模拟试题[2]  Simulated Test [PREVIOUS] [NEXT] Part I Structure and Vocabulary Section A Directions： Beneath each of the following sentences，there are four choices marked A，B，C and D)Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.（5 points） They must have been enjoying themselves there，or they _____ so long. A)can't have stayed B)wouldn't have stayed C)needn't have stayed D)couldn't stay No two people can be half an hour together _____ one shall gain an evident superiority over the other. A)but B)when C)if D)because By the time you arrive home，I _____ for several hours，so please don't make a noise when you come in. A)shall be sleeping B)shall have slept C)shall sleep D)shall have been sleeping Just as no two words are truly synonoyms， _____ no two different expressions，or ways of expressions，can mean exactly the same thing. A)so B)as C)that D)therefore One should never lose one's heart when _____ with temporary difficulties. A)being confronted B)confronted C)having been confronted D)confronting Rather than _____ everything to the last minute，he always prefers to start early. A)leave B)to leave C)leaving D)leaves _____ about one million years ago，the fossil record shows an accelerating growth of human brain. A)Starting B)Having started C)Having been started D)Being started Public goods are those commodities _____ enjoyment nobody can be effectively excluded. A)in which B)whose C)from whose D)in whose Only when the process of meeting the basic need for food reached a certain level of sophistication _____ to follow other pursuits. A)it was possible for humans B)was it possible for humans C)were humans possible D)possible for humans it was Very few will doubt that it is science that has at once quickened the demand for general education in modern times _____ made the education itself effective. A)as well as B)but also C)and also D)and Section B Directions： Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked A，B，C and D)Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.（5 points） You can't avoid stress in modern life. Attempting (A) to do it (B) would (C) create stress by yourself (D) .But you can find better ways to cope with it. Neither the President nor (A) the members of the Cabinet wishes (B) to comment (C) on the matter at this moment (D) . Opposed to (A) the idea that we use (B) gasoline for rapid transit development gives (C) me a springboard for (D) my candidacy. He visited (A) the British Museum， where (B) he spent half his time not attracted (C) by the museum itself，but by its extensive library facilities for (D) scientific research. I couldn't live (A) till today without my grandmother and she would not (B) survive in her later days (C) without me.Both my grandmother and I rely on each other so as to (D) exist in this world. Proof-reading is uninteresting (A) ， still less (B) so (C) when it is one's (D) own work. One third (A) of cancers are (B) preventable，while a further third can be routinely (C) cured if it is detected (D) early，according to a recent WHO report. To quote from (A) Albert Einstein，science is the attempt (B) to make the chaotic diversity (C) of our sense experience correspond to a logical uniform (D) system of thought. Iron (A) is not the most abundant metal on earth (B) nor is one (C) with (D) the oldest tradition. Teachers themselves (A) are often judged by examination results and，instead of teaching their subjects，they are reduced (B) to train (C) their students in (D) exam techniques. Section C Direction： Beneath each of the following sentences，there are four choices marked A，B，C and D)Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.（10 points） The father was thoroughly dishonest and the son _____ him.He has already been in the courts for stealing. A)seeks after B)takes after C)gets the best of D)counts on I took the children to the Zoo today to _____ the party they missed the other day. A)provide for B)look for C)take delight in D)make up for They were having a violent quarrel but _____ when I came in. A)broke up B)cut off C)broke off D)hung up Children used to _____ their parents；now they are inclined to regard them as equals. A)turn on B)look up to C)stand up for D)hang on to In some child-centered families，the children and their possessions take over most of the house，and the younger ones often make _____ demands upon their parents' money and time. A)exceeding B)extensive C)exclusive D)excessive You may as well visit Japan in April，when cherry flowers are _____ . A)in good season B)in full bloom C)in nature D)in great demand The secret of remaining young in spite of old age and white hair is to _____ enthusiasm. A)reserve B)persist C)preserve D)retail It was because the ten major building projects were designed，built and fully completed _____ ten months that it was considered to be a miracle. A)in a matter of B)ahead of time C)at most D)in advance Whatever the reason，once you find yourself in a bookstore，the desire to pick up a book with an attractive cover is _____ ，although you may end up with a rather dull book. A)indispensible B)inevitable C)irresistible D)unavoidable Convinced of the importance of education，modern states“invest” in institutions of learning to get back“interest”in the form of a large group of _____ young men who are potential leaders. A)enlightened B)cultivated C)qualified D)nourished Newspapers must not only provide for the reader the facts，pure， _____ objectively selected facts but also supply interpretation，the meaning of the facts. A)unrevised B)balanced C)unprejudiced D)valid The period of adolescence may be long or short，depending on social _____ and on society's definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. A)anticipation B)perspective C)proposition D)expectation I come from a country where for virtually two centuries the people of color have，as a deliberate policy，been _____ the freedom of association，assemble，thought，inquiry and selfexpression. A)deprived B)denied C)rejected D)refused All we know about the origin of language is that men，unlike animals， _____ invented certain sounds to express thoughts and feelings，actions and things，so that they could communicate with each other. A)somehow B)somewhat C)anyhow D)anyway Great writers are those who not only have great thoughts but also express these thoughts in words which appeal powerfully to our minds and _____ . A)sensations B)passions C)emotions D)moods The real poet is a master of words.He can _____ his meaning in words which sing like music，and which by their position and association can move men to tears. A)transform B)transmit C)manifest D)convey The ordinary family in colonial North America was primarily concerned with _____ physical survival and beyond that，its own economic prosperity. A)sheer B)thoroughly C)utterly D)simply If no importance is attached to collecting information，we cannot survive in such a(n) _____ competitive society，because it is the basis on which we make our decisions. A)powerfully B)forcefully C)intensely D)intensively Crosscountry bicycle racing， _____ early in the 20th century in France，was current in the 1920s and became prominent in the 1950s. A)generated B)originated C)sponsored D)proclaimed The old woman was suffering from a very serious illness and required special attention _____ the nurses. A)from B)about C)of D)for Part II Cloze Test Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage,there are four choices labelled A,B,C and D)Choose the best one and put your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points) ????“Communication” and “information” are without doubt two key words of our time.Any human relationship or any activity implies a process of communication. All knowledge 41 information on what is happening or on what is being said,done or thought. 42 is new today,however,is the scale and development of this phenomenon,and the amount of attention now being 43 to it.Interpersonal communication has been 44 by mass communication, 45 the amount of information transferred and the size of its public. 46 this information is carried by the mass medianewspapers,radio,televisionit 47 the direct control of the user,who is unable to check it,change it or give an immediate 48 .Between these two extreme forms of communicationdirect persontoperson communication and indirect communication between the public and mediumall areas of human activity are 49 a whole series of institutions with the capability and duty of communicating knowledge,including the family,the education system, the system of administration and so 50 . 41.A)consists in B)diviates from C)begins with D)transforms into 42.A)What B)It C)Whatever D)One thing 43.A)paid B)offered C)applied D)extended 44.A)replaced B)supplied C)supplemented D)distorted 45.A)has distinguished B)distinguished by C)to distinguish D)distinguishing 46.A)Even if B)Although C)Since D)No matter how 47.A)avoids B)escapes C)attracts D)repels 48.A)answer B)reply C)reaction D)response 49.A)provided for B)provided in C)provided by D)provided with 50.A)so B)far C)forth D)much Part III Reading Comprehension Directions： Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked (A), (B), (C), (D). Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer ti each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blacking the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil (40 Points) Passage 1 ????The Supreme Court's recent decision allowing regional interstate banks has done away with one restriction in America's banking operation, although many others still remain. Although the ruling does not apply to very large money-center banks, it is a move in a liberalizing direcion that could at last push Congress into framing a sensible legal and regulatory system that allows banks to plan their future beyond the next court case. ????The restrictive laws that the courts are interpreting are mainly a legacy of the bank failures of the 1930's. The current high rate if bank failure - higher than at any time since the Great Depression - has made legislators afraid to remove the restrictions. While their legislative timidity is understandable, it is also mistaken. One reason so many American banks are getting into trouble is precisely that the old restrictions make it hard for them to build a domestic base large and strong enough to support their activities in today's telecommunicating round-the-clock, around-the-world financial markets. In trying to escape from this restrictions, banks are taking enormous, and what should be unnecessary, risks. For example, would a large bank be buying small, failed savings banks at inflated prices if federal law and states regulations permitted that bank to explain instead through the acquisition of financially healthy banks in the region? Of course not. The solution is clear. American banks will be sounder when they are not geographically limited. The house of Representative's banking committee has shown part of the way forward by recommending common-sensical, though limited, legislation for a five-year transtion to nationwide banking. This would give regional banks time to group together to form counterweights to the big money-center banks. Without this breathing space the big money-center banks might soon extend across the country to develop. But any such legislation should be regarded as only a way station on the road towards a complete examination of American's suitable banking legislation. The author's attitude towards the current banking laws is best described as one of _____ . A)concerned dissatisfaction B)tolerant disapproval C)uncaring indifference D)great admiration Which of the following best describes why the restrictive banking laws of the 1930's are still on the book？ A)The bank failures of the 1930's were caused by restrictive courts. B)Banking has not changed in the past 50 years. C)The banking system is too restrictive，but no alternatives have been suggested. D)Legislators apparently believe that banking problems similar to those of the Depression still exist today. The author argues that the change to a nationwide banking systems　should　be _____ . A)gradual，so that regional banks have a chance to compete with larger banks B)postponed，until the consequences can be evaluated C)immediate，because we cannot afford any more bank failures D)accelerated，to overcome legislative fear Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage？ A)The current banking law must be interpreted by the Supreme Court to be useful to today's banks. B)Although there are currently many bank failures，the nature of banking has not really changed that much. C)Money?center banks currently have too much power as compared with the regional banks. D) Because current laws are not responsive to contemporary banking needs, banks have been forced to take needless and dangerous risks. Passage 2 ????The energy crisis, which is being felt around the world, has dramatized how the careless use of the earth's resources has brought the whole world to the drink of disaster. The overdevelopment of motor transport, with its increase of more cars, more highways, more pollution, more suburbs, more commuting, has contributed to the near-destruction of our cities, the breakup of the family, and the pollution not only of local air but slao of the earth's atmosphere. The disaster has arrived in the form of the energy crisis. ????Our present situation is unlike war, revolution or depression. It is also unlike the great natural disasters of the past. Worldwide resources exploitation and energy use have brought us to a state where long-range planning is essential. What we need is not a continuation of our present serious state, which endangers the future of our country, our children, and our earth, but a movement forward to a new norm in order to work rapidly and effectively on planetary problems. ????This country has been falling back under the continuing exposures of loss morality and the revelation that lawbreaking has reached into the highest places in the land. There is a strong demand for moral revival and for some devotion that is vast enough and yet personal enough to enlist the devotion of all. In the past it has been only in a way in defense of their own country and their own ideals that any people have been able to devote themselves wholeheartedly. ????This is the first time that we have been asked to defend ourselves and what we hold dear in cooperation with all the other inhabitants of this planet, who share with us the same endangered air and the same endangered oceans. There is a common need ti reassess our present course, to change that coursem and to devise new methods through which the world can survive. This is a preiceless opportunity. ????To grasp itm we need a widespread understanding of nature if the crisis confronting us - and the world - a crisis that is no passing inconvenience, no by - product of the ambitions of the oil-rpoducing countries, no environmentalists' mere fears, no by-product of any present system of goverment. What we face is the outcome of the invention of the last four hundred years. What we need is a transformed life style. This new life style can flow directly from science and technology, but its acceptance depends on a sincere devotion to finding a higher quality of life for the world's children and future generation. Which condition does the author feel has nearly destroyed our cities？ A)Lack of financial planning. B)The breakup of the family. C)Natural disasters in many regions. D)The excessive growth of motors. According to the author,what is one example of our loss of morality? A)Disregard for law. B)Lack of devotion. C)Lack of cooperation. D)Exploitation of resources By comparing past problems with present ones，the author draws attention to the _____ . A)significance of this crisis B)inadequacy of governments C)similarity of the past to the present D)hopelessness of the situation What contribution does the author feel people must now make？ A)Search for new energy sources. B)Outlaw motor transportation. C)Accept a new life style. D)Adopt a new form of government. Passage 3 ????More and more, the operations of our businesses, goverments, and financial insitutions and controlled by information that exists only inside computer memories. Anyone clever enough to modify this information for his purpose can reap substantial rewards. Even worse, a number of people who have done this and been caught at it have managed to get away without punishment. ????It's easy for computer crimes to go undetected if no one checks up on what the computer is doing. But even if the crime is detected, the criminal may walk away not only unpunished but with a growing recommendation from his former employers. Of course, we have no statistics on crime that go undetected. But it's disturbing to note how many of the crimes we do know about were detected by accident, not by systematic inspections or other secrity procedures. The computer criminals who have been caught may been the victims of uncommonly bad luck. For example, a certain keypunch operator complained of having to stay overtime to puch extra cards. Investingation revealed that the extra cards she was being asked to punch were for dishonest transactions. In another case, dissatisfied employees of the thief tipped off the company that was being robbed. Unlike other lawbreakers, who must leave the country, commit suicide, or go to jail, computer criminals sometimes escape punishment demanding not only that they not be charged but that they be given good recommendations and perhaps other benefits. All too ofen, their demands have been met. Why? Because company executives are afraid of the bad publicity that would result if the publicfound out that their computer had been misused. They hesitate at the thought of a criminal boasting in open courtof how he juggled the most confidential records right under the noses of the company's executives, accountants, and security staff. And so another computer criminal departs with just the recommendations ha needs to continue his crimes elsewhere. It is implied in the third paragraph that _____ . A)most computer criminals who are caught blame their bad luck B)the rapid increase of computer crimes is a troublesome problem C)most computer criminals are smart enough to cover up their crimes D)many more computer crimes go undetected than are discovered Which of the following is mentioned in the passage？ A)A strict law against computer crimes must be enforced. B)Companies usually hesitate to uncover computer crimes. C)Companies will guard against computer crimes to protect their reputation. D)Companies need to impose restrictions on confidential information What may happen to computer criminals once they are caught？ A)With a bad reputation they can hardly find other jobs. B)They may walk away and easily find another jobs. B)They will be denied access to confidential records. D)They must leave the country or go to jail. The passage is mainly about _____ . A)why computer criminals are often able to escape punishment B)why computer crimes are difficult to detect by systematic inspections C)how computer criminals manage to get good recommendations from their former employers D)why computer crimes can't be eliminated Passage 4 ????In 1967,in response to widespread public concern aroused by medical reports ofasbestos related deaths,the National Medical Research Council organised a committee of enquiry to investigate the health threats associated with the use of asbestos in the building industry. ????After examining evidences provided by medical researchers and building workers and management,the Council published a report which included advices for dealing with asbestos.The report confirmed the findings of similar research in the United States and Canada.Exposure to relatively small quantities of asbestos fibres,they concluded,was directly responsible for the development of cancers,asbestosis and related diseases.Taking into account evidence provided by economists and building industry management,however,the report assumed that despite the availability of other materials,asbestos would continue to play a major role in the British building industry for many years to come because of its availability and low cost. ????As a result,the council gave a series of recommendations which were intended to reduce the risks to those who might be exposed to asbestos in working environments.They recommended that,where possible,asbestosfree materials should be employed.In cases where asbestos was employed,it was recommended that it should be used in such a way that loose fibres were less likely to enter the air.The report recommended that special care should be taken during work in environments which contain asbestos.Workers should wear protective equipment and take special care to remove dust from the environment and clothing with the use of vacuum cleaner. ????The report identified five factors which determine the level of risk involved.The state and type of asbestos is critical to determining the risk factors.In addition,dust formation was found to be limited where the asbestos was used when wet rather than dry. ????The choice of tools was also found to affect the quantities of asbestos particles that enter the air.Machine tools produce greater quantities of dust than hand tools and,where possible,the use of the latter was recommended. ????A critical factor takes place in risk reduction is the adequate ventilation of the working environment.When work takes place in an enclosed space,more asbestos particles circulate and it was therefore recommended that natural or machine ventilation should be used.By closely following these advices, it was claimed that exposure can be reduced to a reasonably practical minimum. Exposure to asbestos fibres can cause cancer _____ . A)only when asbestos is used in building industry B)only when it is used in large quantities C)even if it is used in small quantities D)if they are used when wet rather than dry Exposure to asbestos fibres is harmful to people's health _____ . A)so the use of asbestos is limited B)but asbestos will continue to be used for a long time to come C)so other new kinds of materials are under development D)but they will not be so when ventilation devices are used It can be inferred from the passage that the real danger comes from _____ . A)the asbestos dust that people take in B)the contact of the worker's skin with asbestos particles C)the inferior quality of the asbestos itself D)the excessive use of manmade asbestos material Evidence from the economists and the building industries shows that _____ . A)exposure to asbestos fibres is cancercausing B)asbestos is in extensive use in building industry C)use of asbestos is being reduced gradually D)exposure to asbestos fibres can be reduced significantly Passage 5 ????A good marriage means growing as a couple but also growing as individuals.This isn't easy,marriage has always been difficult.Why then are we seeing so many divorces at this time?Yes,our modern social fabric is thin,and yes the permissiveness of society has created unrealistic expectations and thrown the family into disorder. But divorce is so common because people today are unwilling to exercise the selfdiscipline that marriage requires.They expect easy joy,like the entertainment on TV,the thrill of a good party. ????Marriage takes some kind of sacrifice,not dreadful selfsacrifice of the soul,but some level of compromise.Some of one's fantasies, some of one's legitimate desires have to be given up for the value of the marriage itself.“While all marital partners feel shackled(受束缚)at times,it is they who really choose to make the marital ties into confining chains or supporting bonds”,says Dr.Whitaker.Marriage requires sexual,financial and emotional discipline.A man and a woman cannot follow every impulse,cannot allow themselves to stop growing or changing. ????A divorce is not an evil act.Sometimes it provides salvation(拯救)for people who have grown hopelessly apart or were frozen in patterns of pain or mutual unhappiness.Divorce can be like the first cut of the surgeon's knife,a step toward new health and a good life.On the other hand,if the partners can stay past the breaking up of the romantic myths into the development of real love and intimacy,they have achieved a work as amazing as the greatest cathedrals(教堂)of the world.Marriages that do not fail but improve,that persist despite imperfections,are not only rare these days but offer a wondrous shelter in which the face of our mutual humanity can safely show itself. According to the author,an ideal marriage life _____ . A)requires considerable sacrifice on both partners B)requires that the couple be emotionally involved C)allows for the growth of the husband and wife as a couple and as two individuals D)is only an illusion in today's society In Paragraph 2,the word“legitimate”most probably means _____ . A)lawful B)biological C)personal D)reasonable In the author's opinion,a divorce is not an evil act _____ . A)if the marital life is imperfect B)if it leads to a more worthwhile life for the two persons C)if the couple later get married again and find real love D)if the couple live far away from each other The author believes the real cause for the increase of divorces today is that _____ . A)people have too many sources of entertainment B)people have less internal restraints C)people no longer enjoy family life as they did before D)people do not want to be confined by marital ties Part IV EnglishChinese Translation Direction:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.(15 points) ????Even though she was blind and deaf,Helen Keller was a woman with an extraordinary social vision.(71) When most women's rights activists were working for the right to vote,Helen Keller advocated action that was more direct and more immediate than the vote. In 1911,speaking in England where women had the right to vote,she said:“Our democracy is but a name. We vote?What does that mean?It means that we choose between two bodies of real,though not avowed,autocrats….You ask for votes for women.(72) What good can votes do when teneleventh of the land of Great Britain belongs to 200000 men and only oneeleventh to the rest of the 40000000? Have your men with their millions of votes freed themselves from this injustice?” ????(73) When she became active and openly socialist,a New York city newspaper,the Brooklyn Eagle,which had previously treated her as a heroine,criticized that her misguided socialism had somehow developed from her blind and deaf condition. She replied that when once she met the editor of the Brooklyn Eagle,he had complimented her lavishly:“But now that I have come out for socialism,he reminds me and the public that I am blind and deaf and especially liable to error.”She added:“Oh,ridiculous Brooklyn Eagle!What an ungallant bird it is!(74) Socially blind and deaf,it defends an intolerable system,a system that is the cause of much of the physical blindness and deafness which we are trying to prevent. The Eagle and I are at war.I hate the system which it represents…When it fights back,let it fight fair…It is not fair fighting or good argument to remind me and others that I cannot see or hear.I can read.I can read all the socialist books I have time for in English,German and French.If the editor of the Brooklyn Eagle should read some of them,he might be a wiser man,and make a better newspaper.(75) If I ever contribute to the socialist movement, the book I sometimes dream of;I know what I shall name it:Industrial Blindness and Social Deafness.” Part V Writing（15 Points） Directions： A)Title: Private Cars in China B)You should write an essay on the outline below in no less than 150 words. C)Your essay should be written on Answer Sheet II Outline： 1.Encourage or not encourage private cars 2.Use specific reasons to support your point of view 3.Measures of encouraging or limiting private cars. 研究生入学考试模拟英语试题[2]讲评： [词汇与结构] [完型填空] [阅读理解] [英译汉] [写作] Part I Structure and Vocabulary Section A (B) 这是一个含蓄虚拟条件句。or相当于or else。otherwise，“否则的话”，意思同if they hadn't enjoyed themselves…，故应选B。 (A) no…but…，“没有……不……”。but是连词，相当于except that。句意为：“两个人在一起半小时之内，一个就会表现出比另一个强。”单从动词形式上看，when， if 都不可以，因要用一般现在时。选because句意不通。 (D) 句意：“等你到家时，我已经睡着了，所以进来时不要有响动。”根据句意，要用将来完成进行时。句中有for several hours,表示动作持续，所以用将来完成时不够准确。 (A) Just as …so，“正如……”、“同样……”。 (B) 在when,while,if,unless,although,though从句中，如果省略的话，则要将主语与be动词一起省。confront和he 是被动关系，所以D不对。 (A) rather than后接不定式，如放在句首，一般应不带to，放在句尾，带与不带均可。如：Rather than go by bike,he walks to the office every day.He walks to the office every day rather than (to) go by bike. (A) 这里不强调动作的先后，只是陈述一种事实，所以用分词的一般式。fossil record和start不是被动关系，故C、D都不合适。 (C) exclude要求from(从……中排除掉)，whose在从句中作定语，相当于…nobody can be effctively excluded from the enjoyment of the commodities。 (B) 句首状语若以“only+从句”，“only+副词”，“only+介词短语”构成，句子通常部分倒装。 (D) at once…and …=both…and…意为：“既……又……”。本句意为：“几乎没有人会怀疑科学加速了对一般教育的要求，同时也使教育本身更有成效。” Section B (B)错 应将it改成so,it此处指代不明，而so经常与do一起用，构成动宾替代结构。 (B)错 复合否定连词neither…nor用来连接两个并列主语时，其谓语动词的数取决于后一个名词，即靠近谓语的名词是单数，谓语便用单数，否则用复数，这就是所谓的“靠近原则”。此句中应将wishes改成 wish,与 members 取得一致。 (A)错 应改成opposing,动名词短语作句子主语。 (C)错 应将attracted置于not 之前，构成…attracted not by …，but by…平行结构。当然也可以说…not attracted by…but attracted by…。 (A)错 应改成couldn't have lived,“不可能活到今天”，关键词是till，表示“延续到现在”的含义，所以应用完成式。 (B)错 应改成：still more。still less用于否定句之后，less是否定副词little的比较级，still less 比句子前一部分的否定更进一步深化。much less和even less与still less意思相同。但是，如果句子前一部分没有否定词，虽有否定意义，一般不用still less,而用 still more,而英译汉时要译成否定。比较下列句子：Proof-reading is not interesting, still less so when it is one's own work.Proof-reading is uninteresting , still more so when it is one's own work.much more 与still more意思相同。 (D)错 应改成they are detected。因为they代替的是a further third (of cancers)。当然将it is 去掉也是正确的，即省略了they are。 (D)错 应将形容词logical改成副词形式logically,修饰形容词uniform。注意：uniform也是名词，所以单从形式上看此处似乎不错，但从意义上分析就不通了。全句意为：“引用阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦的话来说，科学是试图使我们头脑中一大堆杂乱无章的感性体验，符合于逻辑上前后一致的思维体系。” (C)错 应在one前加定冠词the。one 是替代词，代替名词，不加冠词时具有泛指意义，加冠词时具有特指意义。本句中the one指the metal，已第二次提到。句意：“铁不是地球上蕴藏最丰富的金属，也不是历史最悠久的金属。” (C)错 应改成动名词training，因为to在此处是介词，不是动词不定式符号。be reduced to…“(迫使)处于某种状态”。句意：“用学生的考试结果来判断教师的教学情况，这使得老师们去训练学生的应试技巧，而不是教好自己的科目。” Section C (B) take after:resemble，“相像”；seek after，“追求”、“找寻”；get the best of sth.，“得胜”、“处于优势”；count on“指望”。 (D) make up for，“弥补”；provide for，“为……提供”;look for，“寻找”；take delight in“从……中取乐”。 (C) break off,“突然停止”；break up,“(集会)结束”、“(学校)放假”；cut off,“(电话)中断”；hang up,“(电话)挂断”。 (B) look up to sb.=respect，“尊敬”、“敬仰”。turn on sb.，“冲……发怒”，turn on还有“依赖”、“取决于”的意思，但不接人。如：The success of a picnic turns on the weather.“野餐成功与否通常取决于天气。”stand up for,“维护”、“为……辩护”；hang on to,“坚持”、“紧紧握住”。 (D) excessive“过分的”；exceeding“超越的”、“非常的”；extensive“广泛的”;exclusive“惟一的”、“排他的”。 (B) in full bloom，“(鲜花)盛开”；in good season，“正当时令”、“正上市”；in nature，“实质上”；in great demand，“大量需求”。 (C) preserve，“保持”；reserve，“保存”；persist(in )，“坚持”；retail，“零售”。 (A) a matter of，“大约”；ahead of time，“提前”，提前10个月是：ten month ahead of time;at most，“至多”；in advance，“提前”，也要求放在时间之后。 (C) irresistible，“不可抗拒的”、“无法抑制的”；indispensible，“必不可少的”；inevitable，“不可避免的”；unavoidable，与inevitable意思相同。 (A) enlightened，“开明的”、“进步的”、“有知识的”；cultivated，“有教养的”、“有素养的”、“优雅的”；qualified,“有资格的”、“合格的”；nourished，“养育了的”。根据句意，许多现代化国家确信教育的重要性，向高等教育投资，并以得到大批的有知识的青年的形式获取“利息”，这些青年都是未来的领导者。因为学校是人们enlighten 的地方，而且enlighten也总是和教育连在一起的，所以选A为最佳。 (C) unprejudiced，“没有偏见的”，与句中objectively吻合；unrevised，“未加修改的”；balanced，“平衡的”；valid，“有效的(指法律上)”。句子说的是报纸要实事求是，不带个人主观意见地提供给读者各种事实，因此应选C。 (D) expectation,，“期望”、“期待”；anticipation:looking forward to“预期”、“预测”、“盼望”；perspective，“前途”、“看问题的方法”；proposition，“主张”、“建议”、“命题”。 (B) 注意这几个词在用法上的区别：deny， sb.sth.,deprive， sb.of sth.reject， sth.,refuse，(to do)sth.。 (A) somehow，“以某种方式”；somewhat，“有一点”；anyhow,anyway，“无论怎样”。 (C) emotion:strong feeling,“激情”、“情感”；sensation:feeling,“感觉”；passion，“强烈情感(爱、恨)”；mood,“情绪”、“心境”。 (D) convey，“传达”、“传送”，convey one's meaning“表达意义”，convey one's feeling,(the information),“表达感情(传递消息)”;transform,“彻底改变”；transmit，“传播”；manifest，“表明”。这几个词不能与meaning搭配使用。 (A) bsheer:nothing but,“纯粹的”；thoroughly,:completely“完全地”、“彻底地”；utterly，“完全地”；simply:just,only,“只是”、“仅仅”。 (C) intensely， competitive society,“竞争激烈的社会”。powerfully，“强大地”；forcefully，“强有力地”；intensively，“集中地”、“加强地”。这三个副词习惯上都不用来修饰competitive。 (B) originate，“起源于”、“始于”；generate，“产生”、“发生”；sponsor,“主办”、“发起”；proclaim，“宣布”。本句讲的是环法自行车赛最初是在法国出现的，所以应选originated。 (C) require 要求接介词of以引出间接宾语。 Part II Cloze Test 短文大意：“交流”和“信息”是我们这个时代的两个关键词汇。任何人与人之间的关系或人类活动都意味着信息交流的过程，但现在这一现象已引起了前所未有的重视。个人之间的交流因大众传播媒介的发展而得到补充。在个人之间的直接交流和公众与传媒的间接交流这两个形式之间，人类的一切活动领域有着一整套包括家庭、学校等具有传播知识的能力与责任的机构。 段首句译文：“‘交流’和‘信息’毫无疑问地是我们这个时代的两个关键词。” (C) begins with 人的知识(knowledge)是对获得的信息(information)的理解，所以C.begins with (始于)为正确选择。A.consists in (在于)、B.deviates from (背离、偏离)和D.transforms into(转变成、转化为)都不合文意。 译文：“任何人际关系或人类活动都意味着信息交流过程。一切知识都始于获得有关正在发生的和人们所说、所做或所想的事情的信息。” (A)What 本句中的两个谓语动词is之间没有连词，不是并列谓语，故所缺成分要同时做主句和从句的主语。B.It和D.One thing均不符合要求；C.whatever(无论什么)虽有此语法功能，但与文意不符，故只有A.What为正确选择。 (A)paid pay attention to是固定搭配，意为：“关心”、“对……注意”，符合文意，故选A.paid。B.offered(提出、主动提供)，C.applied(应用)和D.extended(延伸、延长)都不能与attention搭配使用。 译文：“然而，如今，这一现象的规模与发展以及人们对这一现象的重视程度却与以往不同。” (C)supplemented 根据上下文以及常识，个人之间的交流由于有报纸、广播等大众传播媒介而得到补充，故应选C.supplemented(补充、增补)。A.replaced(替代、取代)，B.supplied(提供)和D.distorted(歪曲)都不合逻辑。 (B)distinguished by distinguish 有“辨别”、“区分”、“有别于”、“使出众”等含义，在此需从文意和语法两方面考虑。A.has distinguished没有连词连接并列成分，不能与has been作并列谓语，且与文意不符，故被排除。动词不定式放在句末一般前面不加逗号，表示目的或结果，故C.to distinguish亦非正确选择。作定语的分词选用过去分词还是现在分词形式要取决于它与其逻辑主语的关系，这里并非讲“大众传媒使信息量特点显著”，而是“大信息量使大众传媒这种信息交流形式引人瞩目”，故应选B.distinguished by而排除D.distinguish。 译文：“人与人之间的个别交流已为大众传媒所补充，而大众传媒则因其传送的信息量和接受信息的公众人数而引人瞩目。” (C)Since 本题宜在答完下题之后考虑。四个选项都是从属连词，只要判断出从句与主句的逻辑关系是因果关系，便可选对C.Since(由于)。A.Even if(即使)表示让步；B.Although(虽然)表示转折；D.No matter how(无论怎样)表示让步，均不合逻辑。 (B)escapes 报纸、广播和电视的信息不会“招引”用户来直接控制它或“抵制”用户的控制，故C.attracts(吸引、引诱、招引)和D.repels(击退、抵制、拒绝、排斥)均不正确。A. avoids指“避免”、“躲避”、“防止”，其主语通常是人，一般指有意识的行为，此处主语it指上文this information,故排除A。B.escapes有“避免”、“逃脱”、“未被……注意”等含义，在此是正确选择。 选项用法举例：Try to avoid danger.“尽量避免危险。”You should avoid being late for your class.“你应该避免上课迟到。”I avoided her by leaving by the back door.“我从后门离开，避开了她。”She avoided answering my questions。“她对我的问题避而不答。”I avoided punishment by running away.“我一跑了之。”He escaped from prison.“他从监狱逃走了。”The image escaped from her memory.“那形象从她记忆中消失了。”Some gas is escaping from the pipe.“有气体从管中漏出。”to escape death，“死里逃生”；to escape punishment,“逃避惩罚”；to escape responsibility,“逃避责任”；A scream escaped her lips.“她不由得发出一声尖叫。”The change in his grandson did not escape him.“孙子身上的变化没有逃过他的注意。” (D)response 看到电视等传媒发出的信息，人们会有不同的反应，而不仅仅是对问题的回答，故排除A.answer和B.reply。C.reaction(反应)不能与give搭配，故排除C。D.response指“回答”、“反应”，在这里是正确答案。 译文：“由于信息是通过大众传媒(即报纸、广播、电视等)传送的，使用者无法直接控制它们，既不能核实或改变它们，也不能对它们立刻做出反应。” 选项用法举例：to cause a reaction，“引起反应”；to have a reaction，“有反应”；to produce fierce reactions in the young people，“在年轻人中产生强烈的反响”；What is his reaction to your proposal?“他对你的提议有什么反应?”a letter which brought no response，“一封未得到回音的信”；to make/give no response to sb's inquiry，“对某人的询问不予答复”；He was unable to get any response to his knock on the door.“他敲门无人答应。” (D)provided with 本句的主语是all areas of human activity，宾语是a whole series of institutions，若选A.provided for,则意为：“为机构提供人类活动领域”；若选B.provided in，则意为：“在机构中提供人类活动领域”；若选C.provided by，则意为：“由机构提供人类活动领域”，显然A、B、C都不合逻辑，故只有D.provided with为正确答案。 选项用法举例：I'm already provided with everything I need.“我所需要的一切都已有了。”They are ill provided with food.“他们的食品不足。”to provide children with a good education，“为儿童提供良好的教育”；to provide food and clothes for one's family，“养家活口”；She was provided for,at any rate.“她的生活总算有了着落。”The rules are provided in the law.“这些条例是法律所规定的。” (C)forth 本句中the family,the system of education,the system of administration为列举的三个并列成分，表示还可有更多的例子，可用and so on/and so forth,故应选C.forth。A.so,B.far和D.much 在此都不适用。 译文：“在人与人之间的直接交流与公众和传媒的间接交流这两个形式之间，人类的一切活动领域有着一整套包括家庭、教育系统和管理系统等具有传播知识的能力与责任的机构。” Part III Reading Comprehension (A) 意为：忧虑和不满。第一段指出，最高法院(the Supreme Court)最近一项裁决使地区性州际银行(regional interstate bank)在美国银行业务中摆脱了一项限制，虽然许多限制尚存。这项裁决(ruling)并不适用于金融中心银行，但是，它标志着向放宽的方向迈进了一步，放宽最终会使国会制定(framing)一个合理的法律法规制度，对银行的未来发展做出规划，而无需等待法院的再一次裁决(beyond the next court case)。文章最后一句指出，但是，这样的立法只能被看作是全面制定合理的美国银行法的一个小插曲。显然，在作者看来，美国国会需要全面修改现行银行法，而不应该仅停留在对它的修修补补上。 (D) 意为：立法者显然相信雷同于大萧条时代的金融问题目前仍然存在。第二段第一、二句指出，法庭目前所依据的限制法主要是30年代遗留下来的防止银行破产的法律。由于目前所显示的银行破产率高于30年代大萧条(the Great Depression)以后任何一个时代，立法者对废除限制表示担心。这种担心在作者看来是错误的。 (A) 意为：“循序渐进的，以便地区银行可以和大银行竞争”。最后一段指出，道理是明摆着的，废除地区性限制，美国银行业的发展会更健康。众议院提议实行五年的放开国内区域性限制的转换期(transition)，这项提案虽然有其局限，但却颇有道理(common?.sensical)，可以将银行改革推进一步。这种做法可以给地方银行重组的时间，以便同大金融中心银行相抗衡，因为，如果没有这一喘息机会，大金融中心银行很快就会占领全国。 (D) 意为：“因为目前法律已不能满足现代银行业发展的需要，银行不得不去冒一些无谓的风险”。第二段第五句指出，为了摆脱限制，银行正在冒着巨大(但却没必要的)风险。 (D) 文章第一段指出，能源危机表明，人肆无忌惮地使用地球资源已使世界处于灾难的边缘(brink)：现代交通运输的过度发展使城市濒临毁灭(neardestruction)、使家庭解体、污染了城市的空气和大气层。 (B) 第三段指出，现在，许多道德的丧失与腐败现象被揭露出来，甚至国家的最高层(the highest places in the land,指国家高级官员)也不依法办事。这些道德的丧失与腐败使国家岌岌可危。所以，道德需要新生，人需要新的奉献精神，需要用部分人的巨大奉献精神来带动所有人的奉献精神。过去，人们曾经为保卫自己的国家和民族以及自己的理想全心全意地奉献过自己。由本段第二、三句可以看出，第一句主要是指人们奉献精神的缺乏，含义为：解决目前的危机还需要人们做出奉献。A不对，原文中所说的“违法”(lawbreaking)主要指腐败，具体地讲，是指高级官员们不能尽职尽责而以权谋私。 (A) 在前三段中，作者指出了目前所存在的问题，参阅(55)、(56)题题解。在第四段，作者指出了这一危机的性质。与过去不同的是，我们首先要学会保护我们自己和我们珍视(hold dear)的东西，我们的合作者不再是某国某地域的人，也不是我们的同志了，而是生活在地球上的所有人，因为，我们都同时面临着同一个问题。我们需要共同努力(a common need)来衡量评价一下我们正在走的道路(course)或改变这一道路，以找出我们共存的途径。在这方面来说，现在是机不可失(priceless)。在文章最后一段，作者更具体地说明了我们所应该做的事情。 (C) 在文章的最后一段，作者提出了对付危机的对策。人们都应充分理解(a widespread understanding)我们所面临的危机的性质——它决不是暂时的(passing),我们所需要的是一种新的生活方式(a transformed lifestyle)，它当然要以科学技术为基础，但要接受它却需要人们真诚的奉献，以便使我们的子孙后代生活得更美好(a higher quality of life)。选择项C中outlaw一词意为：“摈弃”、“取缔”。 (D) 意为：发现的计算机犯罪比未发现的要多得多。第三段指出，究竟多少犯罪未被发现(go undetected)，我们当然无从知道。我们目前所发现的这么一部分犯罪只是偶然发现的，并没有通过系统的检查，或采取其他防范措施查找，一想到这一点就令人感到不安。言外之意，我们的防范措施太差了，有多少犯罪还没有查出呢？所查出的犯罪是否只是冰川一角呢？所以，作者最后指出，被查出的计算机犯罪者也许只是运气特别不好的人(victims of uncommonly bad luck)。在第四段，作者举了两个例子，用以说明发现计算机犯罪经常是偶然的。 (B) 意为：公司通常对揭露计算机犯罪很谨慎。第六段指出，为什么计算机犯罪者通常都会逍遥法外呢？因为公司的领导们害怕一旦公众知道他们公司的计算机曾被人动过手脚，自己的名声就完了(bad publicity)。犯罪者很可能在法庭上鼓吹自己是怎样在公司的领导、会计师、安保人员的鼻子底下玩弄公司最高机密的，一想到此，他们(对把犯罪分子绳之以法)就犹豫了。这样，计算机犯罪分子夹着自己需要的推荐信离开了公司，到其他地方继续进行自己的犯罪去了。 (B) 意为：他们离开公司并很容易地找到另一份工作。参考第60题题解。 另外，第二段也提到，如果没有人(定期)检查计算机(check up on)，计算机犯罪很可能就查不出来，但是，即使是查出来了，犯罪者也可能逃避惩罚，并带着老板的推荐信离开公司。 (A) 意为：计算机犯罪分子为什么经常能逃避惩罚。第一段指出，商业、政府、金融机构的运作越来越受计算机的控制，需要的信息只能储存在计算机的记忆库中(computer memories)，所以，每个脑瓜聪明的人都可以根据自己的需要修改这些信息，为自己带来极大的好处。最糟糕的是：许多人这样做了，被查出了，但却丝毫不受惩罚就一走了之。第三句话引出了全文旨在说明的问题。 另外，第二段第二句提到了这一主题，第五、六段照应了这一主题。 (C) 第二段第二、三句指出，几方面的研究都表明：直接接触并吸收少量的石棉绒(asbestos fibres)也会导致癌症、石棉沉着病或其他相关病症。D不正确。为了减少其危险性，应该设法不让石棉绒进入空气，使用水浸过的石棉就可以减少工作环境中石棉绒的含量(见第四段第三句)。可见，D表达的内容与原文正好相反。 (B) 第二段第四句指出，报告同时也认为，虽然已有了其他建筑材料，石棉在英国建筑业未来的许多年中将继续起重要作用，因为它易得到且成本低。A与D都不对，因为即使如此，石棉对人仍有伤害,见第(63)题题解。全国医学研究会所给的一些建议只能减少(reduce)石棉绒对人体的伤害，却不能杜绝之，见第三段第一句。C也不对，其他材料业已存在(见本题题解上文)，而不是正在研制(under development)。 (A) 石棉沉着病(asbestosis)是指石棉被吸进肺中沉积在内而形成肺病，因此，又被称作“石棉肺”。在使用石棉的过程中，石棉碎绒(loose fibres)进入空气中，形成石棉绒尘(dust)，并被工人吸入肺中造成肺癌等疾病。研究会所提出的几个建议也首先是针对如何降低工作环境中石棉绒尘的含量，从而降低石棉的使用给建筑工人造成的危害。 (B) 石棉的使用给建筑工人造成了危害，但来自经济学家与建筑业的调查表明：虽然有可供利用的其他材料，石棉在英国建筑业中还将大量使用一段时间，因为它易得到且成本低(参阅第二段最后一句)。所以，B表达的内容最为贴切。 (C) 文章第一句指出,理想的婚姻不仅给夫妻二人的发展而且也应为他们各自的发展提供机会。A不正确，第二段第一句指出，婚姻需要夫妻双方做出某些牺牲(some kind of sacrifice)，这里“牺牲”并非指灵魂上的巨大自我牺牲，而是指夫妻双方需要做出某些必要的妥协，如为了婚姻得以圆满继续，夫妻各自的一些不切实际的幻想(fantasies)和某些看上去似乎合理的愿望应该让居第二位。 (D) 该词意为：“合法的”、“合理的”。 (B) 然而，离异有时也并不是件坏事，它有时会成为处于无法弥合的婚姻或痛苦不幸的婚姻中的人的救星。对这些人来说离婚正像是外科大夫的手术一样，可以帮人恢复健康并快乐地生活。参阅第三段第一、二、三句。 (B) 在文章第一、二段，作者探讨了离婚增多的原因。他认为，社会的容忍(permissiveness)使人们产生了不切实际的幻想，人们不愿做出婚姻需要夫妻双方所做出的牺牲，只想放纵自己。婚姻需要夫妻双方做出牺牲，需要他们在某些方面的自我约束(self?.discipline)，而不能靠冲动行事。可见，作者认为离婚的主要原因是人们缺乏内在的自制(internal restraints)。 Part IV EnglishChinese Translation 短文大意： 又聋又瞎的美国著名社会活动家海伦·凯勒鼓吹妇女应该争取比选举权更直接和有效的行动。当她公开信仰社会主义的时候，纽约一家报纸批评她说，她的盲目的社会主义观是从她自身又聋又瞎的情况发展起来的。海伦反驳说，这家报纸确是又聋又瞎，因为这家报纸保护一个令人无法忍受的制度，而这个制度是使许多人在肉体上又聋又瞎的根源。 这是一个简单复合句。句架是：when…Helen keller advocated action that…。句首when引导时间状语从句，句末关系代词that引导定语从句，修饰action。本句应译成：“当大多数女权运动积极分子为争取选举权而奔走的时候，海伦·凯勒却鼓吹争取比选举权更直接和更有效的权利。” 这是一个简单复合句，句架是：what good can votes do when …。when引导时间状语从句。在这个状语从句中有两个句子，由 and 连接。在one eleventh后省略了动词 belong。句中的词组do good作“对……有好处”讲。本句应译成：“当英国土地10／11属于20万人，而1／11属于其余4000万人的时候，选票能有什么好处?” 这是一个简单复合句。句架是：when…，a… newspaper …，which criticized that…。句首 when引导时间状语；关系代词 which引导定语从句，修饰the Brooklyn Eagle;that引导名词从句，作criticized的宾语。句中misguide是“错误地引导”、“把……引入歧途”的意思。此句中的misguided是指(行为等)在错误思想(或原则、信仰、动机等)的指导下。此句应译为：“当海伦·凯勒非常活跃并且公开信仰社会主义的时候，以前曾把她捧为女英雄的纽约市一家报纸《布鲁克林之鹰报》此时却批评她说，她在错误思想指导下的社会主义信念在一定程度上是从她又聋又瞎的情况发展而来的。” 这是一个简单复合句。句架是：it(指the Brooklyn Eagle)defends a… system,a system that is the cause of …blindness and deafness which…。socially blind and deaf是省略了分词being的分词短语，作定语；a system that是前面 system的同位语，that是关系代词引导定语从句，修饰 system ；在定语从句中关系代词which又引导定语从句，修饰 blindness and deafness。本句应译成：“对社会来说，《布鲁克林之鹰报》又聋又瞎，它为一个令人无法忍受的制度辩护，这个制度是造成许多人在肉体上又聋又瞎的根源，而我们则在设法防止许多人在肉体上变成又聋又瞎的人。” 这是一个并列复合句，两个句子由分号连接。句架是：If I…,the book…;I know what I shall name it… 。第一个句子的主句是I sometimes dreamed of the book,本主句中作者把宾语book前置，句首是由If引导的条件状语从句。在第二个句子中，what引导名词从句，作 know 的宾语。冒号后是it的同位语。本句应译成：“如果要对社会主义运动做贡献，我有时梦想写一本书，我知道我将给这本书起什么名字，就叫《工业的瞎子和社会的聋子》。 Part V Writing（15 Points） 参考范文 ???? Private cars，in most developed countries，used to be the counterpart of bicycles in China.Nevertheless，more and more Chinese people have cars of their own nowadays.It is an indication of the lifted living standard of Chinese people.But in my opinion，private ownership of cars should not be encouraged in China. ????There are sound reasons for the limitation of private cars in China.First，it is self?.evident that the automobile contributes much to air pollution.In China，especially in large cities whose residents are more likely to buy private cars，the pollution of the air is already very serious.More private cars will inevitably aggravate the present situation.Second，private cars can be a formidable threat to the traffic.To tell the truth，today many people can afford a car，if a large number of private cars rush onto the streets，the already dense traffic will suffer more.Last but not the least，the automobile consumes energy.We always proudly claim our country is rich in natural resources.But in the mean time，we need to remember we also have a large population.We do have rich resources of energy，but speaking of energy，we can not smile with ease.Therefore，I sincerely believe that private cars should be discouraged in China. ????Then，by what means shall we limit private cars？Since people buy private cars mainly for convenience，my first suggestion is to develop adequate public transportation which is effective and punctual.At the same time，we should raise the price of gasoline to a prohibitive level so as to make car－driving expensive enough.All in all，private cars，from my point of view，should be limited in China.