考研英语写作的高分标准 　　 考研英语写作的高分标准涉及以下六个方面： 　　1.内容切题。审题准、不跑题。文不对题会严重影响成绩，导致写作失败。 　　2.表达清楚。语言要简洁、准确、条理清晰，主题明确。 　　3.意义连贯。遣词造句得当，表达连贯平稳。论点论据展开合理（以因果、对比、分类、定义、列举、概括、详情、时间、空间、过程或综合等方法来展开）。 　　4.句式有变化。采用适当的句式来表达相应的内容。常用句式包括简单句、并列句、复合句、主被动句、长句、短句、否定句、双重否定句、疑问句、反问句、倒装句、强调句、插入语、独立主格成分等。 　　5.用词有变化。避免重复使用同一词汇，可适当使用代词、同义词、近义词、关联词使表达富有动感。同义词的使用是衡量考生语言运用能力的一个尺度。 　　6.语言规范。符合英语的表达习惯，语法错误少，写出的英语不是中式英语。 1.历届考研英语写作命题总览 考试年代 ???考试题目 ???选题范围 1991年 ???WHERE TO LIVE—IN THE CITY OR THE COUNTRY? ???环境 1992年 ???FOR A BETTER UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN PARENT AND CHILD ???人际关系 1993年 ???ADVERTISEMENT ON TV ???传媒 1994年 ???ON MAKING FRIENDS ???人际关系 1995年 ???THE “PROJECT HOPE” ???教育 1996年 ???GOOD HEALTH ???健康 1997年 ???SOMKING ???健康 1998年 ???BUSINESS PROMISE & GUARANTEE ???诚信 1999年 ???HUMAN POPULATION & WILDLIFE PROTECTION ???环境 2000年 ???WORLD COMMERCIAL FISHING ???环境 2001年 ???LOVE ???人际关系 2002年 ???CULTURE—NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ???文化 2003年 ???YOUTH DEVELOPMENT ???教育 2.历届考研英语写作试题类型　　历届考研英语写作试题主要分为以下两大类型：　　1)1991—1996年：给出提纲或开头句的命题写作（writings based on given outlines or opening sentences）　　2)1997—2003年：给出提纲的图画或图表写作（writings based on visual information or pictures or graphs）　　3. 历届考研英语写作命题的启示　　从1991年至2003年共计13年的考题来分析，我们可以对考研英语写作命题有如下认识：　　1) 写作题目忌偏忌怪。考研英语写作选题范围都是目前人们最为关注的问题，从子女与父母的关系到健康的重要性，从近年来泛滥的行业"承诺"到世界烟民的现状、从希望工程到电视广告、从环境保护到生物种类趋于灭绝，以及2002年和2003年的考题所涉及的国际文化交流与青少年成材的题目，无不反映了当前社会的热门话题。　　2) 文体基本上是说明文和议论文。考这类体裁的写作比较符合形势发展的实际需要。在学习、工作和生活中，人们所书写的材料大多也是说明文或议论文。 　　3) 出题形式在平稳中逐渐趋于多样化。　　4) 写作题目易于理解。写作题目无论以文字的形式还是以图表、图画的形式出现都会浅显易懂。考生不会因题目中出现生词或难以理解的短语而影响正常发挥。 考研英语写作文章的常规整体构建模式 　　考研英语写作的文章一般包括一个开头段、若干扩展段和一个结尾段。开头段和结尾段一般比扩展段短。各种段落的作用、特点和写作方法如下所示。 　　1. 开头段 　　开头段一定要语言精练，并且直接切入主题。开头段一般不对主题进行深入的探讨，具体的论证或叙述应该在扩展段进行。一般在开头段写四、五句即可。考生应注意以下若干要点： 　　1) 开头段的作用 　　概括陈述主题，提出观点或论点，表明写作意图。 　　2) 写开头段时考生应该避免的若干问题 　　① 开头偏离主题太远； 　　② 使用抱歉或埋怨之词句； 　　③ 内容不具体，言之无物； 　　④ 使用不言自明的陈述。 　　3) 开头段的表达方法 　　① 使用引语（use a quotation） 　　使用一段名人名言，或人们常用的谚语、习语，以确定文章的写作范围和方向。 　　例： 　　"Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them." Colton, a great writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance now. To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are not many, to make opportunities is more essential to his success. 　　② 使用具体详实的数字或数据（use figures or statistics） 　　引用一些具体详实的数字或数据，然后作出概括性分析，指明问题的症结所在。 　　例： 　　In the past 5 years there has been a marked decline in the number of young married couples who want to have children, coupled with a growing trend toward delayed childbearing. According to official statistics, in 2003, about 28 percent of married couples with wives under 35 gave no birth to children, compared with the 1993 level of 8 percent. 　　③ 提出问题（ask a question） 　　提出有争议或探讨性的具体问题，然后加以简要回答或展开引导性简短讨论。 　　例： 　　What do you want from your work? Money? Promotions? Interesting challenges? Continual learning? Work-based friendships? The opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials? Though we are all individuals and so our answers will differ, all agree that work provide more than material things. 　　④ 给出背景（offer relevant background） 　　描述具体事件的时间、地点和发生背景等。 　　例： 　　Once in a newspaper I read of a crowd of people who remained appallingly indifferent to the plea of a mother. As she failed to offer the required amount of cash as a price to save her drowning son, the woman at last watched her son sink to death. The story is not rare in newspapers and on TV, and the casualness and detachment our people now have developed has aroused nationwide concern. 　　⑤ 定义法（give definition） 　　针对讨论的主题或问题加以定义，然后进行深入探讨。 　　例： 　　Flexibility is defined as being adaptable to change. In the course of your lifetime, it is essential that you learn to bend and flex around every new circumstance, as rigidity deprives you of the opportunity to see new possibilities. Paradigms change over time, and so must you. Your company may restructure, and you will have to survive. Your spouse may choose to leave the marriage, and you will have to cope. Technology will continue to advance and change, and you must constantly learn and adapt or risk becoming a dinosaur. Flexibility allows you to be ready for whatever curve lies ahead in life instead of getting blindsided by it. 　　⑥ 主题句法（use of topic sentence） 　　文章一开始就以主题句点明全文主题，然后围绕主题内容进行发展。 　　例： 　　Now people become increasingly aware of the importance of acquiring a mastery of a foreign language. To them, the knowledge of a foreign language, say, English, often means a good opportunity for one's career, even a passport to a prosperous future. Many of them equate success in life with the ability of speaking a foreign language. 　　4) 开头段的常用核心句型 　　-- The arguer may be right about …, but he seems to neglect (fail) to mention (take into account) the fact that …. 　　-- As opposed to (Contrary to) widely (commonly / generally) held (accepted) belief (ideas / views), I believe (argue) that … 　　-- Although many people believe that …, I doubt (wonder)whether the argument bears much analysis (close examination). 　　-- The advantages of B outweigh any benefit we gained from (carry more weight than those of / are much greater than) A. 　　-- Although it is commonly (widely / generally) held (felt / accepted / agreed) that …, it is unlikely to be true that …. 　　-- There is an element of truth in this argument (statement), but it ignores a deeper and more basic (important / essential) fact (reason) that …. 　　-- It is true that (True, / To be sure, / Admittedly,) …, but this is not to say (it is unlikely / it doesn't follow / it doesn't mean / it won't be the case) that …. 　　-- The main (obvious / great) problem (flaw / drawback) with (in) this argument (view / remark) is that it is ignorant of (blind to) the basic (bare) fact that …. 　　-- It would be possible (natural / reasonable) to think (believe / take the view) that …, but it would be absurd (wrong) to claim (argue) that …. 　　-- In all the discussion and debate over …, one important (basic) fact is generally overlooked (neglected). 　　-- There is absolutely (in fact) no (every) reason for us to believe (accept / resist / reject) that …. 　　-- Logical (Valid / Sound) as this argument and I wholeheartedly agree with it, it appears insignificant (absurd) when … is taken into consideration(account). 　　-- To assume (suggest) that … is far from being proved (to miss the point). 　　-- A close (careful) inspection (examination / scrutiny) of this argument would reveal how flimsy (groundless /fallacious) it is. 　　-- On the surface (At first thought), it (this) may seem a sound (an attractive) suggestion (solution / idea), but careful weighing on the mind (on closer analysis / on second thought), we find that … 　　-- Too much emphasis placed on (attention paid to / importance attached to) … may obscure (overlook / neglect) other facts …. 　　-- The danger (problem / fact / truth / point) is that…. 　　-- What the arguer fails to understand (consider / mention) is that …. 　　-- We don't have to look very far to see (find out) the truth (validity) of this argument (proposition). 　　-- However just (logical / sound / valid) this argument may be, it only skims the surface of the problem. 　　-- Among the most convincing (important) reasons given (cited / offered / identified) by people for …, one should be stressed (emphasized / mentioned). 　　-- As far as I am concerned, however, I believe that …. 　　-- I believe that the title statement is valid because (of) …. 　　-- I agree with the above statement because I believe that …. 　　-- Although I appreciate that …, I cannot agree with the title statement. 　　-- There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of …. Those who object to … argue that …. But people who favor …, on the other hand, argue that…. 　　-- Currently (In recent years / In the past few years / For many years now), there is (has been) a(n) general (widespread / growing / widely held) feeling towards (concern over / attitude towards / trend towards / awareness of / realization of / illusion of / belief in)…. 　　-- Now it is commonly (widely / generally / increasingly) believed (thought / held / accepted/ felt / recognized / acknowledged) that …. But I wonder (doubt) whether …. 　　-- These days we are often told that (often hear about) …, but is this really the case? 2. 中间段 　　中间段是文章的正文，其作用是从不同的层面对文章主题进行具体和详实的解释和论证。 　　1) 中间段的一般特征 　　① 篇幅一般比开头段和结尾段长。 　　② 每段有相应的主题句。 　　③ 包含定义、解释、描写，说明主题思想的扩展句可以采用实例、数据或个人经历等写作手段。 　　④ 不同种类的段落采用不同的扩展手段。 　　2) 中间段的具体特点 　　① 所涉及内容应该准确、清楚，颇具说服力； 　　② 段落中一定具备主题句； 　　③ 段落内容应该保持完整、统一，没有说明不足之处或多余冗长的细节； 　　④ 内容顺序安排合理，逻辑性较强； 　　⑤ 段落之间连贯自然； 　　⑥ 段落中讨论的内容主次分明，材料比例适当； 　　⑦ 词与句型运用合理并且有变化。 　　3) 中间段展开的基本方法 　　① 列举法 　　例文： 　　There are a number of ways for us to keep fit. First, no matter how busy we are, we should have exercise every day to strengthen our muscles. Second, it is important to keep good hours. For example, if we are in the habit of going to bed early and getting up early, we can avoid overworking ourselves and get enough sleep. Finally, entertainment is also necessary so that we may have some moments of relaxation. If we follow those instruction. We will certainly be in good health. 　　② 比较对比法 　　例文： 　　The older form of communication is speech. In the beginning of human history, people could only use direct verbal speech to communicate. But it had many shortcomings. For instance, we could not speak to a person far away when we needed. So distance was a problem. And the spoken word could not be kept secret easily. So people wanted to invent a new method of communication. The next big step forward in communication was the invention of writing. Writing is one of human being's most important inventions. It solved the problem of distance and keeping secrets, but it too had disadvantages. The written word could not be passed on quickly, so people tried to find a new quicker method of communication. 　　The most recent development had been electronic means of communication, including the wireless telegraph, radio, telephone and television. The invention and use of electronic means has solved all the problems mentioned above. They are the most effective methods of communication. People will certainly try their best to invent even more modem and useful methods. 　　③ 因果法 　　例文： 　　The hamburger is the most popular food item in the United States. Every year Americans consume billions of them. They are sold in expensive restaurants and in humble diners. They are cooked at home on the kitchen stove or over a barbecue grill in the backyard. Why are they so popular? 　　First, a hamburger is extremely easy to prepare. It is nothing more than a piece of ground beef, cooked for a few minutes. Then it is placed in a sliced bun. Nothing could be simpler. Even an unskilled cook can turn out hundreds of them in an hour. Besides that, the simple hamburger can be varied in many ways. You can melt some cheese on top of the beef to create a cheeseburger. You can also add some grilled bacon for an interesting flavor contrast. In addition, you can garnish the hamburger with other things such as lettuce, tomato, onion, mushrooms, avocado, pickles, hot pepper, ketchup, relish, mayonnaise, mustard or whatever you wish! 　　④ 例证法 　　例文： 　　The saying “No pains, no gains” is universally accepted because of the plain yet philosophical moral it teaches: if one wants to achieve something, he has to work and tolerate more than others. The saying is true of any pursuit man seeks. A case in point is boxing. While we heap cheers on the winner, few happen to imagine that his gold belt is won at the cost of his sweat, tears, blood, even life over years before the arrival of that exciting moment. 　　⑤ 发展过程法 　　例文： 　　To build your own sunscope, get a carton and cut a hole in one side, big enough to poke your head through. Paste white paper on the inside surface that you will be facing. Then punch a pinhole into the opposite side high enough so that the little shaft of light will miss your head. For a sharper image you can make a better pinhole by cutting a one-inch square hole in the carton, taping a piece of aluminum foil over this hole, and then making the pin-hole in the foil. Finally, tape the box shut and cover all light leaks with black tape. 　　⑥ 定义法 　　例文： 　　Diligence is the key to success. It means persistent work and does not mean that we are to exert ourselves all day and night without rest, without food and without sleep. The true meaning of diligence is the careful use of time for the purpose of improvement, or to work persistently without any waste of time. 　　⑦ 分类法 　　例文： 　　Nowadays the news media mainly consists of radio, television and newspapers. Each type has its own advantages and disadvantages. 　　Newspapers are the oldest form for communicating the news. Today many people still begin their day by reading the morning paper while having breakfast, and end their day by reading the evening paper while having dinner. 　　The invention of the radio has had a tremendous influence on the world. It is able to bring up-to-minute news to distant places in a matter of seconds. Thus the development of the radio has made the world a smaller place. 　　Television is the most recently developed device for communication. It allows us to see as well as to hear the news. The fact that it enables people to see visual images has had a considerable effect on our perceptions of world event. 　　4) 中间段的常用核心句型 　　-- Although the popular belief is that …, a current (new / recent) study (survey / poll / investigation) indicates (shows / demonstrates) that …. 　　-- Common sense tells us that …. 　　-- The increase (change / failure / success) in … mainly (largely / partly) results from (arises from / is because of) …. 　　-- The increase (change / failure / success) in … is due to (owing to / attributable to) the fact that …. 　　-- Many people would claim that …. 　　-- One may attribute (ascribe / owe) the increase (decrease / change ) to …, but … is not by itself an adequate explanation. 　　-- One of the reasons given for … is that …. 　　-- What is also worth noticing is that …. 　　-- There are many (different / several /a number of / a variety of)causes (reasons) for this dramatic (marked / significant) growth (change / decline / increase) in …. First, …. Second, …. Finally, …. 　　-- There is no evidence to suggest that…. 　　-- Why are (is / do / did) …? For one thing, …. For another, …. 　　-- Another reason why I dispute the above statement is that …. 　　-- It gives rise to (lead to / bring /create) a host of problems (consequences). 　　-- There are numerous reasons why …, and I shall here explore only a few of the most important ones. 　　-- It will exert (have / produce) profound (far-reaching / remarkable / considerable / beneficial / favorable / undesirable / disastrous) effect (influence) on …. 　　-- A multitude of factors could account for (contribute to / lead to / result in / influence) the change (increase / decrease / success / failure / development) in …. 　　-- In 2000, it increased (rose / jumped / shot up) from 5 to 10 percent of the total (to 15 percent / by 15 percent). 　　-- By comparison with 2002, it decreased (dropped / fell) from 10 to 5 percent (to 15 percent / by 15 percent). 　　-- It accounts for 15 percent of the total. 　　-- There were 100 traffic accidents in April, an increase of 5 percent in a five-month period. 　　-- By 2002, only (less than / more than / almost / about / over/ as many as) three quarters (40 percent of / one out of five / one in four) college population (graduates / housewives) as against (as compared with) last year (2002) preferred to (liked) …. 　　-- With the development (improvement / rise / growth / general recognition / acknowledgement / realization) of …, vast changes awaits this country's society. 　　-- Now people in growing (ever-increasing / significant) numbers are beginning (coming / getting) to believe (realize / recognize / understand / accept / see / be aware) that …. 　　-- According to a(n) recent (new / official) study (survey / report / poll), …. 　　-- History (Our society) is filled (abounds) with the examples of …. 　　-- The story (case / instance / situation) is not rare (isolated / unique), it is one of many examples (typical of dozens). 　　-- A (one) recent (new / general / nationwide) study (survey / poll / investigation) conducted (taken) at a university by (officials / scientists / experts) indicates (reveals / suggests / shows / proves / demonstrates) that …. 　　-- According to (As can be seen in / As is shown in) the figures (statistics / findings / data / graph / table) released (provided) by the government (an institute), it can be learned (seen / predicted) that …. 　　-- There is (no) good (every / little / sufficient / considerable / strong) evidence (proof) to 　　-- Personal experience (Examples I heard / read of) leads me to conclude that …. 　　-- We must admit the undeniable fact that …. 　　-- No one can deny (ignore / doubt / overlook / obscure / brush aside) the fact that …. 　　-- Experience (Evidence) suggests (shows) that …. 　　-- Take for example … who (that) …. 　　-- The same is true of …. 　　-- As the saying goes, "…." 3. 结尾段 　　结尾段的写作方法可以归纳为下列若干种： 　　1) 总结归纳 　　简要总结归纳文章要点，以便深化主题印象。 　　 例： 　　 In conclusion I would like to say that change is a problem confronting most of us today. The changes which have already taken place in every field of our life are irreversible. Continuation of the growth which has already begun is inevitable. During this evolution there are great rewards to be won - by those who are willing to take the opportunities being offered. 　　2) 重申主题 　　再次强调和确定文章开头阐述的中心思想。 　　 例： 　　 Admittedly, science has created atomic bombs and produced pervasive pollution. But it has transformed the lives of millions of people. It has multiplied man's energy, hopes, ambitions and understanding. It has elevated and will continue to elevate man intellectually and spiritually. 　　3) 预测展望 　　立足当前，放眼未来。 　　 例： 　　 It is time that the government should speak out against corruption and take strong action to punish whoever takes bribes or embezzles fund. For present official corruption, if permitted to continue, will not only tarnish the government's popularity, but lead to its ultimate downfall. 　　4) 提出建议 　　提出解决问题的途径、方法或呼吁人们采取相应的行动。 　　 例： 　　 College athletics plays such a vital role that it deserves close attention and persistent effort. It is suggested that physical training should be regarded as a required course wedged into college curricula, however crowded it may be, and that a fair share of college budget should be devoted to athletic programs. We sincerely hope that this suggestion will be a commitment that all colleges and universities will take up. 　　5) 提出问题 　　提出具有发人深省的问题，从而突出中心思想。 　　 例： 　　 Old people may choose to live alone for themselves and even embrace this living pattern. But in the deep part of their hearts, they must feel lonely. They need their children to stay with, to talk with, and take care of them. Why can't young people think of the days when they are getting old? 　　6) 引用格言 　　用格言、谚语或习语总括全文中心思想。 　　例： 　　Many yeas ago, a great philosopher Francis Bacon remarked that "Knowledge … is power." This can now be translated into contemporary terms. In our social setting, "Knowledge is change"-and accelerating knowledge-acquisition, fueling the great engine of technology, means accelerating change. 　　7) 结尾段的核心句型 　　-- From what has been discussed above (Taking into account all these factors / Judging from all evidence offered), we may safely draw (reach / come to / arrive at) the conclusion that …. 　　-- All the evidence (analysis) supports (justifies / confirms / warrants / points to) a(n) unshakable (unmistakable / sound / just) conclusion that …. 　　-- It is high time that we place (lay / put) great (special / considerable) emphasis on the improvement (development / increase / promotion) of …. 　　-- It is high time that we put an end to the deep-seated (unhealthy / undesirable / deplorable) situation (tendency / phenomenon) of …. 　　-- We must look (search / call / cry) for an immediate action (method / measure), because the present (current) situation (phenomenon / tendency / state / attitude) of …, if permitted (allowed) to continue (proceed), will surely (certainly) lead to (result in) the end (destruction / heavy cost) of …. 　　-- There is no easy (immediate / effective) solution (approach / answer / remedy) to the problem of …, but … might be useful (helpful / beneficial). 　　-- No easy method (solution / recipe / remedy) can be at hand (found / guaranteed) to solve (resolve / tackle) the problem of …, but the common (general / public) recognition of (realization of / awareness of / commitment to) the necessity (importance / significance) of … might be the first step towards change (on the right way / in the right direction). 　　-- Following these methods (suggestions) may not guarantee the success in (solution to)…, but the pay-off will be worth the effort. 　　-- Obviously (Clearly / No doubt), if we ignore (are blind to) the problem, there is every chance that …. 　　-- Unless there is a common realization of (general commitment to) …, it is very likely (the chances are good) that …. 　　-- There is little doubt (no denying) that serious (special / adequate / immediate / further) attention must be called (paid / devoted) to the problem of …. 　　-- It is necessary (essential / fundamental) that effective (quick / proper) action (steps /measures / remedies) should be taken to prevent (correct /check / end / fight) the situation (tendency / phenomenon). 　　-- It is hoped (suggested / recommended) that great (continuous / persistent / sustained / corporate) efforts should be made to control (check/ halt / promote) the growth (increase / rise) of …. 　　-- It is hoped that great efforts should be directed to (expended on / focused on) finding (developing / improving) …. 　　-- It remains to be seen whether …, but the prospect (outlook) is not quite encouraging (that rosy). 　　-- Anyhow, wider (more) education (publicity) should be given to the possible (potential / grave /serious / pernicious) consequences (effects) of …. 　　-- To reverse (check / control) the trend (tendency) is not a light task (an easy job), and it requires (demands / involves / entails) a different state of mind towards (attitude towards / outlook on) …. 　　-- For these reasons, I strongly recommend that …. 　　-- For the reasons given above, I feel that …. 4.段落扩展中的常用词语 　　1) 总结关系过渡词语 　　generally speaking, generally, as a general rule, in general, on a larger scale, to take the idea further, to take the above opinion to an extreme, in a sense, in one sense, in a way, to some extent, in my opinion, in my view, as for me, as far as I am concerned, obviously, undoubtedly, in terms of, in conclusion, in short, in brief, in summary, in a word, on the whole, to sum up, to conclude 　　2) 比较对比关系过渡词语 　　similarly, likewise, like, too, equally important, the same as, in common, in the same way, on the contrary, on the one hand, on the other hand, otherwise, in sharp contrast, whereas, rather than, conversely, instead, in/by contrast, but, however, yet, nevertheless 　　3) 列举关系过渡词语 　　for example, for instance, as an example, as a case in point, such as, namely, that is, like, thus, first, second, third, finally, in the first place, initially, first of all, to begin with, to start with, what is more, furthermore, eventually, besides, in addition (to that), first and foremost, last but not least, next, also, moreover, for one thing, for another 　　4) 因果关系过渡词语 　　because (of), as, since, for, owing to, due to, thanks to, on account of, as a result of, result in (from), consequently, for the reason that, as a consequence, consequently, if follows that, accordingly, therefore, hence 　　5) 让步关系过渡词语 　　although, even though, after all, in spite of, despite, granted that 　　6) 强调关系过渡词语 　　anyway, certainly, surely, obviously, to be sure, especially, particularly, above all, in deed, in fact, even worse, needless to say, most important of all, no doubt 五、 考研英语写作程序 　　由于时间的限制及题型的要求，考生必须遵循一定的写作程序并且合理地分配时间，以便从容地完成较高水平的写作。下面的考研英语写作程序及时间分配，供考生参考并灵活地加以运用。 　　1. 审题过程（2-3分钟） 　　所谓"审题"，就是仔细地研究、理解题目，即根据题目所提供的条件和要求，来确定文章的内容、体裁和写法。这一过程直接关系到写作的成败，即是否"切题"。审题应该包含下列四个方面： 　　1) 审文体 　　文体是对文章的一种规格要求，不同的文体，在写作上有不同的规格要求。命题作文一般采用议论文文体；规定情景作文通常以描写文、叙述文为主；图表作文通常采用说明文；然而，段首句作文，应视具体内容而定。 　　2) 审内容 　　了解题目在内容方面的要求决定写什么，这是审题的关键。 　　3) 审材料 　　审查考题在选材范围方面的要求，考题对材料有特定的限制，故考生应在题目限制的范围内选取材料。 　　简言之，选材的一般要点包含： 　　① 选择真实的材料； 　　② 选择典型的材料； 　　③ 选择鲜活的材料； 　　④ 选择最能展现主题的材料。 　　4) 审要求 　　审查考题在格式、字数、时间、内容等诸多方面的具体要求。 　　总之，如果审题不当，文章跑题；审题不周，文不切题；审题不全，遗漏重点。因此，考生一定要严把审题关。 　　2. 构思过程（5-7分钟） 　　一旦确定了主题，就开始构思选材。选材的思路围绕题目、提示、数据、图形和所给的提纲来进行。考生应从自己所熟悉的素材中筛选出最能表达和说明主题的内容，思路要灵活，想象要丰富，同时要有创新，避免落入写作俗套。在此基础上，草拟出作文提纲，提纲要简明扼要，能抓住段落主题。同时，考生对文章段落展开的方法、过渡句和句型等也要有所考虑。 　　从历年考研英语写作试题来分析，写作题目大多已给出了基本的提纲或相应的要求。在这种情况下，考生可将给出的提纲扩展成相应的主题句，这样便迅速地拟出了一个详细且完整的写作提纲。 　　拟出带有主题句的具体提纲，才能围绕主题句构思出要写的内容，选出展现主题的最佳素材，形成一条清楚的写作主线，然后根据主线具体地提出和回答what, who, when, how, why 等一系列考题规定的问题。 　　3. 下笔创作过程（20-25分钟） 　　下笔创作过程即段落的展开，考生要用贴切的词与句将自己的所思所想所感一层层地明确表达出来。 　　考生要注意以下几点： 　　1) 段落应有段落的主题，并且段落中所涉及的内容都是为文章主题服务的。 　　2) 写初稿时要一气呵成，尽量不使用自己没有把握的词语或句型。 　　3) 在下笔创作的过程中可以适当修改提纲，注意不要脱离主题。 　　4) 注意利用过渡词和过渡句使句子和段落结构严谨连贯，也使内容更易于展开。 　　4. 检查与修改过程（3-5分钟） 　　初稿一定存在着某些不妥之处，故需要最后订正。 　　首先检查内容是否切题，论点是否明确，论据是否充分，结论是否合理，然后检查语法是否正确，语句是否通顺，用词是否贴切，数字是否准确，表达是否恰当，拼写是否正确，标点是否得当等等。 考研英语写作常见题型 　　如果考生想在较短的时间内对考研英语写作有所认识、有所突破，首先应该了解考研英语写作常见题型，并弄懂各种题型的写作技巧，然后进行有针对性的练习，并且研读相关范文。考研英语写作中的常见题型如下： 　　1. 提纲题型写作 　　1) 写作要点 　　① 认真研究所给提纲 　　考生要注意领会提纲的含义，不要遗漏提纲要点或错误理解提纲的意思。 　　② 确定各段的主题句 　　考生应根据所给提纲写出各段的主题句，合格的主题句应具备以下四个要点： 　　·意义完整 主题句结构要完整，即结构符合语法规则；意义要完整，即主题句是一个符合逻辑的完整命题。 　　·表意清晰 主题句要清晰明确，不使用意思含混的词或句子。 　　·内容具体 主题句的内容要明确具体，否则不利于段落的拓展。 　　·用词贴切 主题句一定要用词准确，简明达意，使段落的拓展有一个良好的基础。 　　③ 逐步展开段落 　　段落写作应围绕自己列好的主题句进行，在写作过程中可稍加调整。 　　④ 检查与修改 　　检查考题所给提纲是否准确且完整地被表达于文章之中，如有偏差，应作出相应的修改。 　　2) 提纲题型写作试题实例 　　 ① 写作题目 　　 Title: THE "PROJECT HOPE" 　　Outline: 　　1. Present situation 　　2. Necessity of the project 　　3. My suggestion 　　② 参考范文： 　　Education plays a very significant role in the modernization of our country. There are, however, still a large number of school-agers in remote and isolated rural areas who can't afford to go to school because of their financial predicament. This is a very serious problem which needs to be resolved as soon as possible. Thus, the Chinese authorities have worked out a plan to assist them financially, which is called "Project Hope". 　　This project, I do believe, is of most importance and necessity. To begin with, as a developing country, China is unlikely to inject a huge amount of money in education at present. So education has to turn to the general public to find its way out. Secondly, with the financial assistance of the general public, many of the poor children who have dropped out of school can go back to go on with their schooling. This will, in turn, contribute a great deal to the expansion of the rural economy in our remote and isolated rural areas. Apparently, the Project Hope is of profound significance for the modernization of our country. 　　As for me, a university student, my suggestions are as follows. In the first place, our government should encourage more of the public in cities to finance the project. In addition, it is most necessary to set up a special foundation to receive the contributions donated by the public at home and abroad. Last but not least, those in charge of the project are supposed to make sure that the money is directly sent to the families whose children have dropped out of school. In short, I am convinced that the project will be fruitful and successful in the long run 图画题型写作 　　图画题型写作是较难的题型之一，近两年考研英语写作试题均为图画题型，故考生应该认真对待。面对此类题型，考生应首先确定主题，然后再动笔。 　　1) 图画题型写作要点 　　① 详细查看图画。考生应对图画进行全面而细致的研究，尤其注意图画中人或物（人与物）的体貌表情特征和背景，确定人物之间，人物与背景之间的主要关系，以便正确掌握图画所传达的信息。 　　② 如果图画以系列形式（既两幅以上）出现，考生除了掌握每一幅图画的信息，还应该对图画之间的相应联系有所理解，从而在整体上把握图画所传达的信息。 　　③ 面对图画题型，考生应该展开合理而丰富的联想，用生动而恰当的言辞抒发自己对图画的所思所想所感。 　　④ 注意图画题型中的文字提示。文字提示非常重要，文字提示通常十分清楚地提供一些写作要点。 　　⑤ 草拟提纲，合理组织材料。根据图画内容的不同采用不同的段落发展方式。如果画面内容是以描述为主，即按空间方位或时间先后顺序排列，可采用"开头--扩展--结尾"的写作方式。如果画面内容是以解释说明为主，写作时则先给出主题句，再围绕主题句完成各段落的写作，这是采用"主题句--扩展句--总结句"的写作方式。 　　⑥ 系统且突出地展开段落。展开段落要根据画面内容进行，同时也要围绕每一段的主题句进行。 　　⑦ 检查与修改。考生应重点检查图画内容是否准确地被表达出来，题目所给提示是否完整地反映在文章之中。如果存在与画面不相符的内容，或未能完全涵盖题目所给提示，考生应对文章做出相应修订。 　　2) 图画题型写作试题实例 　　① 写作题目 　　Directions: 　　Study the pictures carefully and write an essay about 200 words based on the following: 　　1. describe the set of drawings and interpret its meaning 　　2. point out its implications in our life 　　② 参考范文： 　　Shakespeare has ever stated that I came, I suffered and I survived, which gives us much for thought about our life and development. 　　The set of drawings above vividly depicts the destiny of a flower in two different living circumstances. As is shown in the first drawing, the flower is placed in a cozy green house which shelters it from the severe wind and storm. With proper temperature and other good conditions, the flower is growing in full bloom. In contrast, when removed from the green house and exposed to the wind and storm, the flower immediately fades and withers, with most of its petals cast about on the ground. 　　The purpose of the drawings is to reveal the fact that the flower growing in the green house can not withstand the ordeal of the wind and storm, yet the implied meaning subtly conveyed should be taken into account more seriously. The weak flower is naturally associated with our young people, to be exact, the only children in our current society; the green house epitomizes our parents' excessive doting care and material supplies that can protect the children from the wind and storm, to be specific, the harsh reality. Once our young people begin to seek independence and face challenges from the real competitive world, they are found too spoiled to be strong enough to endure the hardships and difficulties of various sorts. 　　In sum, it is essential for our young people to derive positive implications from the above thought-provoking drawings. On the one hand, we can frequently employ them to enlighten ourselves to be more independent in life. On the other hand, our parents should be sensible enough to offer children more right and freedom to cope with their own troubles and problems. Only by undergoing more predicaments can young people develop strong personality and ability needed in the future, and only in this way can they eventually become winners in our competitive changing world. (326 words) 表格和图表题型写作 　　目前，表格和图表题型是考研英语写作中较为常见的题型之一，也是难度较大的一种写作题型，故考生应对此类题型加强练习，熟练掌握。 　　1) 表格和图表题型写作要点 　　① 考生应仔细研究题目以及提示信息，看准、看清图表中的数字、线条、阴影等部分的变化趋势和走向，然后根据图表所显示的中心信息确定内容层次以及主题句。 　　② 考生应该仔细观察分析图表所给出的大量信息，从中选取最重要，最有代表性，最核心的信息，然后根据全文的主旨去组织运用所获取的关键信息。考生应切忌简单地罗列图表所给出的信息。 　　③ 表格和图表题型写作一般采用一般现在时，但如果图表给出了具体时间参照，考生则应对时态进行相应的调整。 　　④ 表格和图表题型要求考生使用一些固定句型和表达法，考生应对此融会贯通。 　　⑤ 表格和图表题型可以细分为表格，曲线图、柱形图和圆形图。除了上述共同要点，考生还应弄懂这四种图在写作方面的各自特点。 　　-- 表格形式要求考生对表格中所给出的大量数字进行比较分析，从中找出其变化规律。 　　-- 曲线图形式要求考生认真观察坐标系所显示的数据信息，并且密切注意交汇在坐标横轴和纵轴上的数字及单位。 　　-- 柱形图形式要求考生通过宽度相等的柱形的高度或长度差别来判断事物的动态发展趋势，故考生应密切关注坐标线上的刻度单位及图表旁边的提示说明与文字。 　　-- 圆形图形式旨在要求考生准确理解并阐述一个被分割成大小不等切片的圆形图所传达的信息。考生应清楚掌握部分与整体，部分与部分之间的相互关系，这种关系通常是以百分比的数字形式给出的。 　　⑥ 列出各段的主题句。考生可以根据所给提纲或已知信息列出每段的主题句，为全文的展开铺平道路。 　　⑦ 严格围绕主题句展开段落。 　　⑧ 检查与修改。表格与图表写作的检查与修改应着重检查文章中所列举的信息是否与图表所显示的信息一致。 2)表格和图表题型的核心句型 　　句型1： 　　 As can be seen???from in ???the ???chart, diagram table graph 　　句型2： According to As is shown in ???Table 1 Figure 2 Chart 3 　　句型3 It can be seen from the???chart diagram tablegraphfiguresstatistics ???that 　　句型4： From the ???table figures data resultsinformation ???it???canmay ???be???seen concludedshown estimatedcalculated inferred ???that 　　句型5： During the period 1990-2000 From 1991 to 2001 Since 2000For a hundred years, from 1903 to 2003 　　句型6： There???iswashas been ???a???slightsmallslowgradualsteadylargedramaticsharprapidsudden ???rise increasefluctuationdecreasedeclinereductionfalldrop ???in???pricespopulationproductionpersonal incomedemandwater supply 　　句型7： The first thing First of all 3) 表格和图表题型写作试题实例　　① 写作题目　　Directions: 　　A. Study the following graphs carefully and write an essay in about 200 words.　　B. Your essay must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET Ⅱ. 　　C. Your essay should cover these three points: 　　1. effect of the country's growing human population on its wildlife　　2. possible reason for the effect 　　3. your suggestion for the wildlife protection?　　② 参考范文　　As is shown by the two graphs, during the period of time from 1800 to 1900, with the explosive growth of the U.S. population, the number of species no longer existing shot up, amounting to 70 in 1990. It is apparent that the population explosion resulted in the sharp decline in the wildlife of the country. What brought about this phenomenon? 　　There are, I do think, two possible reasons for the fact. To begin with, the ever-increasing population needs more land to grow crops and more space to live in. Consequently, there is less and less niche in the U.S. for wildlife. Moreover, a number of newly built factories keep discharging harmful gases and liquids, which seriously pollute the environment. This has disturbed the ecological balance, contributing to the extinction of some wildlife. 　　In my view, three strong measures should be taken to solve the problem. In the first place, the birth rate in the U.S. must be put under control because the rapidly growing population leads to serious environmental crisis. Secondly, the U.S. government is supposed to create as many nature reserves as possible where all the native species of wild animals can be kept from being hunted and all the native species of plants can grow vigorously. Last and not least, it is urgent for the authorities to set up a foundation to reward those who do much to protect wildlife. (233 words) 情景题型写作 　　1) 情景题型写作要点 　　情景题型写作没有具体题目，仅仅规定一定的情景，这是一种指导性较强的写作题型，考生千万不要脱离情景，而应严格依照题目所规定的情景构思短文。特别注意以下几点： 　　① 情景式写作要求考生在题目规定的情景内展开构思，组织内容。 　　② 仔细审题。考生应明确题目所提供的情景，是论证还是说明，是叙事还是写景。 　　③ 确定段落与主题句。各段的主题句使文章有条有理，同时也使考生对自己所要表达的内容有更具体的把握。 　　④ 平稳地展开段落。主题句一经确定，考生便可以围绕主题句，展开段落，完成全文的写作。段落的展开应该建立在段落情景基础之上，每段的重点都应集中于描述情景规定内容。 　　⑤ 考生的每一词每一句应紧扣情景，突出重点，前后连贯，表达清楚，符合逻辑。 　　⑥ 明确题型种类。情景写作可根据内容写成不同文体，如记叙文、论说文、书信报告等，故考生应该注意灵活运用相应文体的写作方法与技巧。 　　⑦ 认真检查与修改。考生应重点检查是否完全准确地包含了情景所要求的各方面内容，是否有与情景相悖或不相关的内容。 　　 　　 2) 情景题型写作实例 　　 ① 考试题目： 　　Some people hold onto the idea that money and property offer more opportunities for success in our society; others think that education provide more opportunities for success in our society. Present your perspective on the issue, using relevant reasons and/or examples to support your views. 　　② 参考范文： 　　Which factor offers more opportunities for success in our society: education or money and property? In my view, education has replaced money and property as the main provider of such opportunities today. I base my view on two reasons. First, education-particularly higher education-used to be amiable only to the wealthy but now is accessible to almost anyone. Second, because of the civil-rights movement and resulting laws, businesses are now required to hire on the basis of merit rather than the kinds of personal relations traditionally common among the wealthy. 　　Education always plays a key role in determining one's opportunities for success. But in the past, good post-secondary education was available mainly to the privileged classes. Because money and property largely determined one's access to higher education, money and property really were the critical factors in opening doors to success. However, higher education is more egalitarian today. Given our vast numbers of state universities and financial-aid programs, virtually anyone who meets entrance requirements for college can obtain an excellent college education and open up windows of opportunity in life. 　　Another reason those opportunities will be open to educated young people from middle-class and poorer backgrounds is that hiring is more merit-oriented today than ever before. In principle, at least, our country has always been a society where all people are equal: yet in the past, children of the wealthy and well-connected could expect to obtain higher-status jobs and to receive better pay. But the laws and programs resulting from our civil-rights struggles have produced a modern business climate in which jobs are available on an equal-opportunity basis, and in which candidates have a legal right to be judged on the merit of their educational background and experience. 　　In conclusion, education is probably the main factor in opening doors to success for young people in our society. The fact that education has supplanted money and property in this role is attributable to a more egalitarian system of higher education, as well as to more merit-based hiring practices that generally value individual education over family fortune or relation. (347 words) 摘要题型写作 　　 摘要题型写作是难度非常大的一种写作形式。随着考生英语水平的不断提高，这种题型引起考生的普遍重视。 　　1) 摘要题型写作要点： 　　① 动笔之前，考生一定要认真仔细地阅读所给原文，弄懂原文大意，掌握原文要点。 　　② 摘要的长度一般是原文的四分之一或五分之一，考试时应遵守规定的字数限制。 　　③ 在做摘要时考生切忌照搬原文。 　　④ 摘要应与原文的观点保持一致，并且仍按原文的逻辑顺序排列。 　　⑤ 重点反映主要观点，删除细节。 　　⑥ 简化从句，用简短的语句代替冗长的语句。 　　⑦ 检查与修改时，考生应重点检查是否遗漏了原文的要点或包含了细节。 　　 2) 摘要题型写作实例 　　 ① 试题题目 　　 Directions: 　　 Study the following essay carefully and write a summary in about 80 words. 　　We continue to share with our remotest ancestors the most tangled and evasive attitudes about death, despite the great distance we have come in understanding some of the profound aspects of biology. We have as much distaste for talking about personal death as for thinking about it; it is an indelicacy, like talking in mixed company about venereal disease or abortion in the old days. Death on a grand scale does not bother us in the same special way: we can sit around a dinner table and discuss war, involving 60 billion volatilized human deaths, as though we were talking about bad weather; we can watch abrupt bloody death every day, in color, on films and television, without blinking back a tear. It is when the numbers of dead are very small, and very close, that we begin to think in scurrying circles. At the very center of the problem is the naked cold deadness of one's own self, the only reality in nature of which we can have absolute certainty, and it is unmentionable, unthinkable. We may be even less willing to face the issue at first hand than our predecessors because of a secret new hope that maybe it will go away. We like to think, hiding the thought, that with all the marvelous ways in which we seem now to lead nature around by the nose, perhaps we can avoid the central problem if we just become, next year, say, a bit smarter. (246 words) 　　 ② 原文要点： 　　1. continue to have the most confused ideas of death like predecessors 　　2. avoid talking about death 　　3. talk about death when millions of people die 　　4. become confused and anxious when each time the dead people are very few and the death rates are almost equal 　　5. people's fearfulness 　　6. seem to control nature 　　7. avoid death 　　③ 参考摘要： 　　People dislike talking about death because they just like their predecessors still have the vaguest ideas of the issue. They talk about death only when million upon millions of people are killed in war. When they find only very few people die each time and the death rates are almost equal, they become very anxious, thinking that next time they themselves will meet their doom. Therefore, they fear very much. However, they have a hope that when they control nature, they can avoid death.(84 words) 书信题型写作 　　 书信题型写作是常见的功能性写作形式，考生应该对书信写作的具体细节有整体的把握。 　　1) 书信写作要点： 　　① 日期 　　写信人应将写信日期（年、月、日）放在书信正文的右上角，如Jan. 20th , 2004。 　　② 称呼 　　称呼是写信人对收信人的称谓，称呼可以根据收信人的性别、职务、婚姻状况、姓名等个人信息来写，如：Mr. Williams, Mrs. Bush, Professor Li, Dr. Smith, Dear Mum and Dad。如果写信人不清楚收信人的具体姓名、职务等情况，可以写：Dear Sir or Madam、 To whom it may concern。 　　③ 正文 　　正文是书信的主要部分，在称呼下方隔一或两行处开始。考生写正文时，要分层次进行。书信正文通常由引言、展开段和结尾三个层次组成。 　　·引言 引言表明写信人的写信目的和写信背景，一般仅限于一段，一两句话即可。 　　·展开段 展开段内容应详实、具体。可以分为若干段来写，每一段围绕一个主题进行展开。 　　·结尾 结尾部分通常比引言部分短，使用一两句话表达一下希望或祝愿。 　　④ 结束语 　　结束语是写信人对收信人的谦称，写在正文下面二至三行处。公务等较正式的信件多采用Yours sincerely, Sincerely yours, Yours faithfully, Yours truly等；私人信件，多采用Yours, With love, Yours affectionately 等。 　　⑤ 签名 　　签名应写在结束语的下面。 　　2) 书信题型写作实例 　　① 试题题目： 　　Directions: 　　A. Write a job application letter of about 200 words 　　B. Your letter should cover these three points: 　　1. apply for the position of production coordinator 　　2. describe your education background 　　3. state your relevant working experience 　　② 参考范文： 　　Dear Sir, 　　I am responding to your ad in the June 20th, 2003, issue of the Sunday Talent Journal for the position of production coordinator. I feel that my background in electronics and manufacturing will fit in well at your printed circuit board manufacturing facility. 　　I will graduate from the Beijing Science & Technology University in June with a Bachelor of Science degree in Manufacturing Engineering. I have had extensive training on computers while at school. In my Production and Inventory class, I learned about computerized production and material scheduling in a job shop environment. While working for the Ministry of Energy and Transportation, I wrote a program to control the flow of equipment being checked out from the electronics lab. 　　As shown in my resume, I have also repaired and installed fire alarm, security, and patient-signal systems when I worked at Johnson Controls. Most of the time I faced construction deadlines so I know what it is like to work under pressure. My duties as the supervisor for the electronics lab involved assigning jobs, coordinating schedules, training new employees, and working with the department chairman when needed. 　　I am looking forward to hearing from you. Would you please call me to set up an interview? I can be reached at my resume address or by phoning (010) 2357-7980 after 4 p.m.