模拟试题[12]  Simulated Test [PREVIOUS] [NEXT] Part I Structure and Vocabulary Section A Directions:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (5 points) The dean of our department asked that all the students _____ at the reception this afternoon in order to meet the representatives form other colleges. A．are present B．will be present C．would be present D．be present High school and college students today are pushed so much in the direction of specialization _____ little time is left for the further development of the basic reading skills initiated in earlier years. A．as B．so that C．that D．therefore As I spoke I observed a large dog lying on the sunny grass beneath _____ its ears as if about to bark. A．raise B．raised C．to raise D．raising Lying _____ far back in the mountains, the coal had to be hauled from a deep valley. A．as it is B．as it did C．was it D．did it A man should never be ashamed to own he as been in the wrong, _____ is but saying, in other words, that he is wiser today than he was yesterday. A．what B．who C．which D．as The funnylooking man whom the girl met on the street of Prinston was _____ Albert Einstein. A．none but B．none other but C．no other but D．nobody but Now scientists cannot realize _____ soon that existing scientific knowledge is not nearly so complete,certain and unalterable as many textbooks seem to imply. A．so B．very C．too D．nobody but Many of the successful men, had they been able to choose for themselves, would have selected some quite different professions _____ they have made fortunes. A．from that in which B．from which C．in which D．from what Some people hold that, since we live in a moneyoriented society, the average individual cares little about solving _____ problems. A．anyone elses' B．anyone's else C．anyone else's D．any one else's In digital electronics, signals are broken down into thousands, maybe millions, _____ ,which are encoded as zeroes and ones. A．of information B．of bits of information C．of little in formation D．of much in formation Section B Directions:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked A,B,C and D.Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.(5 points) Not only could one(A) accident in a single nuclear power station spread so much(B) radioactivity as(C) a thousand Hiroshima atom bombs, but(D) the radioactive waste from these stations is extremely dangerous. Even if(A) agriculture undergoes(B) a drastic change to meet the needs(C) of the new situation, the country will starve(D). Owing to(A) the present economic situation, the welfare department, as well as the other social services, will have(B) their(C) budget cut.(D) Hamburgers and hot dogs, eaten(A) all across(B) that country, are(C) sometimes called typical(D) American good. Everybody considered it(A) a pity to have missed(B) the performance. I would rather(C) go to(D) see it. Television is another(A) major instrument(B) of communication, to permit(C) us to see as well as(D) to hear the performer. We regretsaying(A) that a recent rise of material cost of the said(B) product has necessitated a price adjustment on our part, which is(C) made against(D) our own will. Many more babies now survive infancy, grow up and become parents, and many more adults are living into(A) old age so that(B) population is being added(C) at both ends.(D) The fact that so many highschool graductes now continue their education suggests(A) that there should be(B) a(C) high value on(D) college in American life. Alfred Nobel worked alongaside(A) his father, and by 1850, when he was 17, Alfred acquired(B) most of his father's knowledge of(C) and enthusiasm for(D) chemistry. Section C Directions:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choice marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points) The population of Pennsylvania increased from 50 000 in 1730 to more than 200 000 in 1763, ue _____ to the thousands of Scotch Irish. A．in effect B．in consequence C．in large part D．at large We object to the idea that it is military force that should be _____ in settling international disputes. A．applied to B．resorted to C．fallen back on D．restrained from He failed to completely achieve the aim _____ by the teacher at the beginning of the term. A．brought forth B．set forth C．come up D．put forward No modern industrial enterprise can _____ for a moment without rules and set procedures. A．make B．perform C．come up D．put forward We must take part in physical labor in order to _____ ourselves more closely with the working people. A．identify B．incorporate C．combine D．involve Whether an operation should be performed in this case _____ very much on the patient's gereral condition. A．relies B．counts C．centers D．depends The normal food _____ of man depend in part on the amount of external work he does. A．quantities B．requirements C．necessities D．acquirements The drugs must _____ in every way to the standards set up by the government. A．correspond B．confine C．conform D．comply The red spots first appeared on the forearm and then extended _____ to the shoulder. A．on the way B．all along C．in every way D．all the way Digestion _____ the necessary chemical changes in the food which must occur before it can b absorbed. A．consists in B．feeds in C．puts in D．consists of Any work performed by the body, no matter how small the amount, _____ energy, whether one is at work or asleep. A．spends B．expends C．takes D．costs Issan Newton, a British scientist, who lived over 300 years ago, said that he saw _____ than others becauce he stood on the shoulders of giants. A．further B．more haead C．farther D．more afar Malaria,it is true, has been practically _____ in thirteen countries, inchuding the United States, and is under attack in many thers. A．wiped out B．died out C．put out D．kept out After the seventeenth century, the majority of Harvard graduates entered professions _____ the ministry. A．better than B．more than C．other than D．less than In the United States educational system, intermediate school is the _____ stage between the primary grades and high school. A．traditional B．transitional C．transmissional D．transient The streams, often petty and insignificant during dry weather, become raging _____ during a storm. A．current B．wave C．torrent D．tide When coal, the _____ of plants, is burent, chemical energy is changed into heat energy. A．remains B．remainders C．traces D．remnants Scientists study the _____ between parents and their babies to better understand how infants learn. A．interchange B．interrelation C．intercourse D．interaction As no two speakers of a language speak _____ ,difference wiil be found in the pronunciation of the speakers. A．identically B．alike C．likely D．similarly Some people _____ in part the defeat of the revolution in France and Germany to the English diplomacy. A．contributed B．attributed C．assigend D．owed Part II Cloze Test Directions:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices labelled A,B,C and D. Choose the best one and put your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points) ????A computer in Australia which has written its own software could proclaim the approach of the day when programmers—people who feed computers with instructions—are no longer needed. 41 only has the Australian machine been taught to solve a particular problem in chess, it has also written its own programme of instructions 42 about five times more efficient than the best programme the computer's“master” has come up 43 . However, not everyone is enthusiastic about the development, as it has 44 fears that computers could be handed responsibility over vital areas of decisionmaking 45 humans are being involved. It is believed that one 46 of human salvation(拯救)lies in the development of “expert systems”, which are programmed in the strategy of human 47 rather than merely as “informationsifters(信息筛选器)”!Because expert systems 48 human, rather than computer thought processes, they could help to 49 human with a way of staying in 50 . 41．A.He B.It C.If D.Not 42．A.to be B.being C.which is D.which are 43．A.with B.for C.to D.about 44．A.eliminated B.disposed C.reinforeced D.extinguished 45．A.if B.when C.which D.where 46．A.mystery B.avenue C.diagnose D.destination 47．A.reasoning B.rationalization C.psychology D.behavior 48．A.assist B.resemble C.encourage D.refute 49．A.grant B.provide C.confront D.deliver 50．A.in effect B.in progress C.in technology D.in command Part III Reading Comprehension Directions:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked A,B,C and D.Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(40 points) Passage 1 ????Disagreement marks historical appraisals of America's emergence as a great power at the turn of the twentieth centurey. On the one hand, historians have praised the maturing of the Republic, which was now able to take its plance among the arbitesrs of the world's destinies. One the other hand, many writers have tried to define America's new fole indistinctive terms. They argue that the United Stateds did not enter the great power game as just another player but introduced a new style of diplomatic play and perhaps even a new set of rules. ????Judgments clash about these innovations. An older school of thought stresses the idealism that A merica brought to the world arena. More recently,“New left” revisionists have charged that America's contribution o international life was the selfserving notion of“informal empire,” typified by a worldwide Open Door doctrine. This strategy avoided formal territiorial possession but sought economic dominance of foreign raw materials, markets, and investments. ????Historians disagree futher about the motivating impulses of American diplomacy. Recent “revisionists” have tended almost exclusively to emphasize domestic economic factors in explaining American foreign policy. the United States sought foreign markets, the argument goes, to solve the problems of domestic overproduction and constant business depressions. Other scholars respond that international politics can only be properly understood in an international context. They argue that Theodore roosevelt, for example, acted not for narrow domestic reasons but because he realistically perceived that if the United States did not hold its own against the other powers, it would soon risk being eclipsed on the world stage, and even being pushed around in its own hemisphere, despite the Monroe Doctrine. By saying that the U.S.“was now able to take its place among the arbitors of the world's destinies”(the second sentence in paragraph 1), the author means that the U.S. _____ . A．established itself as one of the big powers B．was now directing the world on a new course C．became mature as a nation D．brought new rules to the world's diplomatic play By calling it an“informal empire”(the second sentence in paragraph 2), these revisionists meant that the U.S. _____ . A．had not become a real power yet B．had not occupied enough territory abroad C．was not yet economically strong enough D．carried out a policy of economic aggression The Roosevelt example is used to _____ . A．support the traditional view about the U.S B．refute the view of the recent“revisionists” C．refute the Monroe Doctrine D．support Roosevelt's foreign policy The expression“risk being eclipsed on the world stage”(the last sentence in paragraph 3)means _____ . A．risk being overpowered by other nations B．risk being invaded by other countries C．risk being left behind other countries economically D．risk being many colonies Passage 2 ????Researchers have known for years that mammals have a“clock” somewhere in their brainsa control center that regulates circadianrhythms. Circadian rhythems are the body's daily biological cycles, controlling such activities as sleep and wakefulness. In November 1988, neuroscientists at the University of Virginia in charlotteville reported that the suprachiasmatic nucleus(SCN), a small cluster of cells in the middle of the brain that neuroscientists have long suspencted of playing a role in daily rhythms, is he longsought biological clock. ????The investigators performed a series of tissuetransplant experiments with hamsters. Some of the animals were normal hamsters, which have a circadian cycle of 24 hours; the others were mutant(genetically altered)hamsters whose cyles were only 20 or 22 hours long. ????the scientists first removed the SCN from the brains of the hamsters in both groups. They then implanted an SCN from a mutanthamster into the brain of each normal animal, and vice versa. When the hamsters had recovered from their operations, the circadian rhythms of the two groups were reversed: The normal hamsters had a daily cycle of 20 to 22 hours, and the mutants were on a 24hour cycle. ????The identification of the internal clock is an important seeppingstone in understanding the basic, automatic mechanisms of brain funciton. It may also help in finding ways to relive human sleep disorders. Before the year 1988, neuroscientsts _____ . A．knew little about the location of the biological clock B．had been searching for the clock for a long time C．never thought of looking for the clock in the brain D．thought that the clock was located in body tissues The pupose of the experiments with hamsters was to _____ . A．find out how the clock works B．locate the clock C．compare two kinds of clock in hamsters D．explore the possibility of altering the clock What might be one of the implications of the findings? A．To change people's biological rhythms for different jobs. B．To make better use of the brain. C．To help people sleep well. D．To suit people to the pace of modern life. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A．The biological clock is different among hamsters. B．The biological clock is automatic and can't be altered. C．The biological rhythms can be altered with operation. D．The SCN is the central part of the nervous system. Passage 3 ????It is often claimed that nuclear energy is something we cannot do without. We live in a consumer society, where there is an enormous demand for commercial products of all kinds. Moreover, an increase in industrial production is considered to be one solution to the problem of mass unemployment. Such an increase presumes an abundant and cheap energy supply Many people believe that nuclear energy provides an inexhaustible and economical source of power and that it is therefore essential for an industrially developing society. There are a number of other advantages in the use of nuclear energy. Firstly, nuclear power, except for accidents, is clean. A further advantage is that a nuclear power station can be run and maintained by relatively few technical and administrative staff. The nuclear reactor represents an enormous step in our scientific evolution and, whatever the antinuclear group says, it is wrong to expect a return to more primitive sources of fuel. However, opponents of nuclear energy point out that nuclear power stations bring a direct threat not only to the environment but also to civil liberties. Furthermore, it is questionable whether ultimately unclear power is a cheap source of energy. There have, for example, been very costly accidents in America, in Britain and, of course, in Russia. The possibility of increases in the cost of uraniun in addition to the cost of greater safety provisions could price nuclear power out of the market. In the long run, environmentalists argue, nuclear energy may bring about the destruction of the human race. Thus, if we wish to survive, we cannot afford nuclear energy. In spite of the case against nuclear energy outlined above, nuclear energy programmes are expanding. Such an expansion assumes a continual growth in industrial production and consumer demands. However, it is doubtful whether this growth will or can continue. Having weighed up the arguments on both sides, it seems there are good economic and ecological reasons for sources of energy other than nuclear power. The writer's attitude toward nuclear energy is _____ . A．negative B．favorable C．tolerant D．indifferent Some people claim that nuclear energy is essential because _____ . A．it can meet the growing demand of an industrially developing society B．it represents an enormous step forward in our scientific evolution C．it provides a perfect solution to mass unemployment D．nuclear power stations can be run and maintained by relatively few technical and administrative staff Which of the following statements does the writer support? A．Nuclear energy is something we cannot do without. B．The demand for commercial products will not necessarily keep increasing. C．Uranium is a good source of energy for economic and ecological reasons. D．Greater safety provisions can bring about the expansion of nuclear energy programs. The function of the last sentence is to _____ . A．advance the final argument B．reverse previously expressed thoughts C．reflect the writer's attitude D．show the disadvantages of nuclear power Passage 4 ????The sense of honor appears to be dying. ????In World War Ⅱ men died more or less willingly for the nation and the nation's honor, and they were honored for it in reture. Now we have become cynical about such things; the nation lies, fights unjustifiable wars; the nation robs the poor to give to the rich. ????At my college the students used to agree to inform on their friends rather than suffer a breach in the honor code. A sense of honor is a sense that there are standards of behavior one must live up to, even at the cost of one's personal hapiness, even at the cost of one's life. Without such a sense one has to make up one's rights and wrongs as one goes long-usually, as it happens, to one's own advantage. Morality thereby becomes a matter of expediency: nothing seems worth dying for, and life loses its beauty and some of its value. ????Our recent history has deprived us of models. Ⅰ cherish the story of John Stubbs, a Puritan divine of Queen Elizabeth's time who strongly opposed her projected marriage to the duke of Alencon. Stubbs knew the penalty for doing so ,which was the loss of a hand; nevertheless, he published, and was led out for public execution of the sentence. Stubbs laid his right hand on the block, the ax fell, and he rose to his feet, lifted the bloody stump high in the air, and cried out to the crowd, “Long live the queen!” ????In spite of the blood and the horror, it is the beauty of such an act that stands out. A man lives up to his beliefs; he acts with courage and great style and literally gives of himself in the service of something he feels is greater than himself. We cannot help but honor him, whether we agree with his beliefs or not. The main idea of the passage is that _____ . A．there is nothing beautiful in modern life B．each era has its own conception of honor C．there are still many people who have a sense of honor today D．our society no longer highly values the sense of honor The factor which does NOT account for the dying sense of honor is _____ . A．people's selfishness B．deceit C．lack of courage D．unwarranted wars The inference we can make from this passage is that _____ . A．earlier in this century, giving one's life for one's country was not considered an honourable thing to do B．in the author's college days, students valued honor more than loyalty to one another C．the author admires John Stubbs for his courage in objecting to the queen's marrage D．the author himself is a person with the highest sense of honor The story of John Stubbs is told to convey the idea that _____ . A．loyalty is the best honor B．it is the greatest honor to die for one's belief C．our recent history lacks such models D．even bloodshedding brings a person honor Passage 5 ????Clothes play a critical part in the conclusions we reach by providing clues to who people are, who they are not, and who they would like to be. They tell us a good deal about the wearer's background, personality, status, mood, and social outlook. ????Since clothes are such an important source of social information, we can use them to manipulate people's impression of us. Our appearance assumes particular significance in the initial phases of interaction that is likely to occur. An elderly middleclass man or woman may be alienated by a young adult who is dressed in an unconventional manner, regardless of the person's education, background, or interests. ????People tend to agree on what certain types of clothes mean. Adolescent girls can easily agree on the lifestyles of girls who wear certain outfits, including the number of boyfriends they likely have had and whether they smoke or drink. Newscasters, or the announcers who read the news on TV, are considered to be more convincing, honest, and competent when they are dressed conservatively. And college students who view themselves as taking an active role in their interpersonal relationships say they are concerned about the costumes they must wear to play these roles successfully. Moreover, many of us can relate instances in which the clothing we wore changed the way we felt about ourselves and how we acted. Perhaps you have used clothing to gain confidence when you anticipated a stressful situation, such as a job interview, or a court appearance. ????In the workplace, men have long had welldefined precedents and role models for achieving success. It has been otherwise for women. A good many women in the business world are uncertain about the appropriate mixture of “masculine” and“feminine”attributes they should convey by their professional clothing. The variety of clothing alternatives to women has also been greater than that available for men. Male administrators tend to judge women more favorably for managerial positions when the women display less“feminine” grooming—shorter hair, moderate use of makeup, and plain tailored clothing. As one male administrator confessed.“An attractive woman is definitely going to get a longer interview, but she won't get a job.” According to the passage, the way we dress _____ . A．provides clues for people who are critical of us B．has a direct influence on the way people regard us C．indicates our likes and dislikes in choosing a career D．is of particular importance when we get on in age From the third paragraph of the passage, we can conclude that young adults tend to believe that certain types of clothing can _____ . A．change people's conservative attitudes towards their lifestyles B．help young people make friends with the opposite sex C．help them achieve success in their interpersonal relationships D．make them competitive in the job market The word“precedents”(para 4)probably refers to _____ . A．men's beliefs that everything in the world has already been decided B．particular places for men to occupy especially because of their importance C．things that men should agree upon D．early acts for men to follow as examples According to the passage, many career women find themselves in difficult situations because _____ . A．the variety of professional clothing is too wide for them to choose B．women are generally thought to be only good at being fashion models C．men are more favorably judged for managerial positions D．they are not sure to what extent they should display their feminine qualities through clothing Part IV EnglishChinese Translation Directions:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.(15 points) ????Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.(15 points) ????The Reader has long been the black sheep of the EFL classroom. Teachers either ignore Readers, or neglect and abuse them, failing to recognize their learning potential. The reason for this can no longer be laid at the door of the publishers. Nowadys, a vast range of material is produced suitable for all interests, age ranges, and ability levels. It is more probably the attitude of the teacher, and thus, the student which is responsible. Are any of the following close to your own attitude, or familiar to you from converesations with colleagues?“Readers are an expensive luxury. The school cannot afford them. Othere things must come first.” ????(71) “I am trying to get through a fairly dense syllabus to equip my students, ultimately, for examinations; I cannot spare the time for frills.” “Reading for pleasure is a private and personal thing. I cannot see how this can be used in the EFL classroom.”(72) “I understand that extensive reading for pleasure can only improve language, but I have no way of checking that learning has taken place other than comprehension questions. These activities reduce the pleasure.” ????The above are explanations, excuses, reasons and justifications from teachere talking about the scant use of Readers in the classroom. Their comments illustrate three views prevalent at present. (73) First, that teachers feel that time spared for Readers will in some way deprive their students of certain key language skills and abilities. Second, that teachers are fostering or even pandering to student's reluctance to read for pleasure. (74) Finally, that teachers are unaware of how to use and exploit Readres in their classrooms and, therefore, provide a limited range of activities which, in turn, limits the responses of their students. (75) If teachers take Readers into classroom with any one, or a combination of the above attiudes, this will be imparted to the students who will then also believe that Readers are preventing them from doing something more important and are a waste of valuble learning time. They read only to enable them to answer a comprehension task. ????It is up to the teacher to convince the reluctant reader that reading, either extensive or intensive, is pleasurable. Only one of many ways of obtaining pleasure is to be able to answer the teachers' comprehension check questions the following day. The world of reading will remain, and still be as inaccessable as ever to the student. Part V Writing(15 points) Directions: A.Title: CHANGING CRITERIA FOR GOOD COLLEGE STUDENTS B.Time limit: 40 minutes C.Word limit: no less than 150 words(not including the given opening sentence) D.Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence: Probably five or more years ago, good college students simply meant students good at academic work. E.Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. OUTLINE： 1.Previous criteria 2.Present criteria 3.My comments 研究生入学考试模拟英语试题[12]讲评： [词汇与结构] [完型填空] [阅读理解] [英译汉] [写作] Part I Structure and Vocabulary Section A (D) ask后接that从句时，从句中谓语动词应用原形表示虚拟。 (C) 这是一个so…that表示结果状语的结构。 (A) observe接不定式作宾语时，不定式要去掉to。lying on the sunny grass beneath是分词短语作dog的定语。英语中表示“看”、“观察”、“注视”意义的词，都具有同observe相同的用法，如：see,notice watch。 (B) “过去分词+as it is(was)”、“现在分词+as it does(did)”是一种强调语气的表示原因的结构。如此句相当于：As it lay far back in the mountains,…. (C) which引导非限定性定语从句，其先行词是前面整个句子，as也有这种用法，但语义上略有不同。“正如……一样”，用在此处不合适。 (B) none other but,“不是别人，正是……”，与none other than意思相同。none but,“只有”、“除了……外都没有”；nobody but语义上不通，应为nobody else but;没有no other but这一用法。 (C) cannot…to…，“无论怎样……也不过分”、“越……越好”。句意：“现有的科学知识并不像课本中所说的那么完善、肯定、不可改变，对于这一点科学家认识得越早越好。” (A) from that in which相当于：…(different profession)from the professions in which they….make fortunes in sth.,“靠……致富”。只有A正确。 (C) anyone else,“别的任何人”，其所有格形式应在else后；anyone不应分开写，else不是名词，没有复数形式。 (B) information不可数，A错；little information,否定含义，不合该句意，C错；选D语义不通。只有B正确。 Section B (B)错 应改成：as much。此句用的是比较结构as…as…。 (A)错 应改成：Unless。句意是：“除非农业经历巨大的变化以满足新形势的需要，否则整个国家就会挨饿。”根据主从句的逻辑意义关系，用even if是错误的。 (C)错 应将their改成its，因指代的是主语the welfare department的所有格形式。 (A)错 应用定语从句表达：…，which are eaten…。如果用过去分词作后置定语的话，eaten前面一般不应有逗号。 (D)错 应改成：have gone，意为：“我但愿去看演出了”，但实际并没有去，因此需用完成式表示虚拟。 (C)错 应将不定式to permit改成分词permitting，表示伴随。 (A)错 应将动名词改为不定式to regret。regret一词可以接动名词，表示“对做某事感到后悔”，也可以接不定式，表示“对……感到遗憾”。前者多用于已完成的动作；后者多用于指要做的事。根据句子意思，应选用不定式形式。regret接不定式时，常用的词有regret to tell(say, declare, announce)等含有“说”意义的词。 (C)错 应改成：are being added to，“两头都会使人口增加”。 (B)错 应改成：is。句中suggest一词不是“建议”，而是“说明”，所以不应用虚拟语气形式。 (B)错 应用过去完成时态had acquired，指到1850年他17岁时已经发生的情况。 Section C (C) in large part，“主要地”，相当于mainly；in effect,“实际”、“事实上”；in consequence，“因而”、“结果”；at large，“大体上”。句意：“宾夕法尼亚的人口从1730年的5万增加到1763年的20万，主要是由于苏格兰和爱尔兰人混血的后裔造成的。” (B) resort to，“诉诸于……”；apply to,“应用”；fall back on,“求助于”、“转而依靠”。如：When the plant closed, he feel back on doing odd jobs and minor repairs for his neighbours.“当工厂关闭时，他就靠替邻居做零工和小修小补过活。”restrain from，“抑制”、“不做”。句意：“我们反对动用武力解决国际争端的思想。” (B) set forth the aim，“提出(设立)目标”。bring forth和put forward也是“提出”，但不能与aim搭配使用，我们可以说：bring forth evidence,put forward a theory(idea, plan, suggestion)。come up，“出现”、“被提出”，作非及物动词用。句意：“他们没有完全达到教师在学期初提出的目标。” (C) do此处是非及物动词。make和perform是及物动词，用在句中结构上不对。try虽可以是非及物动词，但用在句中语义上不通。句意：“现代企业没有规章制度一时一刻也不行。” (A) identify oneself with，“与……密切联系”、“到……中去”；incorporate with,“与……合作(结合)”；combine with，“与……联合”；involve oneselfe in，“参与”、“卷入”，不与with搭配。句意：“我们必须参加体力劳动，目的是更好地与群众打成一片。”“与……打成一片”还可以用integrate oneself with。 (D) depend on，“取决于”；rely on，“依靠”；count on，指望”；center on,“集中在”、“以……为中心”。句意：“这个病例是否应该做手术完全取决于患者身体的总体情况。” (B) requirement,“需要”；quantity，“量”，作复数用时指“大量”，相当于量词，large quantites of food,“大量的食品”，但不说food quantities；necessities，“生活必需品”；acquirements，“学到的东西”。句意：“人的正常食物需要量从某种意义上来说取决于他的体能消耗量(外部做出的功)。” (C) conform to，“符合(in accordance with established rules)”。correspond to(with):to be in agreement with，“与……一致”。如：These goods don't correspond to the list of those I ordered. “这些货与我订购单上列的不一样。”confine to:keep in a small space，“限在……范围内”。comply接with,意为：“遵守”。句意：“这些药品必须完全符合国家规定的标准。” (D) all the way，“一路上”，此处指“一直(蔓延到)”。on the way (to)，“在路上”。all along，“一贯”、“始终”，如：I said all along that he was not a person to be trusted, but you would not listen to me.“我一直说他是个不可信的人，但你总不听我的话。”in every way，“在方方面面”。句意：“红点最初出现在额头上，后来一直蔓延到肩膀。” (A) consist in，“在于”；feed in，“输入(电脑数据)”；put in，“插入”、“伸进”；constist of，“组成”。句意：“消化就是食物在其被吸收之前必须发生的必要的化学变化。” (B) expend，“花费”；spend，“花费(时间、金钱)”；take用于“花费”解时的句型是：It takes sb. some time to do sth.;cost，“花费(钱)”，用法是：sth.cost sb. some money。句意：“无论一个人在工作还是在休息，其身体所做的功，不管量有多么少，也要消耗能量。” (A) further，“(看得)远”。further与farther都是far的比较级，其区别是：further可以用于指抽象的引申意义，如：further investigate，“进一步调查”；而farther只能用于表示“距离远”、“时间远”。不说more ahead而说further ahead。more a far是错误表达。句意：“生活在300多年前的英国科学家牛顿说，他看得比别人远，是因为他站在巨人的肩膀上。” (A) wipe out，“消灭”；die out，“灭绝”，只能作非及物动词用，不能有被动语态；put out，“熄灭(火)”；keep out，“不让进入”。句意：“确实，疟疾在包括美国在内的13个国家已经被全部消灭了，在其他国家也正在遭到围剿。” (C) other than，“不同于”、“非”。其他几个选择不合句意。句意：“17世纪以后，大部分哈佛毕业生从事的是非管理性工作。” (B) transitional,“过渡性的”；traditional，“传统的”；transmissional，“传送的”；transient，“暂短的”。句意：“在美国的教育制度中，中学是小学和高中的过渡阶段。” (C) torrent:violently reshing stream，“激流”、““洪流”；current，“潮流”、“电流”；wave，“波浪”；tide，“潮汐”。句意：“晴天时又小又不起眼的小溪在暴风雨中变得洪流滚滚。” (A) remains，“残余”、“遗迹”；remainder，“剩余物”、“余数”；trace，“痕迹”、“踪迹”；remnant，“余下的部分”。句意：“当煤--植物的遗体--燃烧时，化学能使之转换为热能。” (D) interaction，“相互影响”、“相互作用”；interchange，“交换”；interrelation，“相互关系”；intercourse，“交际”、“往来”。句意：“科学家们研究父母与婴儿之间的相互作用，以便更清楚地了解婴儿是怎样学东西的。” (B) alike，副词，speak alike，“说话相同”(不用speak identically或speak similarly表达)。likely是形容词，用在句中结构上不对。句意：“两个人讲一种语言是不会完全相同的，人们会发现在发音上有区别。” (B) attribute，“把……归咎于……”；contribute，“贡献”；assign，“分配”、“委派”；owe，“欠……”、“归功于”。句意：“一些人把法国、德国革命的失败部分地归结于英国的外交政策。” Part Ⅱ Cloze Test 短文大意：自行编程计算机的问世，可能预示着不需要为电脑输入指令的程序员的日子的到来。然而，这更加剧了对机器掌握人类命运的担心。也许人类获救的希望在于“专家系统”的研制成功。 段首句译文：“澳大利亚一台自动编制程序的计算机可能预示不再需要程序员--为计算机输入指令的人员--的日子的到来。” (D) Not 本题考结构。谓语has been taught的主语是the Australian machine，本句为表示强调把Not only提到句首而需要的主谓倒装结构，故只有选D.Not。本句谓语是被动态，故A. He,B. It和C.If都不合适。 (C) which is 不定式作后置定语通常表示动作尚未进行或事情将要发生，系动词be的现在分词作定语强调动作正在进行，故A. to be和B. being都不恰当。定语从句的先行词为program，从句中谓语只能用单数，所以应选C. which is，排除D.which are。 (A) with come up with是习语，意为：“提出”、“提供”，符合文意，故应选A.with。其他选项均不正确。 译文：“澳大利亚的这台计算机不仅学会了解决国际象棋中的某个难题，它还编制了自己的指令程序。这个程序比它的‘主人’所能提出的最佳程序还要快大约5倍。” (C) reinforced 对未来机器控制人类的局面的担心自工业革命时便有，能够自行编制程序的电脑问世只有加剧这种担心。C. reinforced意为：“加强”、“加剧”，符合逻辑。A. eliminated(消除)，D.extinguished(熄灭、扑灭)均不合文意。B. disposed作及物动词时意为：“布置”、“放置”、“安排”，作不及物动词时常与of连用，意为：“处理”、“处置”、“除去”，从语义和语法角度看都不是正确选择。 选项用法举例：The general disposed his men for the battle.“将军为这次战役部署军队。”Can you dispose of all those old newspapers?“你能把这些旧报纸都处理掉吗?” (D) where 人们担心的不是“如果”或“当”涉及人类时电脑被赋予重大责任，故A. if和B. when均应排除。从句中主语为humans,动词involve是被动形式，没有介词后面无法接宾语，故C. which可以从语法角度排除。关系副词where可在定语从句中作状语，意为：“在……之处”，本题只有D. where符合文意、语法两方面要求。 译文：“然而，并非所有人都对这一进展反应强烈，因为它使人们更加担心计算机有可能被赋予制定涉及人类的重大决策的责任。” (B) avenue 上文讲人们对人类被计算机控制的担心，本句当讲拯救人类命运的办法，因此选B. avenue(途径、手段)符合文意。A. mystery(神秘、神秘的事)，C. diagnose(诊断)和D. destination(目的地、终点)都不合文意。 (A) reasoning 电子计算机模仿的不是“行为”，故D. behavior首先排除。B. rationalization指“合理化”、“理性化”；C. psychology指“心理学”、“心理”、“心态”，均不合文意。A. reasoning意为：“逻辑思维”、“推理”，是专家系统所模仿的人类思维方式，故选A。 译文：“有人相信，解救人类的一个办法是研制‘专家系统’，这种系统模仿人类思维方式编程序，而不仅仅是个‘信息筛选器’”。 (B) resemble 本句中human为形容词，意为：“人的”、“人类的”，与作定语的computer并列修饰thought process。专家系统的工作原理与人类的思维过程相仿，故应选B. resemble(像、与……相似)。A. assist(帮助、协助)，C. encourage(鼓励)和D. refute(驳斥)都不合逻辑。 (B) provide A. grant(准许、承认、答应给予)用法如give，带双宾语无需介词；D.deliver(送交、递送)的间接宾语前要用to,故A和D在此都不适用。C.confront(使面对、面临)虽可与with连用，但与文意不符，故排除。B. provide意为：“提供”、“供给”，通常与with连用，是正确选择。 选项用法举例：to grant sb. a favor，“答应给某人帮助”；to grant sb. permission to do sth.“允许某人做某事”；to grant the old man a pension of $6000,“给老人年金6000美元”；Did you deliver my message to your father? “你把我的信交给你父亲了吗?” (D) in command A. in effect意为：“事实上”、“实际上”、“(规则、法律等)在实施中有效”；b. in progress意为：“在进行中”、“在进展”；C. in order意为：“秩序井然”、“整齐”，A、B、C均不合文意。D. in command意为：“有指挥权”、“处于统治地位”，符合文意，故选D。 译文： ????“由于‘专家系统’与人类思维过程相似而不同于电脑思维过程，因而可以为人类提供继续处于控制地位的办法。” 选项用法举例：to be in command of the situation,“控制局势”；He'll be at your command.“他将随时听候您的吩咐。”General Lee is in command of the army. “李将军统率着陆军。”The army is under the command of General Lee.“陆军由李将军指挥。”The general took command of the battle。“将军指挥这场战役。” Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (A) 这半句可直译为：“这时在世界命运的裁决者中间占有一席之地”。第一段第一句提到，美国在19世纪和20世纪之交成为一个强国(a great power)。所以，这半句就指美国成为强国这一事实。B意为：“现在正在将世界引向一个新的道路”；C意为：“成为一个成熟的国家”；D意为：“给世界的外交游戏带来了新规则”。这里，play一词当然是用作比喻。 (D) 新“左”派指责说，美国所谓对国际生活的贡献只是出于一个“非正式的帝国”的自私(selfserving)目的，这一目的典型地表现在它的全方位开放政策上，它所寻求的是从经济上左右原材料、销售及投资市场。可见，这里称美国为“非正式帝国”指的是它对外的经济扩张，而不是领土扩张。参考第二段。 (B) 围绕着美国的外交政策的动机(motivating impulses)也有许多争议。在这方同，新“左”派几乎只强调国内经济因素的影响。他们认为，美国寻求海外市场的根本目的是解决国内因生产过剩和频繁的经济危机(Business depression)带来的问题。对此，不少学者认为，国际政策的制定只能在国际环境下来理解，如罗斯福总统就是在审时度势之后才制定出了相应的外交政策的。可见，这个例子是用于驳斥(refute)新“左”派理论家的观点的。C意为：“驳斥门罗主义政策”。(注：美国总统门罗在1823年宣布了美国政策原则，反对欧洲各国干涉南北美洲事务。) (A) eclipse愿意为：“日(月)蚀”，原用于描述日月蚀时日月被遮蔽现象，这里用来指“被盖过”或“被压倒”。文章最后一句指出，罗斯福对外政策的制定不是基于狭隘的国内原因。他很实际地看到：如果美国不用自己的政策来对抗其他强国，它很可能被挤出世界舞台，而且，尽管有门罗主义政策的存在，它在美洲也会仰人鼻息、被人左右(being pushed around)。C意为：“冒着经济上落后于他国的危险”。 (B) 文章第三句指出，1988年11月，研究者宣布他们找到了控制体内生物钟(biological clock或circadian rhythms)的脑神经。这句还告诉我们，寻找生物钟的工作已历时很久(longsought)。A不对。从第三句我们了解到，神经学家早就怀疑目前所确认的脑神经可能与生理节奏紧密相关。 (B) 研究者在仓鼠身上做了脑神经组织移植(tissuetransplant)试验，对比了正常仓鼠(normal hamster)与变异(mutant)仓鼠之间的行为变化。这样，可以找到体内生物钟的位置(identification of the internal clock)。参阅文第二、三段及第四段第一句。D意为：“探索改变生物钟的可能性”。 (C) 提问中implication一词意为：“意义”，并非作“暗示”解。文章最后一段提到了两个意义：1)它为人们进一步了解大脑的一些基本的自动机能奠定了基础(stepping stone)；2)它可能帮助消除(relieve)睡眠紊乱。 (C) 实验中使用的变异仓鼠是通过改变遗传基因的方法改变的(genetically altered)。改变后，它们的生物钟也发生了变化(它们并非生来生物钟就与众不同)，尔后，将它们的行为再同正常仓鼠对照，以确认生物钟的存在位置。参阅第二、三段。 (A) 意为：否定态度。文章第一句指出：有人说我们离不开核能。这里，实际上就暗示了：我们并非离不开核能。 最后四句是文章的结论，这几句指出，虽然对核能存在着以上这些反对意见，核能项目还在不断上马，上这些项目据说是为了满足工业生产消费的不断增长的需要。然而，这两方面是否将会继续增长，究竟能不能持续增长，都不是那么乐观。衡量(weigh up)一下双方(反对者和支持者)的论点不难看出：似乎有充足的经济和环境方面的原因促使我们开发使用其他能源，而不是核能。 (A) 它能满足工业发展社会日益增长的需要。第一段第三、四、五句指出，工业生产的增加被认为有助于解决大规模的失业(mass unemployment)问题，工业生产的增长必须有充足的、廉价的能源作为保障。许多人认为，核能是一种用之不竭、又廉价的能源，对工业社会发展极为重要。 (B) 意为：对商品的需求不一定持续增长。 (C) 意为：反映作者的态度。参阅第59题题解。本文探讨了核能的利用，先总结了支持者的观点，后总结了反对者的观点，文章的最后四句是作者的总体评价，显然是反对核能的利用。 (D) 本文第一句指出了全文旨在论述的问题：人们的荣誉感似乎正在更新换代。文章第二、三、四段探讨了引起这一现象的主客观原因，第四段举了一个历史上的例子，用以与现代社会的荣誉感的丧失相对照，第五段是对这一事例的评价。B意为：“每个时代都有其自己对荣誉的认识。” (C) A意为：“人的自私”。第三段指出，在作者上学的时代，人们宁可告发(inform on)自己的朋友也不愿损害荣誉。有荣誉感意味着行为有值得遵守(live up to)的标准。为了实践这些标准，牺牲幸福乃至于生命也在所不惜。而没有荣誉感，人们就会在生活中自定是非标准--而这一标准的确立往往是从个人利益出发(to one's own sdavantage)。这样，道德成为权宜手段(expediency)。B意为：“欺骗”；D意为：“无谓的战争”。第二段第二句指出，现在人们对这些东西不屑一顾，因为，国家欺骗人民，发动非正义的战争，让穷人愈穷、富人愈富。这一切使人变得愤世疾俗。 (B) 参阅第(64)题题解。C不对。从第四、五段可以看出，作者的确赞美斯塔卜斯，但是，他所赞美的是表现在斯塔卜斯身上的荣誉感，那种不惜牺牲自己而为自己所信奉标准而奋斗的精神。 (C) 在第四段，作者讲述了斯塔卜斯的故事，旨在说明：像他这样的为信仰而牺牲自己的人现在罕见了。因此，在作者看来，缺乏可供遵循的榜样是造成人们荣誉感丧失的原因之一。B不对。在作者看来，维护荣誉未必非要牺牲生命。A意为：“忠诚就是最大的荣誉”。 (B) 意为：对别人如何看我们有直接影响。第一段指出，着装很重要，它为我们判断人提供了线索，通过它，我们可以判定人的背景、性格、地位、情绪，以及世界观。第二段指出，因为着装可以显示许多社会信息，我们可以利用着装左右(manipulate)别人对我们的看法，特别是刚与人见面时(in the inital phases of interaction)，外表更是起着举足轻重的作用，如：如果一个年轻人穿着不拘礼节，无论其教育程度、背景、兴趣如何，一个上了年纪的中产阶级的人都会敬而远之(be alienated by)。 (C) 意为：帮助他们成功地处理人际关系。第三段第四句指出，积极对待(view themselves as taking an active role)人际关系的大学生们说：他们很注意自己的着装，因为这影响到他们是否能成功地扮演自己的角色。 (D) 意为：男人们可效法的榜样。该词意为：“先例”、“前例”。该句可译为：“在工作场所，男人长期以来就有明确的榜样和角色模式，想获取成功就可以效法。” (D) 意为：她们说不准究竟在多大程度上通过着装体现女性特征。最后一段指出，在工作场所，男人长期以来就有明确的榜样和角色模式，想获取成功就可以效法。女人就不同了，许多职业妇女对于着装究竟应该多大程度上体现“男性特征”(masculine)、多大程度上应该体