house, or lapel—brought hopes of renewed voter interest. Yet turnout in this year’s congressional primaries was a mere 17 percent, no better than four years ago and only half that of three decades ago. Turnout in Tuesday’s election is expected to be less than 40 percent, significantly below what it once was.
41) _______________________________________________________. But it’s time to stop blaming the citizens. Candidates, public officials, and journalists are not giving Americans the type of campaign they deserve.
America’s politicians have also managed to invent the most unappetizing campaigns imaginable. If equivalent offerings were served at restaurants, Americans would never eat out. Attack ads have doubled in frequency since the 1770s and now account for a majority of the ads featured prominently in campaigns. Many of the attacks are so twisted that even a whiff of fresh air would topple them.
42) ____________________________________________________.
And where are the news media? They’re so enamored of infotainment and sensationalism that they can’t find time for the midterm elections. In the 1998 midterms, coverage was down by more than half over 1994. And it’s falling again—a comparison of news coverage in 10 states shows the midterm election is getting 13 percent less coverage this year than in 1998.
When Journalists deign to cover elections, they magnify the very things they rail against. Candidates are ignored or portrayed as boring if they run issue-based campaigns. Attack sound bites get airtime; positive statements land on the cutting-room floor. 43) ____________ _________________________________.
It’s not surprising voters are disenchanted with campaigns. During the 2000 election, as part of the Vanishing Voter Project at Harvard University’s Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy, we interviewed 100,000 Americans to discover why they’re disengaging from elections.
44) _________________________________________________________.
Officials unfailingly urge citizens“to do your duty and vote.” Yet, these officials embrace policies that make it harder to do that. 45) ____________________________________.
So look for a small turnout Tuesday, but don’t ask citizens to look in the mirror. Some or them have cast their eye on what’s going on in candidate—land media—land and are asking why they should be bit players in that artifice.
[A] Electoral competition is key to democracy, and America’s voters aren’t getting the full benefit of that. Only a couple of dozen of this year’s 435 US House races are competitive. Two years ago, 98.5 percent of incumbents won, typically by margins of 70 percent or more.
[B] True leadership has become so rare that politicians may no longer even dream of stepping forward to say something other than what polls tell them is safe. Tuesday’s election will surely pass without much of a debate on the momentous foreign and domestic issues facing the nation.
[C] Amid the uproar over Florida’s ballot irregularities, no commentator has seen fit to ask why polls there close at 7 p.m. Florida is one of 26 states that close their polls before 8 p.m. Unsurprisingly, turnout in these states is several percentage points below that of states where polls are open until 8 p.m. or later.
[D] As for trivial issues, why did candidate Bush’s 1970s drunk—driving arrest get more time on the network newscasts in the final days of the 2000 election than Gore’s foreign policy statements got in the entire general election?
[E] No doubt, ordinarily Americans share responsibility for their lapse in participation; it is always easier to leave the work of democracy to others.
[F] Today, 87 percent of Americans reside in states that close registration two weeks or more before the election. The majority of unregistered Americans who otherwise would cast a vote are out of luck. Only six states allow election—day registration.
[G] Their responses tell the story: 81 percent believe “most political candidates will say almost anything to get themselves elected”; 75 percent feel “political candidates are more concerned with fighting each other than with solving the nation’s problems.”
【总体分析】
本篇介绍的是美国人对选举的兴趣日渐减少，并分析了相关的几个原因。第一段揭示事情本身，后几段分析原因。就本篇而言，对文章前后结构层次的把握非常重要。
【详细解答】
41．E
本题考察段落内部的逻辑联系，空格的下文说“But it’s time to stop blaming the citizens.”，可见上文必然说到有人指责普通公民们不热衷于美国的政治选举。故答案为E。
42．B
本题考察考生对文章的总体结构的把握能力。既然第二段末句说“Candidates, public officials, and journalists are not giving Americans the type of campaign they deserve”，而且第三段又说到了officials，下文又将说到journalists，可以断定，本段应说“candidates”，即“leadership”,故B项为答案。
43．D
本题考察段落内部的逻辑理解，注意相应的词汇表达。既然空格前讲的是journalists对政治家的正面言论不感兴趣，弃置编辑室地板，而攻击性的言论却被直播(Attack sound bites get airtime; positive statements land on the cutting-room floor)，那么可以推论，D项是最符合逻辑的展开内容，用词也密切相关（ get more time on the network newscasts）。
44．G
本题涉及段落内部逻辑的把握。既然上文说“we interviewed 100,000 Americans to discover why they’re disengaging from elections.”，那么答案为G，也就很符合逻辑了。
45．F
本题同样涉及段内逻辑，既然上文说“Officials unfailingly urge citizens to do your duty and vote.. Yet, these officials embrace policies that make it harder to do that”（官员们催使公民行驶职责，参加选举，但另一方面又制定政策，使公民们很难参加投票选举），那么符合逻辑的答案必定是F项了。
Text 2
Directions
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1--5, choose the most suitable one from the list A--G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The place is a lovely meadow surrounded by deep woods on a hilltop overlooking a beautiful lake in the Catskill Mountains 120 miles from New York. It is quarter past eight in the morning, and you are about to commute to your office in the city. Yet there is no paved highway nearer than fifteen miles, and it is fifty to a railroad station.
41) __________________________________________. The aircraft, looking oddly like a horizontal electric fan, drones toward you. When the pilot is directly overhead, all forward movement of the machine ceases and it descends vertically until the cabin door is within a foot of the ground. On the machine’s gray side is painted Helicopter Express to New York. The door opens and you step inside.
Fifty minutes later the helicopter bus hovers over a midtown New York building, descends slowly to alight on a roof space some sixty yards square. You go into the building, take the elevator to the street below, and walk half a block to your office. Not quite an hour has elapsed since you drank your morning coffee in your home.
42) ______________________________________.
In the air age of tomorrow, the manufacture, sale, and upkeep of the direct—lift machine will become a billion—dollar industry just as the automobile industry. There will be many startling changes in our way of life.
43) ________________________________________________. A cheap, swift helicopter bus service will ferry these people to and from their work. Suburbs will include ten thousand or more square miles. Real estate values will come within the reach of average incomes, and the people will literally return to the good earth.
44) _________________________________________________. But the short haul of less than 1000 miles is equally the task of the helicopter, which can do it with the greatest efficiency.
Express and air mail will be carried from the airports to final destination by helicopter. There will be a direct—lift machine service to take airliner passengers from the airport to the city in a few minutes. There will be special delivery of perishable food to your door.
The winter growth of fresh vegetables such as beans and tomatoes, celery and lettuce, in the warm South and the Far West has been hitherto restricted because of cost and time or transportation to market. The airline and helicopter freight service will speed such healthy foods to the ends of the nation.
45) __________________________________________________________..
[A] Most important is that hundreds of thousands of people can return to the health and beauty of the countryside. Millions of acres of hitherto inaccessible land will be developed with small homes for medium-or low-income groups.
[B] And a new type of architecture-perhaps a house with a flat roof and a pleasantly designed helicopter hangar to one side of it, so that you have only to wheel the machine a few feet to take off.
[C] Does this sound like a fantasy imagined by science fiction writers? If so, I can assure you, as a practical aeronautical engineer, that such a trip is neither fantastic nor impractical. I am convinced that a helicopter bus service is not only practicable but, in fact, inevitable.
[D] Hence our eating habits will change perhaps more than we realize. Strawberries in January, as it were, available for all. The airline and helicopter freight service render all this possible.
[E] Private and bus helicopters will make possible vacations at seashore or mountain for countless thousands. The helicopter will destroy space for millions of people. Nothing is more delightful than touring in a helicopter. To hover and fill one’s eyes with an enchanting vista is to bring joy to the soul.
[F] Now you hear a low hum, and over the horizon appears a flying machine. You press the button of a box nearby and a radio signal flashes to the machine.
[G] Long-distance transportation of passengers and freight over land and sea will definitely remain the job for the large airplane.
【总体分析】
本文讲直升飞机短途服务给人们的生活带来的种种变化。前三段描述了一个假定的场面，说明直升飞机的便捷服务。第五段说“There will be many startling changes in our way of life”，这是全文的关键句，它决定了下文的几个段落的内容。
【详细解答】
41．F
本题涉及前后段的内容把握，由于前三段是描述便捷的直升飞机为“you”服务的过程，所以F项应为正确答案。
42．C
本题考察考生对全文，尤其前三段与下文的逻辑关系的把握能力。作为一个自然的过渡，既与上面的描述衔接，又与下文的内容呼应，C项是最佳选择，C中的“this”很重要。
43．A
本题既涉及考生对文章的整体结构（尤其第五段末的全文核心句）的把握，又涉及考生对下文的句意内容的理解。能够满足这两个要求的选项为A。
44．G
本题考察考生对段落内部逻辑的把握。既然下文说“But the short haul （运输）of less than 1000 miles is equally the task of the helicopter”，对应的上文就该是G项。
45．E
本题考察考生对文章结构的把握能力。既然第五段末句说了“many changes”，而文章6－10段分别讲述直升飞机的服务对人类生活带来的各种变化，那么45题，即第十段的内容应是E项。D项与上段内容重复。
Text 3
Directions
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1--5, choose the most suitable one from the list A--G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
A young man left hometown 22 years ago, and turned out to be a poor correspondent. After a while his letters dried up, and for six years the family had hear nothing from him. Then his sister entered his name in the Google search engine on the Web and, as she says, “There he was on a bowling league in Brazil!” Now they’re exchanging catch—up letters and photos.
Who knew Brazilian bowling leagues had Web sites? Google knew, because Google knows everything, or nearly.
41) _________________________________________________.
Google started in 1998, when two 26—year—olds, Sergei Brin and Larry Page, set up shop in a tiny office. Today they operate out of a building in Mountain View, Calif., and regional offices all over the world. Google has become the best and most successful search engine.
If you need a map of a region, Google will oblige. If you rip the rotator cuff in your shoulder, Google finds drawings that show you how it works. 42)________________________________.
An epidemiologist or social psychologist studying reactions to a phenomenon like the West Nile virus might well come here often, to learn what people are saying about it.
43) _______________________________________________. A story gets on if enough newspapers run it and give it prominence. Every minute, the computers update the page and compile related stories while dropping others. No human editors decide what’s to be emphasized. It sounds ridiculous, but it’s not bad at all.
However Google is boastful. It can’t keep itself from telling you how inconceivably fast it is. Ask it for information on Chinese archaeology and it compiles 29,400 links, adding: “search took 0.14 seconds.”
44)____________________________________________________________. It needs help distinguishing between Francis Bacon, the 20th—century painter, and Francis Bacon, the 17th—century philosopher. Sometimes Google looks a little foolish.
45) ______________________________________________. A woman wrote to Randy Cohen, the New York Times ethicist, about a friend who had gone out with a doctor and then Googled him when she got home, discovering that he had been involved in several malpractice suits. Cohen was asked whether this was a decent thing to do. He said it was and that he had done it himself. The woman’s Googling, Gohen said, was benign, just like asking her friends about this fellow.
Tired or Google? I’m afraid those who are tired of Google are tired of life.
[A] The name comes from “googol,” the mathematical term for a 1 followed by 100 zeros. This means, “a hell of a lot more than there is in the universe.” The Google people chose it because they want to organize all the data on the Web.
[B] This section also provides a rich field for ego-surfing, or entering your own name to find out what is said about you. Some consider ego-surfing neurotic, and anyone who does it every day probably suffers from an identity problem.
[C] Another problem is that identical names baffle Google.
[D] The other day, unable to resist, I found that I’ve been mentioned about 500 times in the various chat rooms that Google monitors. This provided half an hour of innocent pleasure.
[E] Now that the verb “to Google” is embedded in the language, Googling has turned out to be, for some, a moral problem.
[F] Should you wish to remember an Alex Colville painting, you may well find it among the 181 Colville images available. If you want to recall Churchill’s photo, Banff, or Cary Grant, Google will show them to you, usually in dozens of versions.
[G] Google’s news report links to 4,500 news sources around the world. On the screen it looks rather like a newspaper page, with pictures and headings, but it changes constantly as newspapers and broadcasters change what they put on the Web.
【总体分析】
本篇对Google搜索引擎的创建及其作用作了一番解说。第一、二段为引子，三、四段说明它的创建，后几段作者进行正反评说。
【详细解答】
41．A
本题考察考生对全文结构，尤其上下段的逻辑的把握。既然上段介绍了Google，下段又介绍Google的创建，那么空格选项应为A项，才符合前后逻辑。
42．F
本题涉及段落内容的前后连贯，尤其上下句的修辞排比。既然前后都是if…，那么选项当然就该是F项了。
43．G
本题同样涉及段落内上下文的逻辑把握。既然下文说到“A story（新闻故事） gets on if enough newspapers run it and give it prominence.”，那么答案就得与新闻报纸内容有关，答案显然是G项。
44．C
本题涉及段落内部逻辑。既然下文说到“It needs help distinguishing between Francis Bacon, the 20th—century painter, and Francis Bacon, the 17th—century philosopher”，那么上文就得说过Google不善区分相同得姓名人物，答案显然是C项。
45．E
本题涉及段落内逻辑。下文说到一位女士给一报纸编辑（ethicist论理学家）写信，问自己所做得事是否得体（decent），可见上文涉及伦理道德问题，所以E项为答案。
Text 4
Directions
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1--5, choose the most suitable one from the list A--G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
In the United States, the factory developed first in the cotton textile industry. Due to the unusual nature of its founding, the mill of Almy, Brown, and Slater, in operation by 1793, are considered as the first American factory. Like many other American enterprisers, they had tried and failed to duplicate English spinning machinery. In 1789 there came to Rhode Island a young mechanical wizard, Samuel Slater, who had worked for years in the firm of Arkwright and Strutt in Milford, England. Having memorized the minutest details of the water frames, Slater immigrated to the United States, where he joined with Almy and Brown and agreed to reproduce the equipment for a mechanized spinning mill. Although small, the enterprise served as a training ground for operatives and as a pilot operation for managers.
41)__________________________________________________. Between 1805 and 1815, 94 new cotton mills were built in New England, and the mounting competition led Almy and Brown to push their markets south and west. Only two decades after Arkwright machinery was introduced into this country, the market for yarn was becoming national and the spinning process was becoming a true factory operation as it was in England.
42) ______________________________________.
43) _______________________________________________. By 1845, for instance, the Brady’s Bend Iron Company in western Pennsylvania owned nearly 6,000 acres of mineral land and 5 miles of riverfront upon the Allegheny. It mined its own coal, ore, limestone, fire—clay, and fire—stone, made its own coke, and owned 14 miles of railway to serve its works. The plant itself consisted of 4 blast furnaces, a foundry, and rolling mills. It was equipped to perform all the processes, from getting raw materials out of the ground to delivering finished rails and metals shapes to consumers, and could produce annually between 10,000 and 15,000 tons of rails. This company, with an actual investment of ＄1,000,000, was among the largest in America before the Civil War, though there were rival works of approximately equal capacity and similar organization.
44)_____________________________________________.
How one industry could adopt new methods as a consequence of process in another industry is shown by the fact that as the sewing machine was produced on a quantity basis, the boot and shoe industry developed factory characteristics. Carriages, wagons, and even farm implements were eventually produced in large numbers. 45)_____________________________.
[A] Two events propelled these changes. One was the successful introduction of the power loom into American manufacture; the other was the organization of production so that all four states of the manufacture of cotton cloth could occur within one establishment. These states were spinning, weaving, dying, and cutting.
[B] After closely observing the workings of textile machinery in Great Britain, Francis Cabot Lowell, a New England merchant, gained sufficient knowledge or the secrets of mechanized weaving to enable him, with the help of a gifted technician, to construct a power loom superior to any that had been built to date.
[C] Finally, where markets were more extensive, where there was a substantial investment in fixed plant, and where workers were subjected to formal discipline, some firms in the traditional mill industries other than the textile and iron industries achieved factory status. The great merchant flour mills of Baltimore and Rochester fell into this category, as did some of the large packing plants in New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and (after 1840) Cincinnati.
[D] In the anthracite region to the east, factory operation of furnaces and rolling mills had been achieved by 1850s. And at that time American factories were manufacturing arms, clocks and watches, and sewing machines.
[E] A number of small cotton mills soon followed, but most of them failed by the turn of the century because their promoters did not aim to a wide market. Not until the “Embargo Act” of 1807 and the consequent scarcity of English textiles that stimulated demand for domestic manufacturers did spinning mills become numerous in the United States.
[F] Consolidating all the steps of textile manufacture in a single plant lowered production costs. A large number of specialized worker were organized into departments and directed by executives who were not necessarily technical supervisors. The factory, by using power—driven machinery, produced standardized commodities in quantity.
[G] In most other industries as well, the decade of the 1830s was one of expansion and experimentation with new methods. In the primary iron industry, establishments by the 1840s dwarfed those of a quarter—century earlier, and even in the pre-steel era, some of them had passed beyond what could be called the mill state.
【总体分析】
本文介绍了工厂在美国的产生经过。前三段主要介绍棉纺织厂的形成，后三段介绍其他行业工厂的形成。
【详细解答】
41．E
本题涉及上下段的语义逻辑。依据上段末句及空格后的内容，最符合逻辑的选择为E。其实，空格后的时间词1805－1815也可作为解题依据。
42．A
本题涉及上下段的逻辑关系。A项为最佳选择，其中的“these changes”与上文末句的两个主语呼应。B和F项的首句皆有问题，与上文衔接不好。
43．G
本题涉及段内逻辑，既然下文说“By 1845, for instance, the Brady’s Bend Iron Company in western Pennsylvania owned nearly 6,000 acres of mineral land and 5 miles of riverfront upon the Allegheny.”，说明本段内容涉及其他行业，如采矿，所以答案为G。
44．D
本题涉及上下段逻辑。上段末句说“there were rival works of approximately equal capacity and similar organization.”，最符合逻辑的选择是D项，介绍一些可与之抗衡的工厂。D项中的时间也可做依据。
45．C
本题涉及段内逻辑。由于前几句讲了几个行业出现了工厂特征（factory characteristics），那么选项最好再说到几个行业也工厂化，C项符合（factory status），故为答案。
Text 5
Directions:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps
Long before Man lived on the earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these mammals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now.1) _______________________________.
Very occasionally: the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color; we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. The kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate.
2) _______________________________. Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know nothing.
3) _______________________________. There were also crab-like creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet
4) _______________________________. Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.
5) _______________________________.
About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals, though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.
[A] The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.
[B] Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate.
[C] The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air.
[D] The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large areas of the world.
[E] The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the star-fishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks.
[F] When an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the .sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserve
[G] Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, simply reduced to a more stable form.
参考译文
早在人类出现之前，地球上就已经有了鱼类、爬行动物、鸟类、昆虫，和一些哺乳动物。虽然这些哺乳动物中有些是现代物种的祖先，但是另外的一些现在已经灭绝，也就是说，它们现今已没有后代存活。然而，我们对它们大多数都了解颇深，原因是他们的骨骼和甲壳留存在岩层中成为化石。我们由此可判断出他们的大小、外形、行走方式、饮食特点。
真是非常偶然，岩层能够显现肌肤的纹理，因此，除了肤色外，我们可以相当准确地构想出一种已消亡几百万年的动物。这种有动物残骸的岩层可以体现很多原始大陆的特性，通常是其上生长的植被，甚至有关气候的状况。
当动物死亡时，其尸体，骨骼或甲壳通常会被溪流冲走带进湖泊或者海洋，之后被淤泥覆盖。如果在海洋中生活，其尸体很可能会下沉并被淤泥掩埋。越来越多的淤泥将其覆盖，直至骨头或甲壳深嵌其中得以保存。我们了解的所有化石几乎都保存于由水流作用而形成的岩层中，而其中大部分化石是由水生动物或亲水动物形成的。由此可见尚未知晓的哺乳动物，鸟类，昆虫不计其数。
已发掘到残骸的最早期动物都是构造单一的水生物。往后的则结构更为复杂，其中就有海百合，属海星的近亲，带有长触角，并被长茎吸附到海底或岩层上。同样还有蟹类生物，与残骸埋于角质的物质之下。残骸的每个断片都有两对脚，一对用于沙地行走，另一对用于游走。其头部呈盾牌状，带有一对复眼，其中常有成千上万的晶体。它们通常一到两英寸长，但有些长达两英尺。
水生有壳动物在岩层中有着悠久的历史并且很多不同的种类都已众所周知。这些动物当中，菊石非常有趣而且尤为重要。它们有一个由许多孔穴组成的壳，每一个孔穴相当于它临时的一个家。随着年幼者长大它会生长出一个新的孔穴并将先前的那一个封掉。在多塞特海岸的岩层中可以看到成千上万这样的菊石。
第一种有脊椎生物是鱼类，最早在三亿七千五百年前的岩层中为人所知。大约三亿年前两栖动物出现，它们既可以在陆地上又可以在海水中生活。它们体态庞大，有时长达八英寸，并且大多都生活在形成我们的煤层的沼泽滩中。两栖动物进化成爬行动物，而且它们将近一亿五千年以来一直都是最重要的生命形式，无论是在陆地上，海洋里还是天空中。
大约七千五百万年前爬行生物纪元结束，其中大部分物种已经灭绝。哺乳动物的进化迅速，我们可以追溯许多熟悉的动物如大象和马的进化过程。许多后期的哺乳动物，现今虽已灭绝，但为原始人类所熟悉并且将其用壁画和骨雕勾勒出来。
Text 6
Directions:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.
One of the most important steps toward increasing the productivity of the poor is to make sure that they have access to educational opportunities that are at least as good as those available to the rest of the society. In fact we may very well want more educational attention directed toward them than to the children of the well-to-do, in order to overcome the social and psychological handicaps that may confront them. 1) _______________________________.
Educational programs will not produce instant results. Neither will they increase the productivity and incomes of all the poor. Nevertheless, they constitute one of the great equalizers in our society.
2) _______________________________. Unemployed persons or persons in relatively low-wage occupations and areas often do not know where better opportunities exist. Frequently, those in the areas where unemployment is low and wages are high are reluctant to publish this information for fear that an influx of labor will "spoil" what they have.
3) _______________________________. Examples include blacks breaking into positions where they may be supervising whites, and practicing professions--medicine, dentistry, accounting, law, etc.-- in which their clients may be white. Occupational and professional mobility of groups that have traditionally been discriminated against was greatly enhanced by opening previously segregated schools at all levels to students of all groups.
4) _______________________________. Some people are too old and some are too young to take advantage of them. Some are not healthy enough in either mind or body. Some may be victims of structural problems in the society. Any comprehensive or reasonably complete antipoverty program must include direct income transfers to those whose productivities cannot be increased sufficiently to enable them to earn minimum acceptable income levels.
5) _______________________________.
A very large part of present government income transfers is toward the aged through Social Security payments and Medicare. What could be more humane than taking care of the old? The fact is that many of the elderly people in our society are perfectly capable of supporting themselves, including the costs of their medical care. But Social Security payments and Medicare payments are made to them anyway, whether they are poor or not.
[A] A great problem with using government transfers of income to alleviate poverty is that they are used to subsidize the nonpoor as well as the poor. This occurs largely because special interest groups manage to worm their way into the ranks of those eligible for subsidization, and politicians have a way of catering to the voting powers of special interest groups.
[B] As a consequence of such dissatisfaction, considerable support has developed for direct income transfers in the form of negative income taxes
[C] Even under the best of circumstances, policies designed to increase the incomes of the poor cannot eliminate all poverty.
[D] In addition, vocational education and retraining programs may be useful in increasing the productivity of the adult poor.
[E] There are additional ways of increasing the productivity of the poor. Hopefully, anti discrimination measures contribute toward this end, enabling qualified persons to break into professions or occupations that were closed to them by discriminatory practices.
[F] Subsidies to farmers are much more generous to skilled, highly productive, and high income farmers than they are to the farming poor. But both veterans and farmers are highly visible, politically powerful groups.
[G] Another important measure in increasing the productivity of the poor is the improvement of labor market information.
参考译文
对于提高贫困人口生产力来说，其中最重要的一步是要确保他们获得受教育的机会，至少是和社会上其他人所能得到的同样好的教育机会。事实上，为了克服那些可能使他们怯步的社会障碍和心理障碍，我们可能非常希望将更多的教育关注投入到贫困人家的儿童身上而并非给富裕家庭的儿童以更多的关注。而且，职业教育和再培训计划可能有利于提高贫困成人的生产力。
教育计划不会立竿见影。也不会提高所有贫困人口的生产力进而增加他们的收入。然而，它们在我们社会里是重要的协调者之一。
提高贫困人口生产力的另一条重要途径是改善劳动力市场信息的渠道。失业人群和相对低收入人群通常不知道获取更好就业机会的渠道。在失业率低、收入高的领域通常情况下不乐意公布这类信息，唯恐汇集的劳动力会“破坏”原有的一切。
提高贫困人口的方法还有其它许许多多。反歧视措施可望促成这样的结果——让合格的人群从事原本因一贯的歧视做法而禁止接受他们的职业。这样的例子包括黑人在其加入的职业岗位中可能会监督白人，还有从事专业的，如医科、牙科学、会计、法律等等，而其客户可能是白人。对所有不同群体的学生开放原来各级别的种族隔离学校，使原本一直受歧视的职业的和专业的群体流动性大幅度提高。
即使在最妥善的情况下，针对提高贫困人口收入而出台的政策仍不能消除贫困。有些过分年长或年幼均不能从中受惠。有些则精神或生理上存在缺陷。有些则可能是社会结构问题的受害者。任何全面的或相当彻底的脱贫计划必须包括给那些生产力无法充足提高的人以直接所得转移以便使他们达到可接受的最低收入水平。
利用政府的所得转移来缓解贫困的一个大问题是它既被用来救济贫困人口也用以补贴非贫困人口。这种情况发生主要是特殊利益组织设法通过欺瞒手段进入有资格获取救济的队伍中，而政客有办法满足特殊利益组织的投票权。
目前政府所得转移中相当大一部分是通过社会保障资金和医疗保障方案为老年人士设计的。有什么能比关照老人更富于仁慈心呢？事实是，在我们的社会里，许多老人是有自力更生能力的。但是不管怎样, 社会保障资金和医疗费用是专门为他们设立的，无论他们是贫是富。
Text 7
Directions:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.
Patents, trademarks, and copyrights all impart monopoly rights on inventions, business identities, and intellectual property. 1) _______________________________.
Inventions like the telephone and the electric light have revolutionized our lives and have brought riches to their inventors. Today immense expenditures are being poured into genetic research, research on faster microchips that can access larger computer memories, and research into more attractive consumer products. Both public and private research and development expenditures in 1985 were over $100 billion, and over a million scientists and engineers were employed.
2) _______________________________. Hundreds of countries were checked to ensure that the name was not previously trademarked and would not connote anything offensive to consumers. Then hundreds of millions of dollars were spent helping the public remember the new trademark. Firms like Gucci, Cartier, and Chanel invest heavily in their trade names. Chanel, for example, spends over $1 million a year on trade-name security alone.
3) _______________________________. Software developers have formed an organization to fight unauthorized duplication, and record producers use ASCAP and BMI to pressure businesses to license music for commercial purposes. ASCAP and BMI send people into businesses to see if they play background music to entertain customers. If, for example, a radio is playing, they will ask the owner to purchase a license to play the radio in the store. If the owner refuses, the agent for ASCAP or BMI will immediately retain an attorney and file a lawsuit. The law is clear--playing music for commercial purposes without a license is unlawful unless you own the copyright to the music itself. ASCAP and BMI then prorate their proceeds to the copyright homers of the music being played.
4) _______________________________.
5) _______________________________. However, businesses are hesitant to admit that their product line has been reproduced. Many fear that publicity may encourage further copying or that their customers will become wary of their brand names. In any event, counterfeiting substantially weakens the monopoly power associated with many patents, trademarks, and copyrights.
[A] Trademarks are another device conveying monopoly power to firms. Several million dollars were spent developing the EXXON name.
[B] Copyrights protect intellectual property in a number of areas including books, records, video tapes, and computer software, as well as product designs.
[C] Today, counterfeit goods are threatening all these forms of monopoly power. Numerous products are counterfeited. The imitations are typically of inferior quality. Replicas of aircraft parts and bogus "high-strength" fasteners are showing up in civilian and military aircraft. The U.S. Department of Commerce estimates that over three-quarters of a million jobs are lost to imported product "knock-offs", the industry's term for counterfeited goods.
[D] Interestingly, secrecy is the order of the day on both sides of this problem. For those
counterfeiting products, the reason is clear.
[E] Obtaining these rights is a costly endeavor.
[F] Licensing and bonding restrictions, ostensibly used to protect consumers from shoddy or fraudulent practices, may really be disguised barriers to entry.
[G] Other important legal barriers to entry included patents and copyrights. Patent and copyright monopolies may be justifiable as incentives for research and development leading to technological advances or the enrichment of our culture.
参考译文
专利、商标、版权都增添了关于发明、商业认证和知识产权的垄断权力。获得这些权利是要花九牛二虎之力的。
像电话、电灯这样的发明不仅给我们的生活带来革命性变化，而且还给它们的发明者带来了巨大的财富。现如今，巨额资金都大笔地花费在研究遗传基因，能存储更多电脑信息反应更快捷的的微芯片，和更能刺激消费的商品上。在1985年无论是公共研究还是私人研究，发展资金都超过了一千亿，将近一百万名科学家和工程师投身于此。
商标是另一种显示公司专利权的图案。几百万美元的投入就是为了发展EXXON的名声。为了确保此商标以前未曾被注册过而且不会衍射任何对消费者的无礼，对数百个国家进行了核查。花掉上百万美元为的是让公众牢记新的商标。像Gucci, Cartier, Chanel 这样的公司为他们的商标名称巨额投资。比如Chanel每年仅就商标名称保护一项就投资一百万美元。
版权在诸多领域保护知识产权，其中不光包括商品设计还有书籍、唱片、录像带、电脑软件。软件开发商已经组成了一个机构来打击未经许可的复制，唱片制造商出于商业目的使用ASCAP（美国作曲家, 作者与出版者协会）和BMI迫使公司给予音乐特许。ASCAP和BMI将人们带入公司让他们看看商家是否播放背景音乐来娱乐顾客。譬如，若是无线广播正在播放，他们会要求无线广播持有者购买一份许可证以便在商店播放无线广播。假如广播持有者予以拒绝，ASCAP和BMI的代理会立即聘请一位律师并提请诉讼。法律明文规定，出于商业目的没有获得许可证而播放音乐是违法的，除非你有那段音乐的版权。ASCAP和BMI于是按比例分获音乐版权所有者所缴纳的费用。
目前，赝品正在威胁着所有这些形式的垄断力量。琳琅满目的商品尽是伪造品。仿造的质量通常都很差。飞行器装置和高动力固定装置的复制品出现在民用班机和军用飞机里。据美国商业部估计有超过七十五万人丢掉工作是因为进口商品“杀价”，这是伪造商品的行业术语。
有趣的是，该问题无论正反方面保密能力必在议事之列。对于伪造的产品，动机是明显的。虽然如此，商家不大愿意承认它们的生产线已经被复制了。许多公司都担心广告宣传会促使进一步的复制或者会使顾客对其品牌产生顾虑。无论如何，伪造极大地削弱了与诸多专利、商标和版权有关的垄断力量。
Text 8
Directions:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.
Earthquakes are the most lethal of all natural disasters. What causes them? Geologists explain them in terms of a theory known as plate tectonics. Continents are floating apart from each other; this is referred to as the continental drift. About sixty miles below the surface of the sea, there is
a semi-molten bed of rock over which plates, or slabs, carry continents and sea floors at a rate of several inches a year. 1) _______________________________.
The collision of plates causes geological instability such as that in California called the San Andreas Fault, located between the pacific and North American plates. The plates there are constantly pushing and pulling adjacent plates, there by creating constant tremors and a potential for earthquakes in the area.
2) _______________________________. Calculations indicate that sometime within the next ten years, California will be struck by a major earthquake.
3) _______________________________. Powerful earthquakes have occurred in places
where plate boundaries are hundreds of miles away. In the 1800s New Madrid, Missouri and Charleston. South Carolina, were shaken by earthquakes that no one had foreseen.
4) _______________________________.
5) _______________________________. On February 4, Haicheng was destroyed, but because its residents had been evacuated, very few people were killed. In California, where earthquake is an ever-present menace, building codes now require quakeproof structures, and Civil Defense units have intensified their training in how to deal with disaster should it strike or, perhaps more accurately, when it strikes. Should predictions of a quake within the next ten years be accurate, many Californians may be able to save both their lives and their property.
[A] Certain areas of the world are quake prone. Italy, Yugoslavia, and Algeria have experienced many quakes. In November 1980, Naples was struck by an especially devastating quake. China and Japan have also been hit by horrendous quakes. In 1923, Tokyo and Yokohama were reduced to rubble by gigantic tremors that were followed by fires, tornadoes, and finally a thirty-four-foot tsunami, or tidal wave, which was caused by the earth’s drop into the waters of Tokyo Bay. More than 150,000 people died in that earthquake.
[B] What effects have geologists' predictions of earthquakes had? The Chinese in Haicheng in 1974 were warned that an earthquake might occur within the next year or two. With the help of amateur seismogists’ observations of animal behavior and the rise and fall of water in wells and measurements of quantities of radioactive gas in water, professional geologists were able, in January 1975, to predict an earthquake within the next six months.
[C] As the plates separate from each other, a new sea floor is formed by the molten matter that was formerly beneath. Volcanic islands and large mountain ranges are created by this type of movement.
[D] Geologists would like to be able to predict earthquakes accurately. Using laser beams, seismographs, gravity measuring devices, and radio telescopes, they are presently studying the San Andreas Fault to determine the rate of strain and the amount of ground slippage.
[E] What effects have geologists' predictions of earthquakes had? The Chinese in Haicheng in 1974 were warned that an earthquake might occur within the next year or two. With the help of amateur seismogists’ observations of animal behavior and the rise and fall of water in wells and measurements of quantities of radioactive gas in water, professional geologists were able, in January 1975, to predict an earthquake within the next six months.
[F] In spite of the geologists’ theory of plate tectonics, there are still gaps in man's understanding and knowledge of the causes of earthquakes.
Text 9
Directions:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.
Stars in Their Eyes
The Scientific American Book of the Cosmos edited by David Levy, Macmillan, ￡20, ISBN 0333782933
Previous generations of scientists would have killed to know what we know. For the first time in history, we have a pretty good idea of the material content of the Universe, our position within it and how the whole thing came into being.
In these times of exploding knowledge there is a definite need to take stock and assemble what we know in a palatable（受欢迎的）form. ____________________ (41)
The essays in The Scientific American Book of the Cosmos have been selected by David Levy, co-discoverer of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9, which in 1994 struck Jupiter with the violence of several full-scale nuclear wars. ____________________ (42) This is certainly a great collection of essays, but it is not, as the book promises, a seamless (完美的) synthesis of our current knowledge.
Nobody can fault the range of articles Levy has included. There are essays on the planets, moons and assorted debris (碎片) in the Solar System, and on our Galaxy, the Milky Way. ____________________ (43)
The contributions, too, are stars in their own fields. Not many books can boast chapters written by such giants as Erwin Schrodinger and Francis Crick. My personal favorites are a piercingly clear essay by Albert Einstein on general relativity and an article by Alan Guth and Paul Steinhardt on the inflationary Universe.
So much for the book’s content. But levy has not succeeded in providing an accurate synthesis of our current knowledge of the cosmos, which the book jacket promises. Gathering together previously published articles inevitably leaves subject gaps, missing explanations and so on. ____________________ (44) But there isn’t one. In fact surprisingly for a book so densely packed with information, there is no index.
Collecting essays in this way is clearly a good publishing wheeze. But this approach shortchanges the public, who would be better served by an account molded into a seamless whole. ____________________ (45) However, for the next edition, please, please can we have an index?
[A] Tegmark fears he may hold the record for the longest time taken to read one book.
[B] In a more positive vein, this is a wonderful collection of essays to dip in and out of if you already have a good overview of current cosmos understanding.
[C] Levy is an active astronomer and an accomplished writer, so you’d expect him to provide a broad and accurate picture of our current understanding of the cosmos.
[D] Scientific American has attempted to cater to this need by bringing together essays that have appeared in the magazine.
[E] To some extent, these could have been plugged with a glossary of terms.
[F] Also included are contributions on the world of subatomic particles, the origin of life on Earth and the possibility of its existence elsewhere.
Text 10
Directions:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.
Inca society was strictly organized, from the emperor and royal family down to the peasants. The emperor was thought to be descended from the sun god, Inti, and he therefore ruled with divine authority. All power rested in his hands. Only the influence of custom and the fear of revolt checked the emperor’s power. (41) __________. The emperor chose his most important administrators from among his sons.
Just below the emperor came the aristocracy, which included descendants and relations of all the emperors. (42) __________. The nobles of conquered peoples also became part of the governing aristocracy and were considered Inca by adoption.
For administrative purposes the empire was divided into regions known as the “four suyus (quarters) of the world,” with Cuzco at its center. The Incas called their empire “Land of the Four Quarters.” One suyu, the Antisuyu, stretched to the east of Cuzco and contained deep, forest-covered valleys that gradually descended into the jungles of the Amazon basin. Indian groups in this region, many of whom were only partially pacified, continued to launch attacks against the Incas. Cuntisuyu included all the land west of Cuzco, including the coastal regions of Peru from Chan Chan to Arequipa. Collasuyu was the largest of the quarters. Located south of Cuzco, it took in Lake Titicaca and regions of Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina. Chincasuyu contained the remaining land to the north of Cuzco.
A blood relative of the emperor served as governor of each quarter. The Incas further divided each quarter into progressively smaller units, with officials of descending rank overseeing the activities of these units. (43) __________. Another official, ideally a leader of a large village, ruled over a smaller area containing about 1,000 peasants. At the level below, ten foremen each supervised a total of 100 peasants. At the lowest organizational level, an official oversaw a group of ten peasants. For every 10,000 people, there were 1,331 officials.
Inca state affairs were complex and tightly controlled. Whole native populations were at times uprooted and resettled in other communities. Often groups were relocated to areas where they were needed for agricultural or mining activities. Sometimes relocations were politically motivated. (44) __________. Furthermore, these relocations facilitated the spread of Inca ideas and culture and promoted unity in the empire.
In order to deal efficiently with such matters, government officers kept strict accounts of all the people, gold, land, crops and projects of the empire. Since the Incas had no system of writing, they kept records by means of a quipu—a series of short, knotted strings hung at intervals from a long top string. By varying the colors and kinds of string used and the spacing of the strings and knots, the Incas could record populations, troops, and tribute, as well as information about their legends and achievements. The quipu was a complex memory aid rather than a literal record, and only a trained quipucamayo, or memory expert, could create or interpret it. An oral comment accompanied each quipu and allowed the quipucamayo to make sense of its meaning. (45) __________. Modern scholars still have not deciphered the codes used in the creation of quipus.
[A] Serving under each governor were ten district governors, each of whom ruled over a district containing about 10,000 peasants.
[B] Following the Spanish conquest and the introduction of records written in Spanish, the Incas lost the ability to read quipus.
[C] Noticeable economic thriving was frequently found, in the records of the local governments, after relocations.
[D] The emperor had one official wife, but he had many royal concubines and his children by these wives often numbered in the hundreds.
[E] Placing Quechua-speaking populations in newly conquered areas impaired the ability of local groups to unite against the Incas.
[F] Relations between relatives of the emperor, governors and officials often posed headaches for the supreme ruler himself, who was interwoven tightly and deeply among them.
[G] These pure-blooded Incas held the most important government, religious, and military posts.
DGAEB
Text 11
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45 ,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices ,which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
English has become the world’s number one language in the 20th century. In every country where English is not the native language，especially in the Third World，people must strive to learn it to the best of their abilities，if they want to participate fully in the development of their countries. 41) .
42)____.Nonetheless，a world full of different languages will disappear if the present trend in many countries to use English to replace the national or official languages in education，trade and even politics continues. 43)
The Third World countries that are now using English as a medium of instruction are depriving 75 per cent of their future leaders of a proper education. According to many studies，only around 20 to 25 per cent of students in these countries can manage to learn the language of instruction（English）as well as basic subjects at the same time. Many leaders of these Third World countries are obsessed with English and for them English is everything. They seem to believe that if the students speak English，they are already knowledgeable. 44)___ _
All the greatest countries of the world are great because they constantly use their own languages in all national development activities，including education. From a psychological point of view，those who are taught in their own language from the start will develop better self-confidence and self-reliance. From a linguistic point of view，the best brains can only be produced if students are educated in their own language from the start. 45)___ _
There is nothing wrong，however，in learning a foreign language at advanced levels of education. But the best thing to do is to have a good education in one’s native language first，then go abroad to have a university education in a foreign language.
[A] If this situation continues，the native or official languages of these countries will certainly die within two or three generations. This phenomenon has been called linguistic genocide. A language dies if it is not fully used in most activities，particularly as a medium of instruction in schools.
[B] Those who are taught in a foreign language from the start will tend to be imitators and lack self-confidence. They will tend to rely on foreign consultants.
[C] Suppose you work in a big firm and find English very important for your job because you often deal with foreign businessmen. Now you are looking for a place where you can improve your English，especially your spoken English.
[D] But many people are concerned that English’s dominance will destroy native languages.
[E] These leaders speak and write English much better than their national languages. If these leaders deliver speeches anywhere in the world they use English and they feel more at home with it and proud of their ability as well. The citizens of their countries do not understand their leaders’ speeches because they are made in a foreign language.
[F] Here are some advertisements about English language training from newspapers. You may find the information you need.
[G] A close examination reveals a great number of languages have fallen casualty to English. For example，it has wiped out Hawaiian，Welsh，Scotch Gaelic，Irish，native American languages，and many others. Luckily，some of these languages are now being revived，such as Hawaiian and Welsh，and these languages will live again，hopefully，if dedicated people continue their work of reviving them.
Text 12
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45 ,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices ,which do not fit in any of the gaps .Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
In 1959 the average American family paid ＄989 for a year’s supply of food. In 1972 the family paid＄1，311.That was a price increase of nearly one-third. Every family has had this sort of experience. Everyone agrees that the cost of feeding a family has risen sharply. But there is less agreement when reasons for the rise are being discussed. Who is really responsible?
Many blame the farmers who produce the vegetables，fruit，meat，eggs，and cheese that stores offer for sale. According to the U.S.Department of Agriculture，the farmer’s share of the＄1，311spent by the family in 1972 was ＄521.This was 31 per cent more than the farmer had received in1959.
But farmers claim that this increase was very small compared to the increase in their cost of living. Farmers tend to blame others for the sharp rise in food prices. They particularly blame those who process the farm products after the products leave the farm. These include truck drivers，meat packers，manufacturers of packages and other food containers，and the owners of stores where food is sold. 41) .
Of the ＄1，311family food bill in1972，middlement received＄790，which was 33 per cent more than they had received in 1959.It appears that the middlemen’s profit has increased more than farmer’s. But some economists claim that the middleman’s actual profit was very low. According to economists at the First National City Bank，the profit for meat packers and food stores amounted to less than one per cent. During the same period all other manufacturers were making a profit of more than 5 per cent. 42)____.
43) Vegetables and chicken cost more when they have been cut into pieces by someone other than the one who buys it. A family should expect to pay more when several “TV dinners” are taken home from the store. These are fully cooked meals，consisting of meat，vegetables，and sometimes desert，all arranged on a metal dish. The dish is put into the oven and heated while the housewife is doing something else. Such a convenience costs money. 44)____.
Economists remind us that many modern housewives have jobs outside the home.They earn money that helps to pay the family food bills. The housewife naturally has less time and energy for cooking after a day’s work. She wants to buy many kinds of food that can be put on her family’s table easily and quickly. 45)____
It appears that the answer to the question of rising prices is not a simple one.Producers，consumers，and middlemen all share the responsibility for the sharp rise in food costs.
[A] Thus，as economists point out: “Some of the basic reasons for widening food price spreads are easily traceable to the increasing use of convenience foods，which transfer much of the time and work of meal preparation from the kitchen to the food processor’s plant.”
[B] They are among the “middlemen” who stand between the farmer and the people who buy and eat the food. Are middlemen the ones to blame for rising food prices?
[C] “If the housewife wants all of these. ”the economists say，“that is her privilege，but she must be prepared to pay for the services of those who make her work easier.”
[D] Who then is actually responsible for the size of the bill a housewife must pay before she carries the food home from the store? The economists at First National City Bank have an answer to give housewives，but many people will not like it. These economists blame the housewife herself for the jump in food prices. They say that food costs more now because women don’t want to spend much time in the kitchen. Women prefer to buy food which has already been prepared before it reaches the market.
[E] However，some economists believe that controls can have negative effects over a long period of time. In cities with rent control，the city government sets the maximum rent that a landlord（房主）can charge for an apartment.
[F] Economists do not agree on some of the predictions. They also do not agree on the value of different decisions. Some economists support a particular decision while others criticize it.
[G] By comparison with other members of the economic system both farmers and middlemen have profited surprisingly little from the rise in food prices.
Text 13
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45 ,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices ,which do not fit in any of the gaps .Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
Growing cooperation among branches of tourism has proved valuable to all concerned. Government bureaus, trade and travel association, carriers and properties are all working together to bring about optimum conditions for travelers.
41) They distribute materials to agencies, such as journals, brochures and advertising projects. 42）
Tourist counselors give valuable seminars to acquaint agents with new programs and techniques in selling. 43)
Properties and agencies work closely together to make the most suitable contracts, considering both the comfort of the clients and their own profitable financial arrangement. 44)
45) Carriers are dependent upon agencies to supply passengers, and agencies are dependent upon carriers to present them with marketable tours. All services must work together for greater efficiency, fair pricing and contented customers.
[A] The same confidence exists between agencies and carriers including car-rental and sight-seeing services.
[B] They offer familiarization and workshop tours so that in a short time agents can obtain first-hand knowledge of the tours.
[C] Travel operators, specialists in the field of planning, sponsor extensive research programs. They have knowledge of all areas and all carrier services, and they are experts in organizing different types of tours and in preparing effective advertising campaigns.
[D] As a result of teamwork, tourism is flouring in all countries.
[E] Agencies rely upon the good services of hotels, and, conversely, hotels rely upon agencies, to fulfill their contracts and to send them clients.
[F] In This way agents learn to explain destinations and to suggest different modes and combinations of travel---Planes, ships, trains, motorcoaches, car-rentals, and even car purchases.
[G]Consequently, the agencies started to pay more attention to the comfort of travel.
Text 14
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45 ,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices ,which do not fit in any of the gaps .Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
Fields across Europe are contaminated with dangerous levels of the antibiotics given to farm animals. The drugs, which are in manure sprayed onto fields as fertilizers, could be getting into our food and water, helping to create a new generation of antibiotic-resistant “superbugs”.
The warning comes from a researcher in Switzerland who looked at levels of the drugs in farm slurry. 41)
Some 20,000 tons antibiotics are used in the European Union and the US each year. More than half are given to farm-animals to prevent disease and promote growth. 42)
Most researchers assumed that humans become infected with the resistant strains by eating contaminated meat. But far more of the drugs end up in manure than in meat products, says Stephen Mueller of the Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology in Dubendorf. 43)
With millions of tons animals manure spread onto fields of cops such as wheat and barley each year, this pathway seems an equally likely route for spreading resistance, he said. The drugs contaminate the crops, which are then eaten.44)
Mueller is particularly concerned about a group of antibiotics called sulphonamides.45) This concentration is high enough to trigger the development of resistance among bacteria. But vets are not treating the issue seriously.
There is growing concern at the extent to which drugs, including antibiotics, are polluting the environment. Many drugs given to humans are also excreted unchanged and broken down by conventional sewage treatment.
[A] They do not easily degrade or dissolve in water. His analysis found that Swiss farm manure contains a high percentage of sulphonamides; each hectare of field could be contaminated with up to 1 kilogram of the drugs.
[B] And manure contains especially high levels of bugs that are resistant to antibiotics, he says.
[C] Animal antibiotics is still an area to which insufficient attention has been paid.
[D] But recent research has found a direct link between the increased use of these farmyard drugs and the appearance of antibiotic-resistant bugs that infect people.
[E] His findings are particularly shocking because Switzerland is one of the few countries to have banned antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed.
[F] They could also be leaching into tap water pumped from rocks beneath fertilized fields.
[G] There is no doubt that the food and drink is always important to the health.
Text 15
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45 ,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices ,which do not fit in any of the gaps .Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
The main problem in discussing American popular culture is also one of its main characteristics: it won’t stay American. no matter what it is, whether it is films, food and fashion, music, casual sports or slang, it’s soon at home elsewhere in the world. There are several theories why American popular culture has had this appeal.
One theory is that is has been “advertised” and marketed through American films, popular music, and more recently, television.41)____They are, after all, in competition with those produced by other countries.
Another theory, probably a more common one, is that American popular culture is internationally associated with something called “the spirit of America.” 42)____
The final theory is less complex: American popular culture is popular because a lot of people in the world like it.
Regardless of why its spreads, American popular culture is usually quite rapidly adopted and then adapted in many other countries. 43)____ Black leather jackets worn by many heroes in American movies could be found, a generation later, on all those young men who wanted to make this manly-look their own.
Two areas where this continuing process is most clearly seen are clothing and music. Some people can still remember a time. When T-shirts, jogging clothes, tennis shoes, denim jackets, and blue jeans were not common daily wear everywhere. Only twenty years ago, it was possible to spot an American in Paris by his or her clothes. No longer so : those bright colors, checkered jackets and trousers, hats and socks which were once made fun in cartoons are back again in Paris as the latest fashion. 44)____.
The situation with American popular music is more complex because in the beginning, when it was still clearly American ,it was often strongly resisted. Jazz was once thought to be a great danger to youth and their morals, and was actually outlawed in several countries. Today, while still showing its rather American roots, it has become so well established. Rock “n” roll and all its variations, country & western music, all have more or less similar histories. They were first resisted, often in America as well, as being “low-class,” and then as “a danger to our nation’s youth.” 45)____ And then the music became accepted and was extended and was extended and developed, and exported back to the U.S.
[A] As a result, its American origins and roots are often quickly forgotten. “happy birthday to you,” for instance ,is such an everyday song that its source, its American copyright, so to speak , is not remembered.
[B] But this theory fails to explain why American films, music, and television, programs are so popular in themselves.
[C] American in origin, informal clothing has become the world’s first truly universal style.
[D] The BBC, for example, banned rock and roll until 1962.
[E] American food has become popular around the world too.
[F] This spirit is variously described as being young and free, optimistic and confident, informal and disrespectful.
[G] It is hardly surprising that the public concern contributes a lot to the spread of the their culture.
Text 16
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45 ,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices ,which do not fit in any of the gaps .Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
Albert Einstein, whose theories on space time and matter helped unravel the secrets of the atom and of the universe, was chosen as “Person of the Century” by Time magazine on Sunday.
A man whose very name is synonymous with scientific genius, Einstein has come to represent more than any other person the flowering of 20th century scientific thought that set the stage for the age of technology.
“The world has changed far more in the past 100 years than in any other century in history. The reason is not political or economic, but technological-----technologies that flowed directly from advances in basic science, ” wrote theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking in a Time essay explaining Einstein’s significance. 41)____
Time chose as runner—up President Franklin Roosevelt to represent the triumph of freedom and democracy over fascism ,and Mahatma Gandhi as an icon for a century when civil and human rights became crucial factors in global politics.
“What we saw was Franklin Roosevelt embodying the great theme of freedom’s fight against totalitarianism, Gandhi personifying the great theme of individual struggling for their rights, and Einstein being both a great genius and a great symbol of a scientific revolution that brought with it amazing technological advances that helped expand the growth of freedom,” said Time Magazine Editor Walter Isaacson.
Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany in 1879. 42)___ He could not stomach organized learning and loathed taking exams.
In 1905, however, he was to publish a theory which stands as one of the most intricate examples of human imagination in history. 43)____ Everything else –---mass, weight, space, even time itself----is a variable. And he offered the world his now-famous equation: energy equals mass times the speed of light squared ---E=mc2
44)____
45)____Einstein did not work on the project.
Einstein died in Princeton, New Jersey in 1955.
[A] “Indirectly, relativity paved the way for a new relativism in morality, art and politics,” Isaacson wrote in an essay explaining Time’s choices. ‘‘There was less faith in absolutes, not of time and space but also of truth and morality.” Einstein’s famous equation was also the seed that led to the development of atomic energy and weapons. In 1939, six years after he fled European fascism and settled at Princeton University, Einstein, an avowed pacifist, signed a letter to President Roosevelt urging the United States to develop an atomic bomb before Nazi Germany did.
[B] How he thought of the relativity theory influenced the general public’s view about Albert Einstein.
[C] “Clearly, no scientist better represents those advances than Albert Einstein.”
[D] Roosevelt heeded the advice and formed the “Manhattan Project ” that secretly developed the first atomic weapon.
[E] In his early years, Einstein did not show the promise of what he was to become. He was slow to learn to learn to speak and did not do well in elementary school.
[F] In his “Special Theory of Relativity, ” Einstein described how the only constant in the universe is the speed of light.
[G]It is said that Einstein’s success lies in the fact that few people can understand his theories.
Text 17
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45 ,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices ,which do not fit in any of the gaps .Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
When do people decide whether or not they want to become friends? During their first four minutes together, according to a book by Dr.Leonard Zunin. In his book, “Contact: The first four minutes”, he offers this advice to anyone interested in starting new friendships: “41)
A lot of people’s whole lives would change if they did just that.”
You may have noticed that the average person does not give his undivided attention to someone he has just met.42) If anyone has ever done this to you probably did not like him very much.
When we are introduced to new people, the author suggests, we should try to appear friendly and self-confident. In general, he says, “People like people who like themselves.”
On the other hand, we should not make the other person think we are too sure of ourselves. It is important to appear interested and sympathetic, realizing that the other person has his own needs, fears, and hopes.
Hearing such advice, one might say, “But I’m not a friendly, self-confident person. That’s not my nature. It would be dishonest for me to act that way.”
43) “It is like getting used to a new car. It may be unfamiliar at first, but it goes much better than the old one.”
But isn’t it dishonest to give the appearance of friendly self-confidence when we don’t actually feel that way? Perhaps, but according to Dr.Zunin, ”total honesty” is not always good for social relationships, especially during the first few minutes of contact. There is a time for everything, and a certain amount of play-acting may be best for the first few minutes of contact with a stranger. That is not the time to complain about one’s health or to mention faults one finds in other people. It is not the time to tell the whole truth about one’s opinions and impressions.
44) The author says that interpersonal relations should be taught as a required course in every school, along with reading, writing, and mathermatics.45) That is at least as important as how much we know.
[A] In reply, Dr.Zunin would claim that a little practice can help us feel comfortable about changing our social habits. We can become accustomed to any change we choose to make in our personality.
[B] Much of what has been said about strangers also applies to relationships with family members and friends. For a husband and wife or a parent and child, problems often arise during their first four minutes together after they have been apart. Dr.Zunin suggests that these first few minutes together be treated with care. If there are unpleasant matters to be discussed, they should be dealt with later.
[C] In his opinion, success in life depends mainly on how we get along with other people.
[D] Every time you meet someone in a social situation, give him your undivided attention for four minutes.
[E] He keeps looking over the other person’s shoulder, as if hoping to find someone more interesting in another part of the room.
[F] He is eager to make friends with everyone.
[G] It is also noticed that eye-contact shows something special related to the friendship.
Text 18
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45 ,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices ,which do not fit in any of the gaps .Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
Several types of financial risk are encountered in international marketing; the major problems include commercial, political risk and foreign exchange risk.
41) They include solvency, default, or refusal to pay bills. Their major risk, however, is competition which can only be dealt with through consistently effective management and marketing.42) Such risk is encountered when a controversy arises about the quality of goods delivered, a dispute over contract terms, or any other disagreement over which payment is withheld. One company, for example, shipped several hundred tons of dehydrated potatoes to a distributor in Germany. 43) The alternatives for the exporter were reducing the price, reselling the potatoes, or shipping them home again, each involving considerable cost.
Political risk relates to the problems of war or revolution, currency inconvertibility, expropriation or expulsion, and restriction or cancellation of import licenses.44)
Management information systems and effective decision-making processes are the best defenses against political risk. As many companies have discovered, sometimes there is no way to avoid political risk, so marketers must be prepared to assume them or give up doing business in a particular market.
Exchange-rate fluctuations inevitably cause problems, but for many years, most firms could take protective action to minimize their unfavorable effects.45) Before rates were permitted to float, devaluations of major currencies were infrequent and usually could be anticipated, but exchange-rate fluctuations in the float system are daily affairs.
[A] Political risk is an environmental concern for all businesses.
[B] One unique risk encountered by the international marketer involves financial adjustments.
[C] Commercial risks are handled essentially as normal credit risks encountered in day-to-day business.
[D] The distributor tested the shipment and declared in to be below acceptable taste and texture standards.
[E] Floating exchange rates of the world’s major currencies have forced all marketers to be especially aware of exchange-rate fluctuations and the need to compensate for them in their financial planning. International Business Machine Corporation, for example, reported that exchange losses resulted in a dramatic 21.6 percent drop in their earnings in the third quarter to 1981.
[F] Many international marketers go bankrupt each year because of exchange-rate fluctuation.
[G] Anyone who gets into the stock market can not gloss over the risk brought by the political change.
Text 19
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45 ,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices ,which do not fit in any of the gaps .Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
Mobile phones should carry a label if they proved to be a dangerous source of radiation, according to Robert Bell, a scientist. And no more mobile phone transmitter towers should be built until the long-term health effects of the electromagnetic radiation they emit are scientifically evaluated, he said. “Nobody’s going to drop dead overnight but we should be asking for more scientific information,” Robert Bell said at a conference on the health effects of low-level radiation. 41)_____
A report widely circulated among the public says that up to now scientists do not really know enough to guarantee there are no ill-effects on humans from electromagnetic radiation. According to Robert Bell, there are 3.3 million mobile phones in Australia alone and they are increasing by 2,000 a day. 42)_____
As well, there are 2,000 transmitter towers around Australia, many in high density residential areas. 43)_____
Robert Bell suggests that until more research is completed the Government should ban construction of phone towers form within a 500 metre radius of school grounds, child care centers, hospitals, sports playing fields and residential areas with a high percentage of children. 44)_____ He adds that there is also evidence that if cancer suffers are subjected to electromagnetic waves the growth rate of the disease accelerates.
45)_____
[A] He says there is emerging evidence that children absorb low-level radiation at a rate more than three times that of adults.
[B] By the year 2000 it is estimated that Australia will have 8 million mobile phones: nearly one for every two people.
[C] “If mobile phones are found to be dangerous, they should carry a warning label until proper shields can be decided,” he said.
[D] Then who finances the research? According to Robert Bell, it is reasonable for the major telephone companies to fund it. Besides, he also urges the Government to set up a wide-ranging inquiry into possible health effects.
[E] For example, Telstra, Optus and Vodaphone build their towers where it is geographically suitable to them and disregard the need of the community. The electromagnetic radiation emitted from these towers may have already produced some harmful effects on the health of the residents nearby.
[F]The conclusion is that mobile phones brings more harm than benefit.
[G]The mobile phone also causes a lot of problems while offering people great convenience.
Text 20
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45 ,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices ,which do not fit in any of the gaps .Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
Public relations is a broad set of planned communications about the company, including publicity releases, designed to promote goodwill and a favorable image.
41)_____ Since public relations involves communications with stockholders, financial analysts, government officials, and other noncustomer groups, it is usually placed outside the marketing department, perhaps as a staff department or outside consulting firm reporting to top management. This organizational placement can be a limitation because the public relations department of consultant will likely not be in tune with marketing efforts. 42)_____Although the basic purpose of public relations is to provide positive influence on the public image, this influence generally may be less than that provided by the other components of the public image mix.
43)___Publicity on the other hand should not be divorced from the marketing department, as it can provide a useful adjunct to the regular advertising. 44)____
The point we wish to emphasize is that a firm is deluding itself if it thinks its public relations function, whether within the company or an outside firm, can take care of public image problems and opportunities. 45)____ Public relations and directed publicity may help highlight favorable newsworthy events, and may even succeed in toning down the worst of unfavorable publicity, but the other components of the public image mix create more lasting impressions.
[A] Publicity may be in the form of news that have favorable overtones for the company initiated by the public relations department.
[B] Furthermore, not all publicity is initiated by the firm; some can result from an unfavorable press as a reaction to certain actions or lack of actions that are controversial or even downright ill-advised.
[C] Publicity then is part of public relations when it is initiated by the firm, usually in the form of press releases or press conferences.
[D] Many factors impact on the public image. Many of these have to do with the way the firm does business, such as its product quality, the servicing and handling of complaints, and the tenor of the advertising.
[E] It surely causes heavy losses to the company.
[F] Poor communication and no coordination may be the consequences.
[G] The public relations, in fact, is developing some new relative concept in the past few years.
答案：
样题：41.B 42.F 43.E 44.A 45.C 第11篇：41.D 42.G 43.A 44.E 45.B
第12篇：41.B 42.G 43.D 44.A 45.C 第13篇：41.C 42.B 43.F 44.E 45.A
第14篇：41.E 42.D 43.B 44.F 45.A 第15篇：41.B 42.F 43. A 44.C 45.D
第16篇：41.C 42.E 43.F 44.A 45.D 第17篇：41.D 42.E 43.A 44.B 45.C
第18篇：41.C 42.B 43.D 44.A 45.E 第19篇：41.C 42. B 43.E 44. A 45. D
第20篇：41.C 42. F 43.A 44.B 45.D
第三章 2005年考研英语应用文应对策略
从2005年起，写作将考查两篇文章。两篇文章各有侧重。主要变化来自于增加一篇应用文，其实，2003和2004年的大纲都强调了要会写应用文，如书信、简历摘要和备忘录，只不过在05年才开考，考生已经应有心理准备。从其它考试中看，四六级考试、雅思、全国MBA联考、BEC一直都在考查书信写作，也就是说，写作方面并没有出现新题型。所谓的大纲变化在写作部分只是增加了篇目调整了分数而已。考查两篇文章的形式类似于雅思考试，已经不是什么新鲜事。根据大纲要求，A节可能考查一篇简短的书信，要求的字数为100词，长度低于四六级要求的120词和150词，我们不必太感惊慌，可以泰然处之。从形式上看应该侧重考查事务信函，也只有事务信函才能用到书面语的正式语体。大纲已经强调对信函的格式不会过于苛求，所以考生不用花很多时间研究信封地址写法和信体格式，不用考虑书写属于齐头式还是缩进式。但最基本的Dear XXX,以及Yours sincerely还是需要一步到位。到了这个层次，事务信函已经基本等同于一篇普通的提纲作文，我们还是按照提纲要求的若干内容发挥，把每一点扩充成一段。新赠作文要求写100字左右应用性短文,应用性短文通常包括各种信函、简历、便条、备忘录等，笔者认为考生准备重点在各种信函。信函主要有：求职信、投诉信、邀请信、订购信、询问信、感谢信、道歉信、推荐信等八种，而在这八种信函中前五种是重点的重点。 由于这是一篇小作文所以要求100字左右，难度相对于六级还低。考生只要熟悉一些常用‘经典’句型，便可在短时间一挥而就。比如求职信开篇的一个‘黄金’句型：I am responding to your advertisement in China Daily on January 10th, 2003, which invites applications for interpreters. Enclosed with this letter is my resume which details my background. 又如此类信件结束的一个‘钻石’句型：I shall be much obliged if you will afford me an opportunity for an interview, and I appreciate a response from at your earliest convenience.考生再少加发挥，在二段设置几个‘亮点’，一篇高分文章就由此‘诞生’了。虽然短信好写，还是建议考生参考一些写作书中关于应用文的介绍，了解模式，熟悉套话。毕竟也是书面语语体，要注意语言正式、词汇多变，如前面提到了reference books, 后面不妨修改成reference (reading) materials。还要保留一些客气礼貌的用语，如I do appreciate your kind consideration to my request或I am grateful to your kind assistance.另外，千万不要把前面的提示语（情景说明）照搬到自己的作文中用来凑字数，要利用同义词、同义表达加以改造，否则会有抄袭之嫌。下面归纳五大信函写作策略：
1． 求职信
开头段：表明信息来源，说明写作意图。
主体段：介绍自己相关的工作经历、学习经历，以此证明你能胜任这个职位。
2． 投诉信
开头段： 说明与收信人的相关性，点明你写作的意图。
主体段： 写明投诉的原因，要展开说明，或者讲具体理由，或者谈问题的具体体现方式。
结束段：表达你希望上述问题得到尽快解决的强烈愿望，并对有关人员做出的努力表示感谢。
3． 邀请信
开头段：表明写作意图，向某人发出邀请。
主体段：说明邀请的具体原因，邀请的内容。
结束段：表明强烈的期盼，并希望尽快得到答复。
4． 订购信
开头段： 开篇点出写信的目的，定购你要的东西。
主体段： 详细说明你订购货物的规格、大小、颜色、尺寸等。
结束段：表示对方回函以便确认。
5． 询问信
开头段： 明确写信的目的，说明写这封信的目的是寻求某信息或帮助。
主体段：询问具体问题，强调所需信息的重要性。
结束段：表达获取信息的强烈愿望，提供联系方式以便收信人与你联系，并对有关人员表示感谢。
总体来说新增小作文有规律可循，只要多加练习就能自如应付。
第四章 应用文常用写作即成模式
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称呼是书信的开头部分，一般用dear打头，如Dear Mr. Wang , Dear Dr. Smith 等。注意头衔的使用。通常对于男性可以使用Mr. 学术界可以用Dr. / Prof. 称呼女性可以用 Mrs. /Miss./Ms. Hon. (honorable)用于市长，议员，大使，法官等姓名前 Pres.(president)用于称呼董事长，总经理，会长，大学校长。 Rev. (Reverend) 称呼牧师。如果不知道对方姓名可以说 To whom it may concern. 也可以说Dear Sir / Dear Madam
另外英文书信中，称呼后用“，”，不是“：”。
结尾的客套是表示礼节的言辞，按友好，亲密程度可以有：一般的客套： Yours truly. Truly yours. Yours very truly. Very truly yours. Yours respectfully. Respectfully yours.比较亲密：Faithfully yours. Sincerely yours. Cordially yours. Lovingly yours. Yours affectionately. Yours
应用文最后部分为签名，考试要求统一用“Li Ming”落款。注意考试时不要求写日期，请不要画蛇添足.
Unit 1邀请信
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邀请信包括宴会、舞会、晚餐、聚会、婚礼等各种邀请信件，形式上大体分为两种：一种为正规的格式 (formal correspondence)，亦称请柬；一种是非正式格式 (informal correspondence), 即一般的邀请信。邀请信是在形式上不如请柬那样正规，但也是很考究。书写时应注意：
邀请信一定要将邀请的时间（年、月、日、钟点）、地点、场合写清楚，不能使接信人存在任何疑虑。例如：“I’d like you and Bob to come to Luncheon next Friday.”这句话中所指的是哪个星期五并不明确，所以应加上具体日期, “I’d like you and Bob to come to luncheon next Friday, May the fifth.”
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1. 邀请朋友共进午餐 Inviting a friend to informal luncheon
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Dear [Zhang Ying]:
Will you come to luncheon on [Friday, May the fifth], at [twelve o’clock]?
My niece [Mary] is visiting us and I think you will enjoy meeting her. She is a charming, very pretty girl … and very good company! [John and Jane] will be here, and perhaps we can [give a dance] after luncheon. Do say you’ll come!
Affectionately yours,
Li Ming
亲爱的[张营]：
您能在[5月5日星期五中午12点钟] 来吃午饭吗？
我侄女[玛丽]正在我们家中作客，我想您会乐于见到她的。她是个漂亮而聪明的女孩子，……同她在一起是很使人高兴的！[约翰和简]也到这里来，也许在饭后我们能[开个舞会]，说好，一定得来呀！
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2. 邀请朋友同他们不认识的人一起共进晚餐 Inviting friends to supper with the strangers
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Dear [Susan]:
I know you are interested in [oil painting], so I’m sure you’ll be interested in [Mr. and Mrs. Lin dun]! They are coming here to supper [next Sunday night, October the twelfth], and we’d like you and [Walter] to come, too.
[Mr. and Mrs. Lin Dun] are that very charming couple we met in [London] last summer. They have a wonderful collection of [oil paintings of various stages]; and I understand that Mr. Lin Dun is quite an authority on [oil painting]. I’m sure you and Walter will thoroughly enjoy and evening in their company.
We’re planning supper at six; that will give us a nice long evening to talk. If I don’t hear from you before then, I’ll be expecting you on the [twelfth]!
Affectionately yours,
Li Ming
亲爱的[苏珊]：
我知道您对[油画]是有兴趣的，所以我相信您对林顿夫妇也会感兴趣。他们将在[10月12日（下星期日）]来吃饭，我们很希望您和瓦尔特也能同来。
[林顿夫妇]是那么好的一对夫妻。我们是去年夏天在[伦敦]认识的。他们集有[各个不同时期精美的油画作品]。我知道，林顿先生在研究[油画]方面是颇有权威的。我深信，那天晚上您和瓦尔特同他们在一起，一定会很愉快。
我们准备在6点钟吃晚饭，这样就能有较长的时间闲谈。如果事前接不到您的回信，我就指望你们那天到来。
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3. 邀请参加新厂开工典礼 Invitation to opening ceremony of new factory
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Dear [Mr. Harrison]:
Our new factory will be commencing production on [April 10] and we should like to invite [you and your wife] to be present at a celebration to mark the occasion.
As you will appreciate this is an important milestone for this organization, and is the result of continued demand for our products, both at home and overseas. We are inviting all those individuals and trust that you will pay us the compliments of accepting.
Please confirm that you will be able to attend by advising us of your time —— we can arrange for you to be met. All arrangements for your stay [overnight on April 10] will, of course, be made by us at our expense.
Yours faithfully,
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亲爱的[哈里森先生]：
本公司新厂将于[4月10日]开始投产，希望能邀请[贤伉俪]来参加新厂开工典礼。
如您所知，新厂的设立是本公司的一个里程碑，而这正是海内外对本公司产品不断需求的结果。我们邀请了所有对本公司的成功贡献一切力量的个人，我们相信，您一定会赏光。
如您确能参加，请来函告知您抵达的时间 —— 以便我们为您安排会晤。当然，所有安排您在[10日晚间]夜宿的费用，皆将由公司代您支付。
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4. 邀请来家中小住及周末聚会 An invitation for a house and weekend party
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Dear [Jane]:
I hope [you and Fred] haven’t any plan for the weekend of [July twenty-fourth] as we’d like you to spend it with us at [Far Acres]. It’s simply beautiful here now, with everything in bloom!
I think we can promise [Fred] some good fishing this year. The fish are biting better than ever! So bring your fishing clothes; and be sure to bring your tennis things, too, because [the Owens] are coming and I’m sure you’ll want to get out on the courts with them.
There’s a very good train [Friday night]; I’ve marked it in red on the timetable. It gets you here about [seven-thirty] which is just in time for dinner. You can get a late train back [Sunday night], or there’s an early express that [Bob] usually takes on [Monday morning].
We hope nothing will prevent you from coming, as we’re looking forward to your visit … and I know [the Owens] are looking forward to seeing you again, too. Be sure to let us know what train you are taking so that [Bob] can meet you at the station.
Affectionately yours,
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亲爱的[简]：
如果您[7月24日]没有什么活动安排，我希望[您和弗雷德]能同我们一起在[远庄园]共度周末，那里已经鲜花遍地，现正在最美丽的时节。
我想，今年我们能让[弗雷德]钓鱼钓得更快活。鱼儿比过去任何时候都爱上钓鱼。请把钓鱼的服装带来，也别忘记带上打网球的用具，因为我们还邀约了[欧文]夫妇，我想，你们是乐意同他们打网球的。
[星期五晚上]有一班舒适的火车，我已经在火车时刻表上做了红色记号，火车大约在[7点半钟]把你们送到这里，正是吃晚饭时间。[星期日晚上]你们可以乘晚车回来。或者，在[星期一早晨]也有一班快车，就是[鲍勃]常坐的那一班车。
我们希望没有什么事情会阻碍你们，我们在等待着你们光临……我知道[欧文夫妇]好盼望再次见到你们。准备乘哪一班火车，请一定告诉我们，好让[鲍勃]到车站迎接你们。
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5. 邀请参加招待会 An invitation for a reception
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Dear [Mr. Smith]:
It would give [me/us] great pleasure to have your presence at a reception in honor of the Chinese delegation.
The reception will be held in the [the City Hall], on [Tuesday, October the fourth]. Cocktails will be served promptly at [six] to be followed b dinner at [eight].
[I/We] sincerely hope you can attend. Let [me/us] know.
Sincerely yours
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亲爱的[史密斯先生]：
如您能够出席为[中国代表团]而举行的招待会，[我（们）]将感到十分荣幸。
招待会定于[10月4日（星期二）]在[市政厅]举行。[6点钟]准时举行[鸡犬不宁尾酒会]， 随之在[8点钟]举行[正式的晚宴]。
[我（们）]期待着您的光临。请提前通知您能否出席。
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6. 邀请演讲 Inviting someone to address a meeting
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Dear [Dr. Rodger]:
[The English Department of Nankai University] would like to extend to you an invitation to be our guest speaker at the [annual conference] to be held at the [meeting room] at [eight] o’clock, [Saturday morning, December the thirtieth, 1993].
As you know, the department is interested in [the 20th century English literature] Since you are familiar with the field, we know your views will be extremely interesting to us.
You will receive further details later, but we would appreciate having your acceptance soon so we may complete our agenda.
Cordially,
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亲爱的[罗杰博士]：
[南开大学外文系]特邀请您出席[1993年12月30日（星期六）早八点在（系会议室）]召开的[学术年会]并作演讲。
正如您所了解的，[南大外文系]对[20世纪的英国文学颇感兴趣]。您对此领域很熟悉，您的见解定会给我们带来很大的兴趣。
我们将随后把有关细节通知您，但恳请您尽快予以答复，以便作出安排。
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Unit 2 邀请信的回复
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邀请信的复信要求简明扼要，在书写时应注意以下几点：
1. 接受邀请的复信中应重复写上邀请信中的某些内容，如邀请年、月、日，星期几、几点钟等，如 “I’ll be delighted to attend your luncheon next Friday, May the fifth, at twelve o’clock”。
2. 邀请信的复信中应明确表明接受邀请还是不接受邀请，不能含乎其词，如不能写 “I’ll come if I’m in town”。这类的话，以使得对方无法作出安排。在接受邀请的复信中，应对受到邀请表示高兴。谢却的复信中应阐明不能应邀的原由。
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1. 接受与不相识的人共进午餐 Accepting an invitation to luncheon with strangers
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Dear [Wang Hua]:
I’ll be delighted to come to your luncheon on [Tuesday, April the sixth], at [on] o’clock.
[Bob] has often spoken me of [Wang Hui], and has told me how very much he enjoys having him for a [roommate /teammate]. Although I have never met [Wang Hui], I know him from hearing so much about him.
I assure you it will be a very great pleasure indeed to meet [Wang Hui’s mother]! Thank you so much for asking me.
Truly Yours
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亲爱的[王华]：
我将愉快地参加您于[4月6日（星期二）下午1时]举行的午宴。
[鲍勃]经常向我提起[王晖]，并经常谈到与他[同住一室/为队友]是多么愉快。虽然我还没有见过他，但因为听到有关他的事情多，好像已经认识他了。
我相信，同[王晖的妈妈]相会一定会使人非常愉快，非常感谢您的邀请。
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2. 谢绝不相识的人的邀请 Apologizing for being unable to accept an invitation
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Dear [Mrs. Brown]:
I have heard so much about [Lambert] from [Jane] that I almost feel as though I knew him. I would certainly enjoy meeting his mother!
But unfortunately I expect guests myself on [Friday, the seventh of May]; and therefore cannot accept your invitation for luncheon on that day.
It was thoughtful of you to invite me, and I am extremely sorry I cannot accept, I do hope you will ask me again some time!
Sincerely yours,
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亲爱的[布朗]：
我已经从[简]那里知道了许多关于[兰伯特]的事，我好像已经认识他似的，能够去见他母亲我当然觉得十分荣幸！
但是很不凑巧：在[5月7日（星期五）]我自己要招待客人， 因此就不能接受您在那天的午宴邀请了。
承您如此热情地相约，恰巧因事不能前往，深表歉意，但愿以后能再次荣获您的邀请。
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3. 对迟复邀请表示歉意 Apologizing for being unable to give an early reply
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Dear [Mr. Jackson]:
Please accept my apologies for the delay in acknowledging your invitation for [lunch/ diner/ cocktails] on [September the fourth, this year]. I have been away from the office and only just returned.
Luckily, I have no other plans for the date you mention, and shall be happy to see you at [6] at the Black Swan Restaurant.
Cordially,
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亲爱的[杰克逊先生]：
未能对您发来的出席今年[9月4日]举行的[午宴/晚宴/鸡尾酒会]的邀请给予及时答复深表歉意。我因近期一直在外，刚刚返回。
幸运的是，我在那天没有其他安排，很愿意届时在[黑天鹅餐厅]与您会面。
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4. 对不能参加而迟复邀请回信表示歉意 Apologizing for being unable to accept the invitation and give an early reply
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Dear [Mr. Hovell]:
Please accept my apologies for the delay in acknowledging your invitation for [lunch/ dinner/ cocktails] on [September the fourth, this year]. I have been away form the office and only just returned.
Unfortunately, I have other plans for the date you mention, but shall be happy to make a date for some other convenient time.
Cordially,
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亲爱的[霍维尔先生]：
未能对您发来的出席[今年9月4日]举行的[午宴/晚宴/鸡尾酒会]的邀请予以及时答复深表歉意。我因一直外出，刚刚返回。
很遗憾，由于有其他事务安排，故不能赴约。我很愿意在以后方便的时候前去拜会。
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Unit 3 感谢信
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感谢信的篇幅可长可短，但应该写得认真而热切，写出真实的感情。写信时应注意以下几点：
1．在对馈赠礼物的感谢信中，要提到具体的礼物，不要写“Thanks for the beautiful gift”。而应写成“Thanks for the beautiful watch”。同时将礼物是何等的适宜与精美等加以赞赏，以显示出送礼物人独具慧眼。这样会使送礼人感到高兴。
2．在英美国家，礼物常附有一张写着送礼人姓名的卡片。
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1. 感谢帮助 A note of thanks for one’s help
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Dear [William]:
Thank you very much for your kind letter of [October 15, 2004], concerning [my project].
It was good of you to come to my assistance, and I appreciate your generosity. Your aid will be invaluable in helping me accomplish my objectives. If I can reciprocate at any time, please be sure to call on me.
Thanks again for your courtesy.
Cordially,
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亲爱的[威廉]：
感谢您[2004年10月15日]就[我研究项目]的来信。
您的慷慨令我感到钦佩，而且您的帮助将为我达到我的目标，起到不可估量的作用。如果将来我能为您做些什么，请直言。
再次感谢您的好意。
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2. 感谢别人的祝贺 A note of thanks for one’s compliment
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Dear [Miss Allen]:
Thanks you very much for your kind letter of [April 14, 2004], concerning [our service].
It is constantly gratifying to receive a complimentary letter like yours; which indicates that our efforts to serve you are appreciated. You may be sure that our department will receive appropriate recognition for a job well done.
Thank you again for your courtesy.
Cordially,
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亲爱的[艾伦小姐]：
感谢您的[2004年4月4日]就[我们服务]的来信。
接到您的赞美来信，我们不胜感谢，这说明我们为您[提供的服务]达到了您的满意。可以相信，我们会对[下属]部门的优质服务给予适当的奖励。
再次感谢您的好意。
您的真诚的
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3. 感谢别人的指教 A note of thanks for one’s guidance
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Dear [Professor Jackson]:
It is just [two months] since I consulted with you about [choosing my job] and I want to assure you that I appreciate your help.
Your advice has been invaluable, and I have followed the course you recommended, with gratifying results. [I took the job], and consider it the wisest step I could have taken.
I would like to express my gratitude, along with my very best wishes.
Cordially,
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亲爱的[杰克逊教授]：
自从上次向您请教[工作选择问题]至今已两个月了，非常感谢您的指教。
您提的建议十分宝贵，我按照您说的做了以后，收效甚佳。[我选择了那份工作]，并认为这是我所能作出的最明智的选择。
我愿在此向您表示感谢，并献上良好的祝愿。
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4. 感谢别人的招待并送礼物 A letter of thanks for one’s hospitality and sending a gift
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Dear [Lora]:
Please accept my thanks for the very pleasant time I spent on Tuesday evening at your office.
I very much appreciated your hospitality and also thoroughly enjoyed the three very interesting colorful films which were shown to us.
Now I would like to express my thanks for your warm hospitality with [a little gift] that you will shortly receive.
Cordially,
[Susan]
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亲爱的[洛拉]：
星期二，我在你处度过了一个愉快的夜晚，请接受我的谢意。
我非常感谢你的款待，也非常欣赏你们为我们放映的三部丰富多彩的电影。
现在我愿奉送[一件小小的礼物]以示敬意，您不久就会收到。
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Unit 4 祝贺信
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在西方，得知朋友订婚、结婚、生孩子、升职都要写信祝贺。祝贺信如同一般的简短书信，可长可短，格式上无特别的要求，但书写时应做到：真诚、自然、亲切动人。内容上可尽情发挥。
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1. 祝贺生日 Congratulations on a birthday
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Dear [Babs]:
So you’re [a year] older today —— or don’t you want to be reminded? Anyway, congratulations and best wishes.
If you feel like holding a celebration, will you let me take you to dinner and the movies, as a sort of birthday treat? You name the day. And in the mealtime, many happy returns!
Cordially,
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亲爱的[巴博斯]：
今天您又大了[一岁]了，您不喜欢别人这样对你讲吗？但不管怎样，我得向您祝贺，表示美好的祝愿。
如果您对庆贺有雅兴的话，我想请您吃饭，或看电影，作为祝贺您生日的款待。请定个日期，同时，祝您幸福愉快！
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2. 祝贺朋友大学毕业 Congratulations on graduation
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Dear [Mr. Li]:
I learned from [Wang Ying] that you were graduated with high honors from [Qing Hua University] yesterday. I can well imagine how proud of you your parents are now, who have been anxiously hoping to witness your brilliant success. As I understand, you will continue studies in [the United States] soon. I wish you greater success in your studies and research work.
With best wishes,
Yours sincerely,
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亲爱的[李先生]：
从王英处得悉你以优异的成绩毕业于[清华大学]，我可以想像，你的父母现在是怎样地引以为荣。他们一直殷切地希望你获得辉煌的成就。我听说你不久要到[美国]去继续深造。预祝你在学习和研究工作上取得更大的成就。
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3. 祝贺朋友在运动会上获胜 Congratulations on winning a game
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Dear [Jerry]:
Mother sent me the clippings about your success at the [swimming] meet. Naturally, I am not surprised at all, but I thought I’d just say “Congratulations” where are going to find room for another [silver] cup?
Some of our girls may be going up to the [Tri-State] meet. If the tape unrolls straight, and there I shall expect to see you win again.
When we’re all home for [Thanksgiving] vacation, we’ll have to hold a real celebration.
Your one-time swimming rival,
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亲爱的[玛丽]：
妈妈把你在[游泳]运动会上获胜的剪报寄给了我。当然，我一点也不感到吃惊；但是，我觉得还是应当向你祝贺。你哪里去找到争取另一个[银杯]的机会呀？
如果能获得顺利批准，我们当中的一些姑娘可能要去参加[三州]运动会。在那里，我希望能看到你再次获胜。
你从前的游泳对手
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4. 祝贺新年 A letter extending New Year greetings
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Dear [Mr. Barton]:
As the New Year is quickly approaching, I take this opportunity to send my greetings and best wishes to you for [2005].
I hope that the coming year will bring a further increase in exchange of culture between our two countries and we look forward to continued friendly relations with you.
Yours faithfully,
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亲爱的[巴顿先生]：
值此[2005]年即将到来之际，我谨向你致以最良好的祝愿和问候。
我希望，在新的一年里我们两国之间的文化交流有进一步的增加，并希望我们与你们之间的友好关系继续下去。
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Unit 5 祝贺信
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欢迎信不仅是主方出于礼节对客方的一种友好表示。欢迎信不宜写得过长，但要求写得真切，表明客方对主方的重要性，以及主方公司的诚意。
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1. 欢迎新客户 Welcoming new customers
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Dear [Mr Forster]:
It is great pleasure to welcome your patronage of [W. H. SMITH]. We hope to add your name to our list of satisfied [customers].
We try to show our appreciation for the business we receive by providing your money’s worth in [service].
It is our sincere wish to make your [shopping] here as pleasant as possible.
We are ready and eager to serve you.
Cordially,
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亲爱的[福斯特先生]：
您能光顾[W. H. SMITH联营商场]是我们的莫大荣幸。我们希望能将您的名字收入我的的满意[顾客]名单。
我们力求通过在[服务]上为您提到优质服务以显示出我们对经营的热忱。
我们由衷地希望能使你在此[购物]达到尽善尽美。
我们恭候您，并竭诚为您服务。
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2. 欢迎新同事 Welcoming a new comer
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Dear [Mr. J. R. Smith]:
It is a great pleasure to welcome you to our organization.
The work you have done in [electronics] at [Toronto], indicates that we are fortunate to have you joining us at [Electronics] as [an engineer]. You’ll be working with many congenial people, and I’m sure you’ll find them capable and cooperative.
Let’s get together for a chat, as soon as you are settled. Meanwhile, if there is anything I can do for you, just let me know.
Yours,
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亲爱的[J. R. 史密斯先生]：
您能参加我们的组织，我们感到非常高兴。
您在[多伦多]所从事的[电子]方面的工作表明我们很幸运能有您这样的[工程师]加盟我们[电子公司]。您将与许多志趣相投的同行一道工作。我相信，您会发现他们很能干，而且很合作。
您安顿一下之后，让我们聚在一起叙谈一下，如果我们能为您做些什么，请告诉我们。
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Unit 6 聘请信
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聘请信主要用于聘请对方前来工作，讲学等，这种信需写清聘请的目的及给予对方的待遇。有时也可写上一些对对方表示崇敬的词语。另外还需写清聘请的期限。
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1．聘请客座教授 Employing a visiting professor
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Dear [Prof. Smith]:
[The English Department of Beijing Languages Institute] is pleased to appoint you to be [a visiting professor], for the term of [one year and a half], starting on [February 22, 1993]. The Department will provide office space and library facilities. You will of course be welcome to participate fully in our teaching programs, including, classes, seminars, and informal discursions. [The Institute] will pay fees according to the contact of engagement en closed herewith.
The Department joins me in the hope that you will be able to take up this appointment.
Truly yours,
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亲爱的[史密斯教授]：
[北京外国语学院英语系]准备聘请您为[客座教授]，为期[一年半]，从[1993年2月22日]起，我系将提供办公室和图书馆一切方便，欢迎您参加我们全部的教学项目，包括上课，研究班讨论会及非正式讨论。[我校]交按照所附合同条款支付酬金。
我系全体成员都希望您能接受这一职位。
此致
敬礼！
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2. 聘请顾问 Employing a consultant
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Dear [Dr. Boffin],
It is a great pleasure to hear from [Dr. May] that you are coming to China for a short visit. I would like to take this opportunity to invite you to be our consultant in our [hospital]. With your profound knowledge and experience in the [medical field], I’m sure that you will help our [hospital] tremendously. Let me thank you in advance for your assistance. Please accept my warm welcome and sincere invitation. I’m looking forward to hearing from you soon.
Sincerely yours,
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亲爱的[鲍菲博士]：
据[梅博士]函告，您将来华做短期访问，故冒昧给您写信，想请您担任我[院]的[顾问]。由于您在[医疗]方面学识渊博，经验丰富，对我[院]一定大有帮助，恭候佳音，并盼忽闻却是幸。
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Unit 7询问与申请
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为了要了解某事、或请求对方办事某事、或申请参加学会、报名入学等，都可写信给有关方面询问。这类信要写明自己的意图以及要求对方办的事，也可向对方索取有关资料。
申请信的篇幅不宜过长，除语气诚恳，言简意赅外，还应注意以下几点：
（1）说明申请理由。如见广告应征，熟人介绍、专业对口等。
（2）概括本人经历和特长，表明能胜任此项工作。
（3）希望对方积极考虑，尽早答复。
（4）如申请的目的是学习、攻读学位，应说明资助情况。
（5）要认真签名（中、英文均可）。
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1. 索取入学资料 Requesting entrance information
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Dear Sirs:
Could you please send me some entrance information about the course of [English Literature] offered at your university? I am now studying at [Beijing Foreign Languages Institute] majoring in [English Literature] and shall graduate [this year]. A Chinese Government scholarship enables me to continue my postgraduate studies in [England], and your university has been recommended to me.
Yours,
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先生们：
我现就读于[北京外国语学院]，主修[英国文学]将于[今年]毕业。我国政府给予奖学金使我能来[英国]深造。并推荐来贵院攻读研究生课程。为此向贵院索取有关入学资料，请惠存寄为感。
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2. 申请入大学学习 Applying for studying in a university
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Dear Sirs:
I should like to enter your university to take such courses as [Applied Linguistics and Comparative Literature].
I was born in [1957]. In [1979], I was enrolled in [the Department of Foreign Languages and Literature] of [Tianjin Teachers’ University]. During my [four] academic years, I made good grades on all courses. After my graduation from this university in [1983], I found my interests tending more and more towards [Language Teaching]. Now I have passed an examination sponsored by [the Ministry of Education] for a Government scholarship which will enable me to pursue further studies in your university.
A transcript of records of all the subjects I completed at this university and [two] letters of recommendation offered by [two] of my professors will be sent to your directly by the university.
I hope a letter of admission will be issued to me in due course.
Looking forward to your reply.
Your sincerely
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亲爱的先生们：
我希望能入贵校选读[应用语言学及比较文学]。
我出生于[1957年]。[1979年]考入[天津师范大学][外国语言文学系]。在校[4年]学习期间，各门功课均为优良。[1983年]于该校大学毕业生，我对[语言教学]颇感兴趣。现已通过[教育部]举办的政府奖学金考试，将来贵校进修。
我在大学期间修满的各门功课的成绩单副本及[两位]教授的推荐信将由学校直接寄去。
希望能将入学证书及时寄我，并盼早日复信。
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3. 申请攻读硕士学位 Applying for M. S. Degree
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Dear Sirs:
My name is [Li Ming]. I graduated in [1990] from [Nankai] University majoring in [mathematics] with a [B. S. degree]. After my graduation, I’ve been teaching [mathematics] in [No. 16 Middle School].
With a view to get some advanced studies, I am writing to you to apply for admission to your University to peruse my [M. S. degree]. I am also applying for a scholarship or a teaching assistantship which will enable me to come to your University sooner.
Hoping to be favored with an early reply.
Yours faithfully,
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先生们：
我叫[李明]，[1990年]毕业于[南开]大学[数学]系并获得[理学士学位]。毕业后一直在[十六中]教[数学]。
为继续深造，我拟向你校申请攻读[硕士学位]。同时我也想申请奖学金或助教金使我能更早地来你校就读，盼及早复信。
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4. 申请奖学金 Applying for a scholarship
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Dear Prof. [Johnson]:
My name is [Li Ming]. I am writing to you to apply for a scholarship in your university.
Born in [Tianjin in 1960], I graduated from [Tianjin] University majoring in [Computer Science] in [1989]. I have been working in the [Computer Science Department] of this university since my graduation. It is the height of my ambition to further y studies in this field in your university. But without your financial aid I couldn’t manage to come. I’ll be very grateful for your kind help. Could you please favor me with an early reply?
Sincerely yours,
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亲爱的[约翰逊]教授：
我叫李明。我想来贵校进修并盼能给予奖学金。
我于[1960年生于[天津]，于[1989年]毕业于[天津]大学[计算机科学系]。毕业后一直在[该系]工作。我极想来贵校进修我的专业。我只有在您的经济资助下才能如愿。如蒙关照感激不尽，盼速赐回音。
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5. 申请做为访问学者 Applying for admittance as a visiting scholar
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Dear Prof. [Jackson],
I am a professor of English in the English Department of [Tianjin Foreign Languages Institute]. I have taught [linguistics] for more than [15] years and have therefore attained a fair knowledge in this field.
I am writing to your about the possibility of visiting scholar’s appointment in your department next [spring]. If given the opportunity, I’ll do my best to meet your requirements and I am sure I’ll be benefited in return.
I hope to hear from you at your earliest convenience.
Sincerely yours,
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[Li Ming]
Enc.: My resume
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亲爱的[杰克逊]教授：
我是[天津外国语学院]英语系教授。教授[语言学]已有[十五]个年头，因此略有心得。
不知贵系下学期[春季班]能否聘任我为访问学者？如蒙不弃，我当尽力百为符雅望。我想此举彼此均有裨益。
盼早日赐复为感。
此致
敬礼！
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附履历表一份
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6. 申请进修 Applying for further study
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Dear Sir,
I am [Shi Lei]. I am writing to you to apply for a fellowship with a stipend in your [university].
Born in [Beijing] in [1966]. I graduated from [Qing Hua] University majoring in [Computer Science] in [1988]. [Transcript listing courses and grades will be sent on request]. I have been working in the [Computer Science] Department of [Qing Hua] University since my graduation and have therefore attained knowledge and experience in this field. It is height of my ambition to further my studies in this field in your university. Should my qualification receive your favorable consideration, no exertion should be wanting on my part to please you.
Looking forward to an early reply, I am.
Yours respectfully,
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亲爱的[先生]：
我叫[石磊]，我想来贵校进修，并盼能给予助学金。
我于[1966年]生于[北京]，于[1988年]毕业于[清华]大学[计算机]专业。[如需要各科成绩单当即寄上]。毕业后即在[本系]任职，因此对这方面具有一定的知识和经验。我极想到贵校进修我的专业，如果我的资历受到认可，我决不负雅望。
盼早日赐复为盼。
此致
敬礼！
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7. 申请半工半读 Applying for work-study program
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Dear Sir,
I left [Tianjin Medical College] as a graduate student in [medicine] [5 years] ago. Now I am attending and working in the [Heart] Department of [Tianjin General Hospital]. In order to pursue further studies, I wish to apply for admission to your [Medical College]. But as I am short of funds, I wish to apply also for a part-time job, so that I can work and study in your country under your guidance for [one or two] years. Without your financial aid I couldn’t manage to come. Do you think it possible to give me a job? I’ll be very grateful for your kind help. Could you please favor me with an early reply?
Yours faithfully,
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Enc.: My Resume
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亲爱的先生：
[5年]前，我在[天津医学院]修完研究生[内科学]的课程，现在[天津总医院][心脏科]工作。为继续深造，我想来你们[医学院]。但由于经济关系，我希望能找到零工使我能在贵国在您的指导下学习[一、两]年，我只有在您的帮助下才能前来，如蒙给予适当工作，我将非常感激。盼赐回信。
此致
敬礼！
[李明]
附履历表一份
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8. 申请去公司实习 Applying for a [trainee position] in a corporation
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Dear Mr. [Black]:
Professor [Smith] suggested that I should write to you in regard with my interests in [a management trainee position] in your corporation.
Currently, I’m the [general engineer] of [Shenyang Machine Tools Plant] in charge of [quality control]. I have been granted a leave of [two years] to learn the advanced [managerial skills] and [develop business contacts] in [Australia].
As a trainee, I do not require a salary, but would appreciate if you can provide me with a stipend enough to support myself during the [two years]. The Chinese government will pay all my [travel expenses].
In the past few years, I have read much about your corporation and its excellent management. To join you and work with you would be a great opportunity for me.
Enclosed please find my resume and [three] letters of recommendation. If further information is needed, please inform me. I’m grateful for your consideration.
Yours Respectfully,
[Li Ming]
Enc.: My Resume
Two Letters of Recommendation
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亲爱的[布莱克]先生：
鉴于我对贵公司的[管理工作]颇感兴趣，[史密斯]教授建议我给您写此信。
目前我任[沈阳机械工具厂][总工程师]负责[质量控制]。我被准予[两年]公假前去[澳大利亚]学习先进的[管理技巧]和[发展贸易关系]。
做为一名实习生，我不要求一份工资，但如能提供[2年]实习期内我的生活津贴，我将感激不尽。中国政府将担负我的[交通费用]。
过去的几年中，我对贵公司和其杰出的管理有所耳闻。能和你们在一起工作对我来说真是一个难得的机会。
随函奉上我的履历一份和[3封]推荐信。如需其它证件请通知我本人。
如蒙考虑不胜感激。
此致
敬礼
[李明]
附履历表一份及推荐信两封
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Unit 8推荐信
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推荐信在西方国家是求职，求学的必备材料。
写推荐信的人必须对被推荐者有一定的了解。最好有较深的资历。如被推荐者的原单位领导，本专业的专家等，名声越大越好。
推荐信大体上可分为两种：专业推荐信（特意为被推荐人申请某一单位的某一职务而写的。写信人应了解聘方的要求、工作性质等有关情况以便有的方矢地推荐被荐人）。通常推荐信（即一封信可以用于不同的聘人单位，通常以“To Whom it May Concern”）为称呼。
推荐信要多写优点，充分肯定成绩，篇幅不宜过长，也不能三方两语。一般包括以下三个内容：
1．说明推荐人与被荐人的关系，熟识程度等。
2．概述被荐人的品质、能力、性格等。]
3．建议招聘人录用。
推荐信上应提供推荐人的工作单位、地址、电话等以便对方联系，签名后必须注意职称或学衔。
除了请别人推荐，也可以自荐，其格式与上述要求相同。
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1. 推荐研究人员（专用） Recommendation of researcher
Dear Sir,
I take pleasure in recommending to you [Mrs Chen Ping], [instructor of physics in Tianjin Chinese Medical College].
[Mrs Chen Ping] graduated from [the physics Department of Beijing Teachers’ University in 1982]. From [1983] to [1985] [she] had been a research student [in Physics Department] of the above-mentioned University under my direction, majoring in [molecular spectra] study. Since [1986 she] has been doing teaching and research work in [Tianjin Chinese Medical College] in [the line of infrared spectra of lipids]. I have found [Mrs Chen] to be a hard-working person, who has made some outstanding achievements in [her] work.
[Mrs Chen] now intends to engage in further study of [infrared spectroscopy, and laser spectroscopy] in particular. If possible, [she] would like to do research work under the direction of [Professor Li Gang] whose distinguished attainments are well-known.
Not only I myself but also my colleagues in [the Physics Department of our university] shall deem it a great favor if you will give [Mrs Chen Ping] assistance and guidance during her study in your university.
Yours truly,
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我高兴地向您推荐[天津中医学陆军物理学讲师陈平夫人]。
[陈平夫人于1982年]毕业于[北京师范大学物理系]。[从1983年到1985年]在我的指导下，在上述的大学进行[分子光谱研究]。自[1986年]以来，一直在中医学院任教并研究[脂肪的红外光谱]。我发现她是一位勤奋工作的人，在工作中做出过一些突出的成绩。
现在她拟在[红外学光谱学]，特别是[激光光谱学]方面作进一步的研究。如果可能的话，她愿意在卓有成就的[李刚教授]的指导下从事研究工作。
如果[陈平夫人]在贵校攻读期间，您能给予帮助和指导，那么不仅我本人，我们大学物理系的同事们也将不胜感激。
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2. 自我推荐（专用） Self-recommendation
[World Publishing House]
[55 Wu fu street]
[Heping District]
[Beijing, 300000]
[China]
[July 15, 2005]
[Warner Books]
[P. O. Box 690]
[New York, N. Y. 10019]
[U. S. A.]
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Dear Sir,
I wish to apply for a position with your [publishing house]. I’m [35] years old and am at present employed by [World Publishing House], where I have been for [the past five years]. Formerly I was employed by [Dongfang Press] where I was nearly [five years].
My only reason for leaving either those positions would be to better myself and I feel there is no further opportunity in my present position.
The editorial work had always had a great appeal to me as I have some ability in writing and editorial work.
I can give you references from both these press houses as to my character and ability as an editor.
Very truly yours,
[Li Ming] [signature]
(略)
我希望能在贵社谋求一职位。我现年[35]岁。目前受雇于[天津出版社]，最近[5年里]本人一直在该社工作。在这之前，本人还在[东方出版社]工作近[5年]。
我打算离开这两个职位的唯一理由就是谋求高升。我觉得目前的职位不利于本人的发展。
由于我在写作和编辑工作方面有些能力，所以编辑工作一直对我具大的吸引力。
关于我的人品和能力，我可以请上述两个出版社单位写介绍信以供参考。
[李明]（签字）
[2005年7月15日]
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Unit 9致辞
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在使用英语的国家中，致辞的使用范围较广，为了表示礼仪，主人在招待客人时，讲些热情友好的话，表示欢迎；客人相应地致答词表示感谢。单位之间、亲朋之间如遇较大事情也要互相怯场慰勉、庆祝，增进友谊。常用的致辞有欢迎词、欢送词、告别词、祝酒辞等。
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1. 欢迎辞 Welcoming speech
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Ladies and gentlemen,
Following the increasing rapidity of our communications with countries abroad, China is having a large number of visitors from different countries. Today, we feel very much honored to have [Prof. Martin. Wilson] with us. [Prof. Martin. Wilson] is well known to the world for his achievements in the field of [mathematics].
First of all, let me, on behalf of all present here, extend our warm welcome and cordial greetings to our distinguished guest.
Now let us invite [Prof. Wilson] to give us a lecture.
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女士们，先生们：
随着我国对外交往日益增多，中国每天要接待大量来自不同国家的贵客。今天，我们感到很荣幸能和[马丁·威尔逊教授]欢聚一堂。[威尔逊教授]在[数学]领域卓有成就，在世界上享有一定的威望。
首先，让我代表在座的各位向我们的贵宾表示热烈的欢迎和真挚的问候。现在请[威尔逊教授]做报告。
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2. 致答辞 Answering speech
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Ladies and gentlemen,
Thank you for your nice welcome and reception. It has been a long cherished hope of [ours] to visit [China] some day. [We are] fortunate to enjoy this rare chance today. [We] feel specially honored to be given this opportunity to meet such a nice group of distinguished people like you. [We are] sure [our] stay here will be a fruitful and enjoyable one. [We] do hope to see more of you while [we are] here.
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女士们、先生们：
多承接待、十分感激。[我们]一直想来[中国]访问，今天，[我们]很荣幸能如愿以偿。特别使[我们]感到光荣的是[我们]能有机会遇到各位知名人士，[我们]深信[我们]这次旅游访问一定是丰富多彩的。[我们]希望在[我们]访问期间能多多的向各位请教。
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3. 欢送辞 Send-off speech
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Ladies and gentlemen,
How time flies! It was here that we gave [Prof. William Tomson] a hearty welcome [two weeks] ago. We are now here again to bid [him] farewell.
As you know, [Prof. Tomson] is well known to the world for [his] great achievements in the field of [mathematics]. During [his] stay here, [he] has visited many universities and colleges and given us many lectures on it. [He] has also made a tour to many parts of our country. [He] will leave for home [tomorrow morning]. We, therefore, sincerely, hope that [he] will benefit us with some advice and valuable suggestions.
Finally, we want to take this opportunity to beg [him] to convey our profound friendship and best regards to [his] people.
Now let’s invite [Prof. Tomson] to speak to us.
女士们，先生们：
光阴似箭，日月如梭。[两个星期]前我们在这里热烈欢迎[威廉汤姆逮教授]。现在我们又在这里热情欢送[他]。
众所周知，[汤姆逊教授]由于在[数学]领域内的杰出贡献而闻名世界。在逗留期间，[他]参观访问了许多大专院校，并就[数学]作过多次讲座。同时[他]还游览了我国许多地区。[他][明早]将离开中国回国。因此，我们垦切希望[他]能给我们提出宝贵的意见。
最后，我想借此机会请[汤姆逊教授]转达我们浑厚的友谊，并表示对[他的]同胞良好的祝愿。
现在请[汤姆逊教授]讲话。
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4. 告别辞 Farewell speech
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Dear friends:
First of all, allow me to thank you for you kind invitation to attend [the party]. I am greatly [honored] once again to have an opportunity to visit your great country and meet with so many of its people. This visit has been full of [interesting] things and everything here left me a deep impression. I have visited factories, schools, farms and cultural institutions. I have talked with and make friends with many workers, farmers, clerks, scientists, artists, teachers and students. We discussed work and study and life together, and I have I learnt a lot during my short stay here. It has given me much better [understanding] of your country and people …….
I wish to take this opportunity to express my heartfelt [gratitude] to your again.
May the friendship ties between our two people be further developed and consolidated.
[亲爱的朋友们]：
首先，请允许我感谢你们盛情邀请我出席今天的[晚会]。我非常[荣幸]再次有机会访问你们伟大的国家，会见了许多人士。这次观光旅行所见所闻非常[有趣]，这里的一切都给人留下了深刻的印象。我参观了工厂、学校、农场和文化团体，与工人、农民、职员、科学家、艺术家、教师和学生进行地交谈。并与他们交了朋友。我们在一起谈论了工作、学习和生活。在短暂的日子里，我们在这里学到了很多东西。这使我对贵国人民有了更好的[了解]……。
我借此机会再一次地向大家表示衷心的[感谢]。
祝我们两国人民之间的友好关系进一步发展和巩固。
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Unit 10慰问信
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慰问信应写得真切，注意措辞，对轻病或者小损失，慰问信应写得轻松一些。相反，对严重病情或重大损失，信就应该写得深沉一些。慰问信写时应注意：
1. 写给受伤人的信要简短，中肯。信中不必问询事故发生的过程、原因、见证人等。
2. 慰问信中应写一些被慰问者喜欢或熟悉的事物，如病人的爱好、兴趣等，以使病人得到宽慰。
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1. 向朋友问候 A letter of inquiring after someone’s health
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Dear [John]:
I am extremely sorry to hear that your illness, which we had thought was clearing up, has become more serious, and that your have had to go into hospital. Let us hope that it will be for only a very short time, and that you will soon be out and about again. Everybody here sends his best wishes to you for a quick recovery.
With kind regards,
Yours sincerely,
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亲爱的[约翰]：
听说你病了，我深感不安。原来我们还以为您的病情有所好转，事实上却反而加重，而不得不住进了医院。但愿这是短时间的，很快不会恢复健康。这里每个人都祝愿您早日痊愈。
特此问候
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2. 问候朋友的母亲 Inquiring after the health of a friend’s mother
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Dear [Mr. Wang],
I felt very sorry indeed when I heard of [your mother]’s illness, and am anxious to know how [she] is of late. Under a separate cover I am sending [her a box of assorted biscuits] with my best regards.
Sincerely yours
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亲爱的[王先生]：
听说您的母亲身体欠安，深表忧虑。不知令堂近况如何，实为惦念。随信另寄上[什锦饼干一盒]，并致以最良好的问候。
您忠诚的
[吴洋]
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3. 祝贺朋友病愈 Congratulations on someone’s recovery
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Dear [Jane]:
I learn, with very great pleasure, that the illness which has so cruelly caused great anxiety among your relatives and all those who know you has changed for the better and that you are now recovering, for which I therefore desire to congratulate you warmly.
I hope that you will soon be completely restored to health.
Yours sincerely
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亲爱的[简]：
在您患病的这一期间内，亲戚朋友无不为你挂虑，听到你的病已有好转，并已逐渐痊愈，十分快慰，特地向你祝贺。
望你早日完全痊愈。
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4. 慰问丧偶的朋友 A letter of inquiring to those who lost their husband or wife
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Dear [Mrs. Harper],
I would like to express my sorrow at the recent death of your [husband].
In the long time it was my privilege to enjoy [Professor of Harper]’s friendship. I found [him] a since and helpful associate, with whom it was a pleasure [to work].
The knowledge that my thoughts are with you at his time will, I hope, be of some comfort to you.
Truly yours
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亲爱的[哈珀女士]：
获悉你的[丈夫]最近逝世的消息，深表遗憾。
长期以来，能与[哈珀教授]保持友谊是我的荣幸。[哈珀教授]是一位我最乐于与其一道[工作]的忠实而有帮助的朋友。
但愿我此时的问候，能给您带来一些安慰。
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Unit 11 道歉信
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因过失或疏忽做错了事，给别人带来了麻烦或损失，发觉后要立即写信给对方赔礼道歉，这是一种礼貌。这类信要写得坦率，诚恳。
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1. 因未能践约赴宴致歉 Unable to keep one’s promise
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Dear [Miss Nancy],
Much to my regret I was unable to keep my promise to attend your [birthday] party [last Saturday], owing to the fact that my [little son] was suddenly taken ill early [that day].
Hoping to see you soon.
Truly yours,
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亲爱的[南希小姐]：
[小儿][上周六]突然生病，因此未能应约赴[生日]宴，殊觉抱歉，希原谅，再见。
祝
好！
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2. 因迟复来信致歉 Because of answering one’s letter late
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Dear [David]:
I am afraid that you will think me unpardonably negligent in not having answered your letter dated [7, December] sooner, but when I have told you the reason, I trust you will be convinced that the neglect was excusable. When your letter arrived, I was just in [Hong Kong]. As my family could not forward it to me during my absence, it has been, therefore, lying on my desk until the moment when I took it up. Now the first thing I have to hasten to do is to write to you these few lines to express my deep regret.
I enjoyed many pleasant sights during my trip. I shall be pleased to give you an account to of them when I see you next.
Yours,
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亲爱的[戴维]：
请原谅我收到您[12月7日]的来信后迟迟未复，现将原因告诉您，相信您一定会谅解的。您的来信到来时，我正巧在[香港]，家人无法及时转递。你的信一直放在我写字台上，直到我回到才看见，拖至今天才回信，深表歉意。
这次出去旅行饱览了许多美丽景色，下次见到您时，将告诉您一切。
祝好！
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3. 因未能及时还书致歉 Unable to return borrowed book on time
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Dear [Kate]:
Excuse me for my long delaying in returning to you your “Robinson Crusoe” which I read through with great interest. I had finished reading the book and was about to return it when [my cousin] came to see me. Never having seen the book, [She] was so interested in it that I had to retain it longer. However, I hope that in view of the additional delight thus afforded by your book, you will overlook my negligence in not returning it sooner.
Thanking you again for the loan.
Sincerely yours,
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亲爱的[凯特]：
我迟迟未能归还您的那本《鲁滨逊飘流记》，请原谅。该书我读得津津有味。读完后，正预备归还您时，我的[表妹]来访，见这本书也感兴趣，定要借去一读。为了让别人也能分享您那本书所给予的乐趣，我不能及时归还。我想再延迟些日子奉还，谅您不会介意的。
再次感谢您的慷慨。
祝好！
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4. 因遗失借书致歉 Because of losing a borrowed book
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Dear [Frank]:
I am terribly sorry to tell you that I have lost the valuable book you were so kind to lend me [last week]. I read it [everyday] and intended to finish it [next month]. [Last night] when I came to my room, it was nowhere to be found. I will try to recover it as soon as possible. If I fail to find it, I will get a new book for you.
But I am afraid it can never take the place of the old one. Old books are like old friends. Once lost, they can never be replaced. They are connected with cherished associations which the new ones can never have. And for this irrecoverable loss, I am to blame. I was so careless with my things. This is a warning to me to be more careful in the future.
Yours truly,
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亲爱的[弗兰克]：
很抱歉，[上星期]您借给我的那本书竟遗失了。我[每天]都在看，准备[下个月]看完。[昨晚]我回到我的卧室，到处也找不到那本书。我将尽力找到它。万一找不到，我只好买一本新的还您。
但是，新书恐怕不能代替那本旧书吧！旧书跟旧友一样，一旦失去就不能再得。旧书与往事相连，这种不可弥补的损失，皆由我起。我对待一切太大意了，这次给我一个警告，叫我以后要小心。
祝好！
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Unit 12介绍信
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社交、亲友这间的相互介绍，常用介绍信联系。收信人从介绍信中可以了解到来者是什么人，要办什么事，有什么具体要求等。
写这类书要注意慎重、谦恭。在信封左下角常写有To introduce ……或Introducing……,信封一般不封。
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1. 介绍中学同学 Introducing a middle school classmate
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Dear [Mr. Chang].
The bearer, [Ms Huan], is a classmate of mine at middle school, who has recently been assigned to work in your city. [She] is well educated, having good habits and agreeable manners. Any assistance you may give [her] concerning [her] life will be esteemed as a great favor for me.
Yours truly,
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亲爱的[常先生]：
持信人[黄女士]是我的一位中学同学，最近[她]被派往你市工作。[她]受过良好的教育，没有不良的习惯，举止端庄。您对[她]生活上的任何帮助，将使我感同身受。
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2. 介绍本人 Self-introduction
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Dear [Sirs],
From your advertisement in [yesterday’s USA Today] I find that you are wanting a [Chinese teacher] in your college. I beg leave to take the liberty of offering myself for the position.
Born in [Beijing] in [1970], I am a graduate of [Beijing University], and therefore have a good knowledge both in Chinese and English.
Should my application be regarded favorably, I shall endeavor to justify the confidence you may repose in me.
Faithfully yours,
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亲爱的[先生们]：
[昨天《今日美国报》]载你院需[汉语教员]。我申请任此职务。
我[1970年]出生于[北京]，毕业于[北京大学]，汉语和英语均有所长。
如蒙录用，自当竭诚服务，以答雅意。
此致
敬礼！
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3. 去具体单位的介绍信 Letter of introduction with a known unit
China travel Service
[April 15, 1993]
Bureau of Travel and Tourism
Administration
Gentleman in Charge,
The bearer of this letter is [Mr. Zhang Wen], who is entrusted with task of making the necessary arrangements with you for our going to your Bureau to attend the report on [Current affairs].
Please favor [him] with an interview.
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兹介绍[张文先生]前往你处联系有关我们去你局听[形势报告]的事宜，请予接洽为荷。
此致
旅行游览事业局
中国旅行社
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4. 去不明具体单位的介绍信 Letter of introduction without a know unit
[Beijing] University
[Oct. 9. 2004]
To whom it may concern,
This is to introduce Mr [Hu Qang] and [Zhao Wei-guo] who are to make an investigation of [Lie Ping’s] family condition on our instructions. We should esteem it a great favor if you would afford [them] the necessary information. With high respect.
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兹介绍[胡强]和[赵卫国]二位先生前往你处了解有关[刘萍]的家庭情况，请予接洽为荷。
此致
敬礼！
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Unit 13馈赠信
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写这类信用词要诚恳、热情。常见的形式有两种：一种比较正式，用第三人称；一种比较简便，写法与普通信件相同。
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1．赠字典 Presenting a dictionary
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Dear [Miss Clark],
Allow me to present you with a copy of “[The Chinese-English Dictionary]” published by [Commercial Publishing House]. I know you are studying [Chinese] now, and hope you will find it useful. It is a trifle gift. But I hope you will accept it as a small token of my gratitude for your continual kindness.
Truly yours,
亲爱的[克拉克小姐]：
请允许我奉上[商务出版社]出版的[《汉英词典》]一本。我知道您正在学习[汉语]，希望该书对您能有些帮助。区区微物，聊表心意。
此致
敬礼！
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2．答谢赠词典 Thanks for presenting the dictionary
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Dear [Mr. Brown],
Many thanks for a copy of “[The Chinese-English Dictionary]”. I am very much pleased with it, for it is such a good reference book to me.
Thank you again for your nice gift.
Yours ever,
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亲爱的[布朗先生]：
承蒙惠赠[《汉英词典》]，甚为感谢。它是一本极好的参考书，我非常喜欢。
再次致谢。
此致
敬礼！
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Unit 14 饭店、旅馆、戏院、飞机等的预订
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预订、预约信件的种类较多，其中有旅馆房间、饭店席位，影剧院、飞机座位等的预先约订。这类信件要写得简明，要将内容写具体，如需要预订房间的等级、类型、数量，以及预订的具体期限等。有的预订须注明付款方式。
如果预订事宜有更动或是取消预订，应在规定期限之内通知对方，以免造成不必要的损失。
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1．预订饭店席位并询问价格 Ordering seats at a restaurant and inquiring about the price
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Gentlemen:
We wish to entertain at [dinner] at [west lake restaurant] on [Jan. 2] at [5 in the afternoon].
This will be a party of [eight people], and a private dinning room would be preferable. We will need the services of a wine steward and we will choose our menu in advance.
Please let us have information as to the accommodations available, and the approximate cost, including gratuities, and tax, by return mail if possible.
Yours,
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先生：
我们希望于[一月二日下午五点]在[西湖饭店]包桌。
就餐者共[八人]。我们希望包一间雅座，需要陪酒者一位，并提前定菜。
请在可能情况下，通过回信将包间，以及包括小帐和附加税在内的大体价格通知我们。
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2．预订席位的日期要求更改 Changing the arrangement
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Gentlemen:
On [Jan. 10] I reserved [two] tables for [12 people] for [breakfast] at [9 in the morning on Jan. 11] for our [executives] in the [inner room].
There has been a change in plans and the occasion will have to be postponed until [Jan. 14] at [8:30]. Will you be good enough to make the same arrangements for that date and send us a written confirmation?
Thank you very much.
Cordially,
先生：
我于[1月10日]在贵饭店的[套间]为我们的[董事们]预订了[1月11日早九点12人]就[早餐]的[两张]包桌。
由于计划有了改变，包桌事宜只得推迟到[1月14日早8点半]，你如能将预约改在这个时间并写信确定一下，那就太好了。
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3．预订宴会 Making a reservation for a banquet
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Dear Jenny,
This organization has completed plans to hold its [annual convention] at [Black Swan Hotel] on [Jan. 12]. I wish to arrange for a banquet on [the evening of Jan. 12], with an attendance of approximately [60 people].
Will you estimate for me what it will cost to serve a first-class dinner in the [Reception Room] for [sixty] people? Your price should include two cocktails per person. I’d like you to send me several menu reservations so that I may make a selection.
I hope you can give this your immediate attention so that I can notify the prospective guests promptly.
Sincerely,
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亲爱的珍尼：
该组织已计划好于[1月12日]在[黑天鹅饭店]举行一次[年会]，届时希望在[12日晚]安排一下由[60人]参加的宴会。
您可以估算一下在贵饭店[宴会厅]组织一次由[60人]参加的一级宴会所需的费用吗？您的价格应包括每人两份的鸡尾酒在内。我希望您能为我寄来几份推荐的菜谱，以供选择。
我希望您能对此予以迅速考虑；以便我能及时通知期待的客人。
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4．询问票价，预订戏票 Inquiring about the price and ordering tickets
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Gentlemen:
Do you have [four box] seats available for the [evening] of [April 10] for [the play]? [Two] of our customers will be in [London] at that time, and we would like to obtain good seats for them.
If you accommodate us, please let us know the price of the tickets so we may send you a check without delay.
Cordially,
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先生：
您那有[四张四月十日晚上那场剧包厢]的戏票吗？我们有[两位顾主]将于那天来[伦敦]，所以我们希望为他们订几张好的座位。
如果您那里可容纳我们，请告诉我们戏票的价格，以便我们及时送一张支票给您。
您真诚的
[张阳]
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5．退回原订戏票并要求退款 Claming refund of tickets
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Gentlemen:
On [May 4] I purchased [two] [orchestra] seats for the [evening of May 10] for [the concert].
There has been a change in plans and we will be unable to use the enclosed tickets. We would appreciate your refunding their price, making check payable to [John Harper].
Thank you very much.
Sincerely,
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先生：
我于[五月四日]预购了[两张五月十日晚音乐会]的[前排票]。
由于计划有了改变，故不能使用封入信袋的这两张票，如您能退票并将支票款额记在[约翰·哈珀]的名下，我们将不胜感谢。
非常感谢。
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6．要求更改机票日期 Asking to change a reservation
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Gentlemen:
On [March 8], I reserved [two first class] seats on your flight [208] from [Tokyo] to [Hong Kong], Leaving at [8] on [Tuesday, March 9] with return to [Tokyo] scheduled for [March 14].
I will not be able to make the trip to [Hong Kong] at that time, but instead will go there on [March 16], and return on [March 19]. Please send me confirmation of this change in flight schedule.
Cordially,
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先生：
我于[3月6日]预订了[两张][208次]班机[一等舱]的往返机票，此班机[3月9日星期二早八点]从[东京]飞往[香港]，预订[3月14日]返回[东京]。
但由于我届时不能前去[香港]，而改在[3月16日]前往，[3月19日]返回，所以务请您写信通知我您对航班的更改事宜做了安排。
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Unit 15 请假条
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请假条包括病假条、事假条、续假条等。写请假条主要把请假原因和请假时间写清楚，请假的理由要讲充分。同时也要注意内容要简单明了，开门见山说明情况，不必赘述。如果有证明请假原因的证据，如医生证明、电报等最好随条附上。
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1. 请病假（本人写） Asking for sick leave written by oneself
(Sept. 17, 2004)
Dear teacher [Zhang],
I am very sorry to apprise you that I am unable to attend school today owing to a [stomachache]. I enclose doctor’s certificate and ask you for sick leave of [two] days.
Your student
[Li Ming]
Encl. : Doctor’s certificate for sick leave
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[张]老师：
很抱歉，我因患[胃病]今天不能到校。现附上医生证明并向您请病假[两]天。
学生[李明]
[2004年9月17日]
附：医生病假证明一份
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2. 请病假（代写） Asking for sick leave written by someone else
[Oct. 8, 2004]
Dear [Miss Willams],
Please excuse [Kate]’s absence from school [this morning]. [She] coughed a lot and had a high fever at [9 last night] and could not fall asleep until [midnight]. I felt it would not have been fair to the other children to allow [her] to attend school. So I am writing to ask you for [two] days’ sick leave and will let [her] resume [her] study if [she] feels better [the day after tomorrow].
Yours respectfully,
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[威廉斯小姐]：
请原谅[凯特][今早]不能到校上课。[她][昨晚9时]发烧并咳嗽的很厉害，一直到[半夜]才入睡。我觉得叫[她]去学校会影响其他孩子，现代请病假[两]天。如果[后天][她]感觉好些，再让[她]到校。
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3. 续假条 Asking for an extension of leave
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Prof. [Huang],
I am still lying in bed with the [flu] and unable to get up. I enclose a certificate from the doctor who is attending on me, as [she] fears it will be another [two] days before I shall be able to resume my study. Please give an extension of leave for as many days.
Your student,
[Li Ming]
Encl . : Doctor’s Certificate of Advice
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（黄）老师：
我患[流感]未好，仍卧床不起，医生认为，还要休息[两]天才能到校学习。现附上所开的证明，请准予续假为盼。
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4. 教师的回条 Teacher’s reply
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Dear [Alice],
Your [mother] tells me you have the [mumps] and must be absent for [half a month]. There are several others in the same condition. Do be careful while you are ill. Don’t think of doing any homework. We’ll have reviews when the sick ones all return. You can watch television or listen to radio programs to help pass the time while you recuperate. I asked (Sue) to bring you several [pop music tapes], as [she] said you have a [tape-recorder] at home. I think you might find them nice.
We all miss you and shall be happy when you return.
Yours truly,
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亲爱的[艾丽斯]：
你[母亲]告诉我，你患[腮腺炎]，必须休假[半个月]。还有几个同学情况也是这样。在生病期间，要多注意休息，不要去想做作业。等生病的同学都回来了，我们将进行复习。你可以看看电视或听听广播，以便帮助你在养病期间消磨时间。我已经叫[苏]给你带去几盘[通俗歌曲盒带]，因为[她]说你家里有一台[录音机]。 我想你会觉得它们很好听。
我们都很惦念你。当你回来时，我们将很高兴。
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?二．告示类
首先明确告诉的种类：
寻人启示 Child Lost 遗失启事 Lost 招领启事 Found 迁移启事 Removal 征稿启示 Contributions Wanted 鸣谢 Acknowledgement 招标启事 Invitation to Bid 更正启示 Corrections 开会通知 Meeting Notice 海报 Poster 公约 Pact 守则 Rules 书的序言 Preface
然后注明日期，正文，最后是公告单位或者个人署名。
范文：
Contributions Wanted
To celebrate the 20th anniversary of the University College, this journal has decided to publish a special issue on our great achievement in the teaching and research activities. Faculty members and students are welcome to send in their contributions in whatever forms or styles to our office before the 30th instant. They may also send office their writings and photos electronically to the following address: fzhao@baoshan.edu.cn
Unit 16 通知与海报
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1. 举办报告会 Notice about a report meeting
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Notice
All are Welcome
Under the Auspices of the [Oil-painting Department]
a report will be given
on impression of visiting the Art Exhibition
in [Italy]
by [Prof. Liu Yang]
in the [meeting-room] of the Department
on [Friday, December 9, 2004], at [9: 30 a. m.]
The Department Office
[December 7, 2004]
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通 知
[油画系]主办报告会
主讲人：[刘洋教授]
题 目：参观[意大利]艺术展观感
地 点：油画系[会议室]
时 间：[2004年12月9日上午3点30分]
欢迎大家届时参加
系办公室
[2004年12月7日]
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2. 召开会议 Meeting notice
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The College Committee of [Professional Post Evaluation]
Notice
[All the deans] of the college departments are required to meet in the college [conference room] on [Saturday], [Oct. 21] at [1: 30 p. m.] to discuss something about [professional post evaluation].
[Oct. 20, 2004]
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通 知
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兹定于[10月21日[星期六][下午1点半]在院[会议室]召开[全体系主任]会议，讨论[职称评定]有关问题，请准时出席。
院[职称评定委员会]
[2004年10月20日]
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3. 安排参观活动 Notice about a visit
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Notice
A visit has been arranged to the [Hong Guang Farm of Jinghai County] for [March 12]. The itinerary includes:
1. [The Farm Office], where a brief introduction to the farm will be given by [the general manager] of the farm.
2. The Power Plant
3. The Culture Center
4. The farm-run middle school
5. farmers’ homes
Those who wish to go will assemble at [main gate by 6:20 a. m.]. The bus will leave at [6:30 a. m.]
[Liaison Office]
[March 10, 2004]
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通 知
兹定于[3月12日]参观[静海县红光农场]。参观路线是：
1．农场办公室，听取农场总经理对全面情况的介绍
2．电站
3．文化中心
4．场办中学
5．农家坐客
凡愿参加者请于[上午6点20分]在[大门口]集合，汽车在[6点30分]准时出发。
[联络办公室]
[2004年3月10日]
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4. 物品遗失通知 Notice of lost object
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Gentlemen,
I wish to notify you that my [camera] was nowhere to be found on arrival at [Beijing] Airport [this morning]. I traveled from [Guanzhou] Airport by flight [652] [this morning].
It is a very expensive [camera] with my English initials in [yellow] on the [back] side of it.
I shall be grateful if you will take necessary measures to trace and recover it. I’m awaiting your good reply.
Sincerely yours,
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先生们：
我谨通知您们，[今天上午]我到达[北京]机场时，我的[照像机]不见了。我是[今晨]从[广州]机场乘坐[652]班机来的。
那是一架昂贵的[像机]。在[像机]的背面，用[黄色]标着本人英语姓名的第一个字母。
你们如果能采取必要的措施追查并找回这架[像机]我将十分感激，我等候着你们的佳音。
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5．文艺晚会 Literary and artistic evening performance
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[Spring Festival] Entertainment
Program
I. Chorus
(1) The Song of Yantzer River
(2) Yellow River Cantata
II. Dance
(3) Traditional Chinese Lion Dance
III. Female Solo
(4) Nanniwan
IV. Quartet
(5) The Song of Guerillas
V. Selected Scenes from Beijing Opera
(6)Three Forked Crossroads
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[春节]文艺晚会
节目单
Ⅰ.合唱
1．长江之歌
2． 黄河大合唱
Ⅱ.舞蹈
3．狮子舞
Ⅲ.女声独唱
4．南泥湾
Ⅳ.四重唱
5．游击队之歌
Ⅴ.京剧折子戏
6．三叉口
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6．影 讯 Film news
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Film News
“[Oliver Twist]” [an English feature] film will be shown in the auditorium at [half past seven] tonight. Admission by tickets, [one yuan], obtainable at the auditorium ticket-office.
The Film Projection Group
[Monday, June 13]
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影 讯
今晚[七点半]在我校大礼堂放映[英国]故事片[《雾都孤儿》]。一律凭票入场，票价[一元]。售票地点：礼堂售票处。
电影放映组
[6月13日星期一]
常用书信的客套语
问候
I haven’t heard from you for ages. How are you doing?
I haven’t seen you for such a long time. How are you getting along with your work?
祝贺
I want to congratulate you with all my heart.
I warmly congratulate you on what you’ve achieved.
致谢
I am most grateful to you for your help.
I want to thank you heartily for what you have done.
询问
I wonder if you could tell me what to do.
I’d be most grateful if I could have your full support.
Please could you let me know something about it.
邀请
Is there any chance of your coming to have dinner with us at our home?
We are wondering if you could come to have dinner with us at our home.
接受邀请
I’m delighted to accept your invitation.
Thanks for your invitation. I’m certainly looking forward to joining you.
拒绝邀请
I’m sincerely sorry that we can’t join your dinner party.
I regret to say “no” to your invitation.
Thank you for your invitation but unfortunately…
抱歉
I do apologize for having kept you waiting.
I’m awfully sorry for giving you so much trouble.
同情
I’m more than sorry to hear of your illness.
I can’t tell you how sad I felt when I heard of…
安慰
It was a great shock to hear…
I just can’t tell you how saddened I am…
I’m most grieved to learn of…
首句
I am happy to hear that…
Thank you for answering my letter so quickly. 末句
With my best wishes …
Best wishes to you …
Please remember me to …
I do hope …
事务信件的客套语
The Opening paragraph
Thank you for your letter of …
I was glad to receive your letter of…
In your letter of… you enquire about…
In reply to your letter…
I am writing to you…
We have received your letter of May 5,
I am writing to inquire…
We were very happy to learn from your letter of May 5 that…
Thank you for / with reference to / Further to / In reply to your letter of / dated…
I am writing to enquire about../ to confirm that…/ to apologize for/about… / in reply to your… / with reference to…
The Closing paragraph
I hope to hear from you…
I look forward to our next meeting. / your answer / your early reply.
I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.
I thank you for your …
I look forward /am looking forward to hearing from you soon.
I do hope I am not giving you too much trouble.
I would greatly appreciate an early reply.
If you have any further questions, please contact me on…
I look forward to hearing from you soon. / in due course. / in the near future.
I am hoping for / would appreciate your speedy/prompt/early reply as we…
I shall not act / will wait until I hear from you. / have received your…
We would like your views on the possibility of…
I would be happy if you would send me… as soon as possible.
We thank you in anticipation of your help.
Letter of Inquiry or Request
I am writing to enquire about…
I am interested in your…
I would be very grateful if you could send me….
I would like further information about…
I am very / most/ extremely/particularly interested in your…
I am writing because…/on account of…/at the suggestion of…
We wonder if you could help / advise / send us… / let us have…
The …has given us your address and has advised us to…
Your company has been recommended to us by …
Could you (possibly) / Would you please / Would it be possible for you to send me…/ let me know whether.. / consider supplying us with…
Please quote your best price and state your…
I would like you to.. / to order… from your company.
I would be happy/ grateful if you would/could send me..
We would appreciate your sending us…
Letter of Apology
I am writing to apologize for / about…
This was due to…
Unfortunately, we have been unable to…
I am sorry for any inconvenience this has caused.
I can assure you that we will…
Letter of Complaint
I am writing to complain about…
I am not satisfied with…
I must therefore insist that…
I recently ordered/purchased from you ....
Thank you for your.., which arrived yesterday. Unfortunately
Having spoken to the company secretary I decided to write it about ....
I am writing / because .... / to draw your attention to.../ on account of .... /on the subject of ....
I feel something ought to be done/said about ....
I am afraid that I am forced to write to you about ....
I am sure you will appreciate the annoyance and frustration of..
I find it awful/appalling/quite distressing that ...
I am writing to complain about..
I can no longer tolerate/bear/put up with..
Letters of Application:
Introduction
In today's newspaper I noticed your advertisement for ....
Through ...., I have learned that you are hiring ....
It has come to my attention that the position of... is now open.
I would like to apply for / to be considered as a candidate for the job /post / position / scholarship advertised in ... / (that) I saw advertised in .../ I have just seen in the ....
I am interested in/seeking a challenging position in your firm.
Motivation and expectations
If my application is successful, I should/would like to ....
If such experience would be valuable to your office, I ....
I wish to become involved in ....
I am available for a personal interview if you are interested in my application.
I would appreciate an interview at your convenience.
Qualifications and experience
I feel I am well qualified (to.../for... ) for the following reasons.
I have had experience of . ... / done… before, / studied therefore I may have the ability you are looking for.
Along with my education, I have had job experience which ....
My interest and skill in... contribute to my qualification for this job.
You will see from my resume that I have had both training and experience in the field of ....
Though I have never done .... I am well aware of ....
Enclosure
I have enclosed / attached a copy of my resume for your consideration.
I am enclosing my resume to provide further details about my experience. / to give details of my responsibilities in that job.
I have enclosed a copy of my curriculum vitae and will gladly provide any further information you may require.
The enclosed resume will give you the details and scope of my previous experience.
常用书信的正规格式
发信人地址Addresser’s address
日期Date
18 August 2004 / August 18, 2004.
收信人地址Addressee’s address
称呼 salutation
Begin your letter with an appropriate salutation
“Dear(name)” if you know the person’s name
“Dear Sir/Madam” if you don’t know the person’s name
“Dear Sirs” if you are writing to an organization
正文Body
Divide your letter clearly into paragraphs.
Put each separate idea in a separate paragraph.
Use linking words to connect ideas.
结束客套语Complimentary close
Make sure you finish with an appropriate closing sentence
Yours sincerely after “Dear (name)”
Yours faithfully after “Dear Sir/Madam” and “Dear Sirs”
署名Signature
ABC Rules
Accurate Brief Clear
Five “C”s
Clear, complete, concise, courteous, correct.
Golden Rules
YOU attitude
Put yourself in your reader’s shoes. Think about your reader. Plan ahead.
Be YOURSELF
Express your thoughts in your own words and in your own way.
Write naturally and sincerely
Write clearly and to the point
Be courteous and considerate
Be consistent
Pay attention to first and last impressions
Use short sentences.
Use short words that everyone can understand.
Avoid wordiness
Avoid unnecessary adjective, adverbs, preposition phrases, commercial jargon
Prefer active to passive phrases
1. Writing Practice
Directions:
Your are preparing for an English test and are in need of some reference books. Write a letter to the sales department of a bookstore to ask for:
detailed information about the books you want,
methods of payment,
time and way of delivery.
Sample:
Dear Sir / Madam
Allow me to introduce myself. My name is Li Ming. At present I’m preparing for a national English test. Therefore, I badly need a good dictionary. 能否请您告诉我一些有关词典的情况。您的书店里现在有些什么词典？哪一本最符合我的需要？Besides, I also want to know how I will pay for it. 请您告诉我是用现金还是支票支付书款。By the way, if everything goes smoothly, when can I get the dictionary? 您用什么方式把书转给我呢？
Thank you very much for your time. I’m looking forward to your answer.
Yours faithfully,
Li Ming
2. Directions:
You are planning to start a new training program and are in need of some information on textbooks. Write a letter to the circulation department of a publishing company to:
ask for relevant information about the books you want,
inform the company of your plan for the books,
ask for additional materials.
Letter of Request
Dear Sir / Madam
I would appreciate it very much if you would send me some information about the textbook Practice, Plan and Write, which your company published. I would like to know how much the book costs, 每周计划上几个小时的课, and whether a teacher's manual is available. 我正在考虑把这一课本用在我们成人英语教学计划中.
除了上述信息，能否请您寄给我有关英语作为第二语言的课本目录。
I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.
Yours faithfully,
XXX
3. Directions:
You are planning to pursue your study abroad. Write a letter of inquiry to:
give your brief personal information,
ask for the admission into that university,
ask for the possibility of getting scholarship.
Letter of Inquiry
Dear Sir / Madam
I am a senior student majoring in Computer Science at Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 预计明年夏天毕业。I wish to go to the United States for further studies in my major.因而我现在写信询问有关2005年九月研究生入学的可能性。
Please send me information on admission to your university. As I have no relative in the U.S.,
我还想知道有关申请奖学金的程序
Thank you very much. I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.
Yours faithfully,
XXX
4. Directions:
You are looking for a position in a company. Write a letter to the personnel department to:
give your wishes to work for the company
state your strong points
show your eagerness to be accepted
Letter of Application
Dear Sir
Your advertisement for a sales representative in the March 12 Journal interested me 因为我的经历很符合您的要求。
As the enclosed resume indicates, 我已经在目前就职的公司工作达三年之久and have given outstanding performance. 在过去三年中我一直在经营我们公司推出的最新产品and have made great achievement.
I' II be happy to tell more about my experience in an interview.
You can reach me by telephone during the day at 12345, and in the evening at 54321 .
Yours faithfully,
XXX
5. Directions:
You have just bought a microwave oven. Write a letter to the sales department of the company to:
give some information about the machine,
complain about the problems,
ask for replacement
Letter of Complaints
Dear Sirs,
The microwave oven No. AG/5436/32, which I ordered from you, arrived on August 15.
I very much regret to inform you that the machine has been badly damaged.当我打开包装时发现微波炉的盖子已经破裂and the surface of the machine had been scratched.
Would you please let me know您是否愿意寄给我一台新的微波炉and if I should arrange to return the damaged on to you?
In the meantime, I shall hold on to the machine you sent until I hear from you.我会一直保留您的机器等着您回信。
Yours faithfully,
XXX
范文及练习
Writing 1
You are preparing for an English test and are in need of some reference books. Write a letter to the sales department of a bookstore to ask for:
detailed information about the books you want,
methods of payment,
time and way of delivery.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)
● 参考范文1：
To whom it may concern,
I’m writing this letter to inquire about the English reference books I need for preparing for the entrance exams for graduate schools. Since I want to lay a solid foundation for English, I’m especially interested in grammar and vocabulary books.
As far as the means of payment are concerned, I wonder if I can mail you the money through the post office. This is the most convenient way for me.
Could you tell me how many days it will take the books to reach me? What’s more, if you can mail me the books, I’ll be much grateful.
Yours sincerely
Li Ming
● 参考范文2：
Dear Sir or Madam,
As a student preparing for College English Test Band 6, I am writing to ask if you have “How to Crack CET-6” compiled by Prof. Kang Jiangang.
If you have the book for sale, I’d like to mail order it. Please let me know if I can pay for it by money order or do you accept credit card?
I’d appreciate it if you could send me the book at your earliest convenience by EMS, since you know I have to lay a good foundation for the preparation of the test.
Yours sincerely
Li Ming
Writing 2
You attended a short-term English course in Britain and stayed with a local family, the Smiths. When you came back you found that you had carelessly left you laptop computer in their home. Write a letter to your host and hostess expressing your gratitude for their hospitality and telling them your problem. Ask them to return the computer to you.
● 参考范文：
Dear Smiths,
I have returned safely to my home in Beijing. Thank you for your hospitality during my stay in Britain (and I’ve learned a lot about English language and your culture).
Do you remember the “ThinkPad” I was using every day when I was in Britain? I carelessly left it in my room when I left. It should be on the top layer of my bookshelf. (Now the problem is I have to use it to write a report, but most of the valuable data were saved in my laptop computer.) I’m sorry to bother you again, but I’ll be very grateful if you could send it back to me at the address I gave you before I left.
I’m sorry for the inconvenience I bring you. Thanks again for everything you did for me when we were together. (If you have a chance to visit China, do let me know. I’ll be your good guide.） I’m looking forward to your reply.
Yours truly,
Li Ming
Writing 3
Imagine you want to study in a US university for a master’s degree. Your composition should include:
an introduction of yourself,
why you want to study in that university, and
3) your thanks.
● 参考范文：
To whom it may concern,
I am writing to apply for a master’s degree at your university. My name is Li Ming and I am going to graduate in this July. My major in the university is chemistry and I hope to study at the Department of Chemistry of your university.
There are many reasons why I want to study in your university. To begin with, your university is a world-famous one and especially good at chemistry. What’s more, I believe I am qualified to study in your university. I have been studying hard at Peking University and I have all “As” in my courses. Last but not least, I am very much interested in chemistry and plan to devote myself to the study of it.
Thank you for your consideration and I am looking forward to your reply.
Yours Sincerely
Li Ming
Writing 4
Suppose you are a student and are ill so you cannot attend the class today. Write a sick leave to your teacher.
● 参考范文：
Dear Prof. Kang,
I am very sorry to tell you that I cannot attend today’s lecture held by you owing to the fact that I caught a bad cold last night. The doctor said that I should stay in bed for a couple of days. Thus I am compelled to ask for sick leave of two days. I shall make up for the missing classes by consulting my classmates and return to class as soon as I feel better.
Enclosed with this letter is the doctor’s certificate.
Yours respectfully
Li Ming
Writing 5
Suppose you are an editor of China University Journal and need contributions for the 50th anniversary of the university. Write a notice for contributions.
参考范文：
Contributions Wanted
November 10, 2004
To celebrate the 50th anniversary of China University, this journal has decided to publish a special issue on our great achievements in the teaching and research activities in the past 50 years. Articles, photos, memoirs and other writings related to this topic are invited. Faculty members and students are welcome to send in their contributions in whatever forms or styles to our office before October 30. They may also send their writings and photos electronically to the following address: mail@chinauni.edu.cn.
The Editorial Office
China University Journal
Writing 6
There is a discussion in the newspaper about the employment problems of college graduates. According to a recent survey, many graduates will be unable to find a job. You should write a letter to the newspaper to
Explain the statistics in the table;
Give the reasons for the phenomenon, and
Propose your suggestions as to how to solve the problem.
Employment Problems of College Graduates
Year
2002
2003(Estimated)
2004(Estimated)
Number of Unemployed Graduates
380,000
420,000
500,000
● 参考范文：
As is demonstrated in the table, more and more college graduates are out of a job in our country. It is estimated that in 2004, there will be 500,000 unemployed graduates, thirty percent more than in 2002.
There are several reasons for this phenomenon. In the first place, the supply of labor exceeds the demand, hence a shortage of positions. In the second place, many graduates do not want to work in small cities or towns. Last but not the least important, the knowledge of many students is out of date. As a result they cannot meet the requirements of the factories and companies.
Serious as the problem seems, we can come up with some measures to deal with it. On one hand, the government should develop our national economy more rapidly, creating more job opportunities. On the other hand, the college students must be realistic in choosing jobs.
Writing 7
To: Mr. Adam Smith
From: Mr. Wang Li
Subject: Views on China’s Entry into the WTO Date: July 1, 2004
● 参考范文：
As required I chose 500 subjects and asked them, through telephone, about what they thought about the recent entry of China into the WTO. Here is what I get from the survey:
For the majority of people (about 60%), this entry into the WTO is a great success both nationally and internationally. They argue that, on one hand, it stands for the government’s determination to open China further to the world. On the other hand, they also believe that the WTO needs China, for it is well known that China is quickly becoming the largest market on the surface of our planet.
A smaller group of subjects (about 30%) remain suspicious, or pessimistic of the event. They express deep concern for the future of China’s state enterprises.
This is what we can get from the survey. If you need more information, please let us know.
Writing 8
Suppose you are Li Ming studying in a US university. Write a letter of application to apply for a position in ABC Company.
● 参考范文：
To Whom It May Concern,
Could you use a dependable assistant for the coming summer?
Presently I am enrolled in the M.A. program (communication) at the City University of New York. This semester is going to terminate around the middle of June. To obtain more practical experience and earn part of my education expenses, I plan to find a job for the coming summer from June 20 to September 20. I have had a working permit from the immigration office.
Before I came to the States, I had worked as an executive secretary with a trading company for one year and three months and as a clerk for Bank of China Beijing Branch for half a year.
I can type 50 wpm, take shorthand, act as a receptionist, and above all, I can work hard with efficiency and patience.
May I come in to see you at your convenience?
Very truly yours,
Li Ming
硕士研究生英语入学考试应用文写作的基本模式: (使用时务必根据命题要求做相应调整!)
1. A letter of application (申请信)
June 18, 2002
Dear Sir or Madam,
I’m writing to you to inquire if there would be any position available for me to work as an English teacher in your department. Please allow me to give you my brief reference. …
…
I’m looking forward to your kind early reply. (or Your kind early reply would be very much appreciated.) If you need any further information, please feel free to ask.
Many thanks.
Yours sincerely,
Wang Ming
2. A letter of complaint (投诉信)
Oct. 26, 2001
Dear Sir or Madam,
I am writing to you to complain of the X Chemical Works, which seriously pollutes the city environment. The major problems are as follows. In the first place, … Secondly, … Finally, …. As a result, …
I think several urgent measures should be taken to solve the problems. On the one hand, … On the other hand, …
It is my sincere hope that the pollution problems caused by the works will be looked into thoroughly and solved as soon as possible. I’m looking forward to your early reply.
Thanks.
Yours truly,
Wang Ming
| 课件名称： | 《考研英语》参考资料（2005） |
| 课件分类： | 外语 |
| 课件类型： | 参考资料 |
| 文件大小： | 1.06MB |
| 下载次数： | 3 |
| 评论次数： | 1 |
| 用户评分： | 3 |
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