模拟试题[11]  Simulated Test [PREVIOUS] [NEXT] Part I Structure and Vocabulary Section A Directions:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (5 points) Advance in science more often than not encounters powerful opposition, _____ Darvin's Theory of Evolution. A．as was the case with B．such as the case of C．as it did with D．as in the case of I hope they won't have to wait all day long for the mail to arrive, _____ ? A．will they B．do they C．don't they D．have they In the wine shops, the wine jars were in place, and on one counter could be seen a stain _____ a customer had thrown down his glass and fled. A．where B．that C．which D．how Your can get anything, so long as you stick to it, and stick to it hard enough and long enough. Anything _____ . A．anyhow B．whatever C．however D．somehow The effect of doubling the width of a beam, _____ is to double the load that can be sustained. A．other factors remain constant B．other factors remained constant C．the other factor being constant D．other factors rcmaining constant We _____ overestimate the importance of the development of relationship between China and other countries. A．may B．needn't C．can't D．shouldn't After what he has done for you, I think you should have given him some support, _____ A．no matter what B．however much C．whatever D．wherever A baby might show fear of an unfamiliar adult, _____ he is likely to smile and reach out to another infant. A．if B．whenever C．whereas D．because The house _____ ready today but there has been a builders'strike it is still only half finished. A．was to be B．was to have been C．were to be ready D．should be When doing business in the Arab world, do not be surprised if your meeting is interrupted several times by people who come into the room _____ ,whisper, or speak soflly to the person with whom you are talking, and leave. A．unannounced B．unannouncing C．unannounce D．to announce Section B Directions:Each of the follwing sentences has four underlined parts marked A、B、C、and D、Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answere on the ANSWER SHEET.(5 points) The man, of whom the red car(A) is parked(B) in front of our school,(C) is a(D) prominent politician in this city. Being(A) a badtempered man, he would not tolerate to have(B) his lectures interrupted as if he were(C) some obscure candidate making(D) an election speech. It is the requirement of the personnel(A) director that the applicant is(B) a college graduate,even though(C) the director has never felt the need to go(D) to college herself. Higher and higher(A) did the white ballon fly(B) until it disappeared(C) in the clouds and we could see it no more(D). We see lightening before(A)we hear the thunder it(B) causes because sound travels more slowly(C) than light is(D). The supervisor was advised(A) to give the assignment to whomever(B) he blieved(C) had a strong sense of responsilbility, and the courage of(D) his conviction. Our civilization is so commonplace(A) that rarely we stop(B) to think about(C) its(D) complexity. Some ingenious literary detectives suggest that Shakespeare's plays were(A), in fact, written by Bacon or Oxford or Derby or anyone(B) else who preferred to remain(C) unknown as a plawright(D). After the rock concert, the cleanup(A) crew found the campus littering(B) with(C) candy wrappers, bottles and(D) cans. I'd like to remind you that(A) I am not used to being spoken to(B) in such an arrogant way and(C) you'd better shut up until(D) you learn how to behave yourself. Section C Directions:Beneath each of the following sentences,there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the one the best completes the sentence.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 pionts) The dairy industry has taken great pains to increase the number of products from which the butterfat has been _____ . A．revived B．removed C．excluded D．isolated We should not be made to _____ the basic principle, namely, the need and desire of the adolescent to engage responsibility in the real pursuit of life and then to learn through responsibility. A．lose sight of B．lose track of C．become blind of D．give way to A doctor's obligation when he can no longer _____ the approach of death is to make the patient comfortable, including easing his pain. A．hang around B．hang on C．hold back D．hold on This book is a _____ of radio scripts, in which we seek to explain how the words and expression become part of our language. A．collection B．publication C．volume D．stack All the staff members of the department made _____ efforts to clean up the hall for the Christmas party. A．gigantic B．publication C．comprehensive D．conscientious Retail sales volume in local urban and rural areas rose 57.8 percent and 46.8 percent, _____ , over February 1995. A．individually B．respectively C．correspondingly D．accordingly A complete investigation into the accident should lead to improved standards and should _____ new operating procedures. A．attribute B．result in C．match with D．proceed with The consolidation of the crumbling walls and towers has been carried out _____ a program agreed with the Department of the Environment. A．in case of B．in accordance with C．in place of D．in charge of Although Oriental ideas of woman's _____ to man prevailed in those days, she did dare to meet with man on equal basis. A．contribution B．sacrifice C．subordination D．obedience If it is left _____ , this fastspreading disease is likely to affect millions of Asian and African children, including more and more injured grownups. A．unchecked B．uncontrolled C．aggravated D．contaminated He _____ a wellmeant but unsuccessful campaign to ease EastWest tensions calling for arms reduction and a summit of the nuclear powers. A．embarked on B．reckoned on C．caught on D．dwelt on He often quoted“reason over passion” as maxim in _____ the longstanding division among Canada's Englishspeaking majority and the Frenchdescended minority concentrated in his home province of Quebec. A．adjusting B．reconcilling C．conquering D．consolidating To develop _____ , to train themselves to behave logically and truthfully, and to listen and respond to their partners, actors often practice improvisation. A．simultaneity B．spontaneity C．grace D．excellence You can't help but hear commercials; every few minutes the program is interrupted to give you one advertising _____ . A．so on and so forth B．more or less C．something or other D．sooner or later Mobility is one of the characteristics often _____ executives, and they must accustom themselves to moving quite regularly. A．demanded of B．asked for C．expected from D．called for The telegraph opened up the possibility of establishing almost _____ communication and thereby offered many practical advantages to people in all walks of life. A．distant B．instantaneous C．immediate D．transient Louis Brailele designed a form of communication enabling people to _____ and preserve their thoughts by incorporating a series of dots which were read by the finger tips. A．retain B．visualize C．convey D．transfer Only ten to twenty percent of cold viruses are transmitted by carriers, who, sneezing and coughing, _____ the viruses into the air. A．spray B．sprinkle C．spread D．sprout If a scientist holds an idea to be true and finds any counterevidence whatever, the idea is either _____ or abandoned. A．testified B．ascertained C．violated D．modified Just as space was _____ into regions, time was split up into eras, seasons, and epochs. A．evolved B．originated C．decomposed D．detached Part II Cloze Test Directions:For each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labelled A,B,C and D.Choose the best one and put your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points) ????The most prevalent cause of heart diseases is high blood pressure, also called hypertension. High blood pressure cannot be cured. However, it can be brought 41 , so that it may not cause 42 to the heart and other body system. 43 the person who has high blood pressure often must continue treatment for the disease for the 44 of his life. ????The usual treatment for 45 cases of high blood pressure is a change of diet to reduce the amount of sodium(钠)taken into the body. Because table salt is the commonest source of sodium in food, the diet usually 46 eating saltfree foods. For severe cases of high blood pressure a doctor usually 47 antihypertensive drugs. Although doctors do not know all the cause of high blood pressure, they 48 know that overweight people and cigarette smokers have a tendency to high blood pressure. Since emotions and worry also can cause blood pressure to rise, regular 49 and adequate sleep and rest are 50 for all persons. 41．A.to attention B.in order C.under control D.into effect 42．A.discomfort B.damage C.infection D.modification 43．A.Moreover B.Otherwise C.Nevertheless D.Therefore 44．A.all B.whole C.rest D.majority 45．A.mild B.moderate C.serious D.disastrous 46．A.calls for B.makes sure C.objects to D.succeeds in 47．A.presumes B.prescribes C.prohibits D.provokes 48．A.do B.will C.must D.would 49．A.guidance B.inspiration C.relaxation D.nourishment 50．A.optional B.desirable C.relevant D.predominant Part III Reading Comprehension Directions:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked A,B,C and D.Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(40 points) Passage 1 ????Joe Templer should have known better. After all, he works for a large autoinsurance company. It won't hurt to leave the key in the truck this once, he thought, as he filled his gas tank at a selfservice gas station. But moments later, as he was paying the money, he saw the truck being driven away. ????In 1987, 1.6 million motor vehicles were stolen in the United States—one every 20 seconds. If current trends continue, experts predict annual vehicle thefts could exeed two million by the end of the decade. ????Vehicle theft is a common phenomenon, which has a direct impact on over four million victims a year. The cost is astonishing. ????Many police officials blame professional thieves for the high volume of the thefts. It is a major moneymaker for organized crime. Typically, stolen cars are taken to pieces and the parts sold to individuals. But as many as 200000 cars are smuggled out of the country every year. Most go to Latin America, the Middle East and Europe. ????Only about 15 percent car thefts result in an arrest, because few police departments routinely conduct indepth autoinvestigations. When thieves are arrested, judges will often sentence them to probation, not immediately put them in prison because the prisons are overcrowded with violent criminals. ????One exception is a Michigan program that assigns 92 police officers to work fulltime on the state's 65000 car theft cases a year. Since 1986, when the effort began, the state's autotheft rate has fallen from second in the nation to ninth. ????How can you protect your car? If you live in a hightheft area or drive an expensive model, consider a security system. It may cost anywhere from $25 to$1,000. Some systems engage automatically—simply removing the key disables the fuel pump and the starter. When cars are equipped with such systems, thefts may drop by onethird. In some states, you may be able to use a device that transmits radio signals, allowing stolen cars to be tracked by police. What does the author think Joe Templer should be blamed for? A.He should have equipped his car with a security system. B.He should not have his car refilled at the gas station. C.He should not have been so sure of himself. D.He should have shut down the engine of his car. What is NOT a reason for the increase of car theft as mentioned in the passage? A.Police don't give enough attention to car theft cases. B.More people park their cars and left the keys inside. C.Measures and laws against car thieves are not effective enough. D.Car theft brings car thieves much money. It is obvious that the Michigan program _____ . A.has no effect on the overall picture of the whole state. B.involves much work but proves to be quite effective. C.involves the construction of larger prisons D.involves the development of a new security system What type(s)of security system can help the police find a stole car back? A.The device that sends out radio signals B.The device that disables the fuel pump. C.The device that disables the starter. D.All of the above. Passage 2 ????After a threeyear survey of the social and behavioral sciences, a committee of the NRC has concluded that these sciences are losing out in the race for federal science funds. Between 1972 and 1978, federal support for the social and behavioral sciences fell 25 percent, while support for other areas of science rose 36 percent. ????“Psychological, social and cultural studies pertaining to virtually everything that people treat as a problem in our civilization,” the committee writes,“play a large role.” Paradoxically(矛盾的是)，one would think these would be times when social science research would be riding high. Yet eve though governments are more thap alarmed abou a variety of social problem,s they are inclined to deal with them by trial and(often)error. The abuse of drugs is a widespread concern, but governments seem to with the qualifications of teachers and their salaries. ????If we lack an adequate understanding of drug abuse and educational processes, are we flying blind attempting to deal with these behaviours? What domains of your life could benefit from social and behavioral science research? For instance, are we concerned about crime? Consider that recent sociological research reveals that nearly half of all urbandwelling American males can expect to be arrested for some non traffic offense during their lives. However, a very small group of“career predators”are responsible for a grossly disproportionate share of all crimes committed. What does this insight suggest to you about American criminal Justice and prison policies. Sociological work also shows that most criminals halt their careers by age 25 to 30. Does this finding have policy implication? If a 29yearoldburglar whose criminal career is nearly over is imprisoned for ten years, may many years of that imprisonment be“wasted”on expensive and unnecessary confinement? According to the author, social and behavioral sciences are losing federal financial support chiefly because some people _____ . A．don't see the seriousness of the present situation B．don't quite see the use for these sciences C．only consider natural sceinces as true sciences D．are unble to solve social problems with them In the second paragraph, the author gives two examples of social problems to show that _____ . A．social problems are on the rise currently B．the government does not try hard tosolve such problems C．some attacks on such problems are often blind D．such problems often go unsovled In the third paragraph, the author uses some findings to illustrate _____ . A．some achievements made in social and behavioral sciences B．the demand for social and behavioral studies C．the current trend in the increase of crimes D．the inefficiency of criminal justice and prison policies In the last sentence of the passage, the word“confinement”is closest in meaning to the word _____ . A．funds B．solution C．research D．imprisonment Passage 3 ????Writing to learn makes it possible to show learning in writing. Much of the writing you will do in college and at work will ask you to demonstrate what you have learned. The success of that demontration will depend on, among other things, revising your writing to show your knowledge to best advantage. When you have begun tosee what you want to say(frequently this becomes clear at the very end of a first draft),it is time to start thinking about how to present your ideas to others. It is time to start thinking about revising. ????Revising can be described as the most important(and frequently most neglected)prat of writing. Novelists Doris Lessing has said that many novels miss greatness because authors are unwilling or unable to revise them. James Michener explains the importance of revision this way:“I have never thought of myself as a good writer. Anyoune who wants reassurance of that should read one of my first drafts. But I'm one of the world's great revisers.” ????Revising takes many forms. It means thinking about the audience for your writing. Who will read your work and why? It also means developing an overall plan for the writing that will make your ideas clear. Often the organization of a first draft will reflect your process of discovery, but that may not be the best way to present your ideas to someone else. Revising also gives attention to the style of language, to the structure of a paragraph, and to the shape of sentences and other forms that show learning to its best advantage. ????Writing to learn and writing to show learning are never, of course, entirely separate processes. Writers frequently consider issues of demonstrating learning while writing to learn, and writing to show learning often leads to new understandings. In drafting, for example, you may start thinking about what an audience will need to know in order to understand your point and change a word or a phrase to make your meaning clearer. But understanding the differences between writing to learn and writing to show learning is central to seeing writing as a process. The author thinks that revising starts when _____ . A．you want to show what you know B．you think about your audience C．you have discovered your idea D．you have developed an overall writing plan The chief purpose in revising your writing is for you to _____ . A．learn in the course of writing B．add new ideas to your writing C．show your learning to its best advantage D．use an appropriate style of language What Doris Lessing said helps to support the idea that _____ . A．he is one of the world's great revisers B．he is not a good writer C．revising is very important D．many writers are unwilling to revise their works The passage is mainly about _____ . A．the importance of revising B．the importance of writing C．how to compose good writing D．how to revise your writing Passage 4 ????That an ecological crisis confronts humankind is now so central to our thinking that the notion that human beings adapt to their natural environment seems obvious. But ecological interpretations of world history are surprisingly recent. Sociologists, in attempting to classify societies, have looked increasingly to a people's relationshipwith their natural environment and, provide food, clothing, and shelter. Human beings meet these needs in a wide variety of environments, including deserts, rain forests, grasslands, and so on. Such environments are part of ecosystem, acomplex web of interdependencies among organisms, communities of organisms, and the natural habital. Some societal variation derives from the different demands made by different ecosystems. Customs and ways of life that would be adaptive in one ecosystem would be maladaptive in another. ????We confront a habitat and evolve a mode of existence not so much as lone individuals, but cooperatively as larger social units. Social organization and technology are our chief adaptive mechanisms. Social organization develops as we create stable, ordered relationships and become infused with common cultural traits. Much depends on whether or not our values, norms, beliefs and institutions favor or foreclose new avenues of adaption. Likewise, technology-the application of knowledge for practical eds-allows us to harness and change aspects of our environment. In its broadest sense, technology entails the practical arts and skills of human society. As technology has become more advanced, we have gained access to greater amounts of non human energy(animal,water, fossil fuel, solar, and so on). In turen, new sources of energy have allowed our cultures to expand and change. Other changes follow as well. The author points out that differences in peopls's ways of life come from _____ . A．their cultural traditions B．their adaptions to the environment C．their demands for natural resources D．their notions about the environment Different ways of life exist among different peoples because of _____ . A．their adaptive value B．their distinctive value C．lack of better technology D．mutual isolation Social organizations and technology develop as a result of people's _____ . A．adaptation to the environment B．attempt to change nature C．efforts to create peaceful societies D．desire to create bigger societies The ultimate goal in developing technology is for people to _____ . A．get practical skills and arts B．obtain greater amounts of energy C．effect social changes D．create new cultures Passage 5 ????The subject of my study is women who are initiating social change in a small region in Texas. The women are Mexican Americans who are, or were, migrant agricultural workers. There is more than one kind of innovation at work in the region, of course, but I have chosen to focus on three related patterns of family behavior. ????The pattern I life style represents how migrant farm workers of all nationalities lived in the past and how many continue to live. I treat this pattern as a baseline with which to compare the changes represented by pattern II and III. Families in pattern I work and travel in extended kin units, with the eldest male occupying the position of authority. Families are large—eight or none children are not unusual—and all members are economic contributors in this strategy of family migration. Families in pattern II manifest some differences in behavior while still maintaining aspects of pattem I. They continue to migrate but on a reduced scale, often modifying their schedules of migration to allow children to finish the school year. Parents in this pattern often find temporary local jobs as checkers to make up for lost farming income. Pattern II families usually have fewer children than do pattern I families. ????The greatest amount of change from pattern I, however, is in pattern III families, who no longer migrate at all. Both parents work full time in the area and have an average of three children. Children attend school for the entire year. In pattern III, the women in particular create new roles for themselves for which no local models exist. They no only work full time but may, in addition, return to school. They also assume a greater responsibility in family decisions than do women in the other patterns. Although these women are in the minority among residents of the region, they serve as role models for others, causing moderate changes to spread in their communities. ????Now opportunities have continued to be determined by preexisting values. When federal jobs became available in the region, most involved working under the direction of female professionals such as teachers or nurses. Such positions were unaccepted to many men in the area because they were not accustomed to being subordinate to women. Women therefore took the jobs, at first, because the income was desperately needed. But some of the women decided to stay at their jobs, at first, after the family's distress was over. These women enjoyed their work, its responsibility, and the companionship of fellow women workers. The steady, relatively high income allowed their families to stop migrating. And, as the benefits to these women became increasingly apparent, they and their families became even more willing to consider changes in their lives that they would not have considered before. Which of the following titles best reflects the main focus of the passage? A．A Survey of Three MexicanAmerican Families at Work in Texas. B．Innovative Career Women: Effects on Family Unity. C．Changes in the Lifestyles of Migrant MexicanAmerican Families. D．Farming of Family: The Unavoidable Choice for Migrant Farm Workers. All of the following statements about pattern II children express differences EXCEPT _____ . A．they migrate for part of each year B．they spend less time contributing to family income C．they spend more months on school D．their parents sometimes work at jobs other than farming According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true of women in pattern III families? A．They earn a reliable and compartively high income. B．They continue to work solely to meet the urgent needs of their family. C．They enjoy the fellowship involved in working with other women D．They serve as models of behavior for others in the region. The author's attitude towards the three patterns of behavior mentioned in the passage is best described as one of _____ . A．great admiration B．unbiased objectivity C．dissatisfaction D．indifference Part IV EnglishChinese Translation Directions:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.(15 points) ????(71) Women make up 40 percent of the world's work force in agriculture, a quarter in industry, and a third in services. Women farmers in the developing countries grow at least 50 percent of the world's food—as much as 80 percent in some African countries. ????(72) In addition to incomegenerating activities(in cash and kind), women's household activities include caring for the sick, house maintenance, and such vital work as caring for children, preparing food, and fetching firewood and water. Yet women's productivity remains low—both in incomegenerating work and in home produciton. Improving women's productivity can contribute to growth, efficiency, and poverty reduction—key development goals everywhere. ????(73) Investing in women—in education, health, family planning—is thus an important part of development strategy as well as a matter of social justice. It is an integral part of the World Bank's overall strategy for poverty reduciton that calls for broadly based, laborabsorbing economic growth and improved human resource development. ????(74) If longterm change in the conditions of women is to be achieved, the actions and attiudes of men must change, and it is important that men be brought along in the process of change. For example, family planning information campaigns should be aimed at men as well as women because it is when men and women are able to make joint informed decisions on family size, child spacing, and appropriate methods of contraception, that these programs are most successful. Likewise, problems affecting women are often closerelated to the social relationships between men and women.(75) For example, many women's health problems are embedded in unequal gender relation in work loads, responsibilities for family welfare, and access to resources and decisionmaking; it is impossible to deal effectively with women's health problems through approaches that deal only with women. Part V Writing(15 points) Directions: A.Title:SPRING FESTIVAL B.Time limit:40 minutes C.Word limit:no less than 150 words(not including the given opeing sentence) D.Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence: Spring Festival, lunar New Year for Chinese, is the most important holiday in China. E.Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. OUTLINE: 1.Preparations for the holiday 2.Traditional festival celebrations 3.How I spend Spring Festival 研究生入学考试模拟英语试题[11]讲评： [词汇与结构] [完型填空] [阅读理解] [英译汉] [写作] Part I Structure and Vocabulary Section A (A) as在句中是关系代词，引导非限定性定语从句，经常用于as is/was the case with…结构中，用具体事例说明主句的概括和结论。如题句“科学的进步往往遭到强烈的反对，达尔文的进化论便是如此。”再如：He overslept and missed his class, as is often the case with him. (A) 表示说话者建议、希望、担心、猜测、观点等主观意念的附加问句，附加问句要在意义上与主句一致。如：I wish to discuss it with you, may I ?I am afraid he wont't come, will he ?He must have been to see the doctor, didn't he ? (A) 题句的后半句是个倒装句，正常语序为…a stain could be seen on one counter where a customer had thrown down his glass and fled.这里where是关系副词，在定语从句中充当地点，在意义上相当于介词短语，而that, which是没有这种功能的。how表示方式、手段、程度，用在句中显然也是错误的。 (B) whatever此处是形容词，用在含有any的句中或放在名词后面，意为“任何的”，起强调作用。如题句可译为“只要坚持下去，努力坚持下去、坚持到底，你就可获得一切，任何东西。再如：Is there any chance whatever?有一点儿可能性吗? however, any how, some how都是副词，不能修饰anything。 (D) other factors remaining constant是分词独立主格结构，在句中作伴随情况状语。A、B两项都是完整的句子，虽然在意思上讲得通，但从结构上无法与句中其他成分相连接，即没有关联词作连接手段；C中虽然从结构上可以接受，但在意义上being用得不够准确。全句译为“在其他情况保持不变的同时将横梁的宽度加大一倍，其结果是横梁的承受力也加大了一倍。” (C) 此句用的是“can't+否定结构”，即“怎么……也不过分”，“越……越好”，只不过是否定成分由动词前缀over担当。全句译为“发展中国与其他国家关系的重要性无论怎样估计也不过分”。 (B) disagree是非及物动词，不能直接接宾语，而no matter what和whatever都在从句中作宾语，可见是不行的，应为no matter on what you disagree with him。 wherever表示地点，用在此处也不可以。however much是副词，在从句中作程度状语，译为“无论你与他意见如何不同”。 (C) whereas“而”、“却”，连词，表示对比。根据句意，其他几个选择项都在语义上讲不通。 (B) 这是一个含蓄虚拟条件句，句中but一词的转折含义暗示“房子没有建好”这一事实，因此应用was+to have done结构表示虚拟意义。 (A) unannounced为过去分词，此处作主语补足语，补充说明主语“有些人进入房间”时的情况是“没有通知大家”，即“没有通知大家就进来了”。whisper,speak与come并列，作从句谓语。 Section B (A)错 应改为whose red car whose在定语从句中作定语，相当于the red car of the man's或the man's red car。 (B)错 应改成having tolerate要求接动名词作宾语，与bear“忍受”在用法上结构相同。 (B)错 应改成be it 为形式主语，that从句是真正的主语，说明requirement的具体内容，而requirement要求接虚拟语气形式。如果将that视为requirement的同位语就更好理解了。 (B)错 应改成flew the white balloon 此句属于倒装形式本身的错误。我们知道，倒装结构分部分倒装和全部倒装，部分倒装在结构上要求将谓语动词的一部分移至主语前，当谓语是简单结构时，根据时态由动助词do, does或did协助构成倒装形式；而全部倒装是将谓语动词全部移至主语前。表示方位动向的副词出现在句首时，句子语序应采用全部倒装形式。题句中higher即属于这类副词，所以不需要助动词did，而将flew直接放在the white balloon前面即可。 (D)错 应改成does 本句属于替代错误。is是不能代替实义动词travels的，只能用does。参见1997年考题(18)。 (B)错 应改成whoever 在结构上whoever虽然出现在介词后面，但在从句中作主语，所以应用其主格形式。he believed是插入语。参见1992年考题(1)。 (B)错 应改成do we stop 此处应用倒装结构，因为否定词rarely出现在句首，尽管是从句的句首。 (B)错 应改成someone 从意思上理解，莎士比亚的戏剧不是任何人可以写出来的，而是属于Bacon,Oxford和Derby一类的“某些其他(文)人”才能所为，况且someone else后面还有定语从句，限定了someone的范围，更不可能是anyone了。 (B)错 应改成littered litter意为“在……上布满杂乱的东西。”句中应用过去分词是因为litter与campus是受动关系，即“(人们)将糖纸和瓶瓶罐罐乱丢在校园里”，所以littering是错误的。littered with…在句中作campus的补语，补充说明campus的状态。 (B)错 应改成being spoken to speak作及物动词时，作“讲……语言”、“说出、表达出”解，一般不接人；表示“对……讲话”，要用speak to sb。根据句子的意思，应理解为后者。注意下面几个搭配的区别： speak to sb对……说话 speak(to sb)on sth(对……)谈论…… speak of sth(sb.)谈及某事(某人) speak French讲法语 speak in French用法语讲(表达) Section C (B) remove:take away,“去掉”、“剥掉”，如:remove a name from a list“从名单上除名”；revive,“恢复”；exclude,“排除”；isolate,“使孤立”。题句大意：“乳制品行业竭力提高能够产生乳 脂产品的产量。” (A) lose sight of，“忘记”、“忽略”；lose track of,“失去了……线索”、“失去了与……的联系”；become blind多接to，意为“看不清”，如：He is blind to the comsequence.他不知道后果的严重性。give way to“对……让步。”句意：“我们不应该忘记这一基本原则即青年需要并且希望在实际生活中承担责任，然后通过承担责任进行学习。” (C) hold back,“阻止、抑制”；hang around，“闲荡、逗留”；hang on，“抓紧不放”、“继续下去”；hold on与hang on同义。 (A) collection，“收集(物)”；publication,“出版物”；volume,“卷”；stack,“堆”。根据题句意“本书收集了广播稿……”，应选collection。 (B) concerted efforts，“齐心合力”；gigantic,“巨大的”；comprehensive,“综合的”、“全面的”；conscientious,“认真的、勤恳的。”这三个词习惯上一般不用来修饰efforts。 (B) respectively,“分别地”；individually，“个别地”；correspondingly,“相应地、对应地”；accordingly,“从而、相应地”。题句说的是“零售额在城市和农村地区分别提高了57.8%和46.8%”，所以选respectively合适。 (B) result in,“导致、结果是”；attribute…to,“把……归于”；match with,“与……相匹配”；proceed with,“继续进行”。句意：“对事故原因进行全面调查，其结果应该是标准有所改进，并产生新的操作规程。” (B) in accordance with，“根据”、“按照”；in case of，“假设”、“万一”；in place of，“代替”；in charge of,“负责”。 (C) subordination,“从属于”；contribution,“贡献”；sacrifice,“牺牲”；obedience,“服从于”。题句讲的是妇女在地位上从属于男人，也就是说不是on equal basis，因此应用subordination更合适。 (A) uncheck: not hold back, not stop, develop,“任其发展下去”、“不制止”；aggravate,“恶化”、“加重”；contaminate,“弄脏”、“污染”。句意：“这种迅速蔓延的疾病如果任其发展下去，很有可能影响到数以百万计的非洲、美洲孩子们，包括越来越多的受伤成年人。一般不说control disease。 (A) embark on a campaign，“发动了一场运动”；reckon on,“依靠”、“指望”；catch on,“理解”、“明白”；dwell on,“详述”。 (B) reconcile,“调解”；adjust,“调整”；conquer,“战胜”、“攻克”；consolidate,“巩固”。 (B) spontaneity,“自发性的动作(行为)”；simultaneity,“同时发生”；grace,“优美”、“雅致”；excellence,“优秀”、“卓越”。题句讲的是培养训练演员表演的自然性，不矫揉造作，所以应选spontaneity。 (C) something or other,“什么(表示模糊概念)”，常用于口语，如：Something or other, prevented him from coming.“不知什么事使他来不了。”so on and so forth,“等等”；more or less,“或多或少”；sooner or later,“迟早”。 (A) demand of,“向……要求”，demand sth、of sb.(或from sb),“要求某人做某事”；ask for,“向……要……”；ask me for the book,“向我要书”；expect of,“指望”、“期望”不接form；call for,“要求”、“需要”，如：This invitation does not call for an answer.“这请帖不需要答复。”对于executive来说，mobility是一种要求，不是指望，这与后半句中的must呼应，所以应用demanded of。 (B) instantaneous,“即刻的”；distant，“遥远的”；immediate,“直接的”；transient,“暂短的”。按句意应选instantaneous，指电报通迅速度快。 (C) convey thoushts,“表达思想”；retain,“保留”；visualize,“想象出”；transfer,“转移”。这三个词一般不与thoughts构成语义上的动宾结构。 (A) spray“喷雾”；sprinkle，“洒、喷、淋”；spread,“传播”、“分散”；sprout“抽条”、“发芽”。按句意“打喷嚏、咳嗽将病毒喷入空气中”，打喷嚏、咳嗽喷出的都是雾状物，因此应用spray比较确切。 (D) modify，“修改”；testify,“说明”、“证实”；violate,“违反”；ascertain,“查明”、“弄清”。句意：“如果一位科学家认为某个想法是正确的，而随后又发现了任何相反证据，那么这一想法或是被修正，或是被抛弃。” (C) decompose,“分解”break up; evolve,“发展”、“进化”；originate,“起源”；detach,“分开”、“折开”。句中just as…暗示前后要表达意思相近的对此，后半句已给出split up,要求选择一个与之在意义上相近的词，结果非decomposed莫属。 evolve可以接into但用在句中意思上不通；originate和detach常接from，意为“起源于……”和“把……从……上分开、拆下”。 Part Ⅱ Cloze Test 短文大意：心脏病最常见的起因是高血压。高血压虽无法治愈，但可得到控制。对轻微高血压的治疗办法一般是减少人体对钠的吸收；治疗严重的高血压则通常要用抗高血压药物。另外，经常从事娱乐活动以及获得充分的睡眠和休息也可避免血压的升高。 段首句译文：“心脏病最普遍的起因是血压过高，亦称高血压。” (C) under control 根据上句的意思以及本句中However和so that 的提示，这里只能选C.under control。“引起某人注意”应说bring to sb's attention或bring to the attention of sb.,因此A. to attention可以从语法角度排除。B. in order(秩序井然整齐)，D. into effect(生效、实施)均与文意不符。 (B) damage C.infection意为：“传染”、“感染”；D.modification意为：“修改”、“更改”，均可根据常识排除。A.discomfort的意思是：“不适”、“不安”，即：absence of comfort, uneasiness of mind or body。据常识及下句提示，高血压的危害绝不仅仅是使人略感不适，故排除A。cause damage to 是常用搭配，意为：“给……造成损害”，在此符合文意，故选B。 译文：“高血压无法根治，但可予以控制，使它不致对心脏和人体其他系统造成损害。” (D) Therefore 上句提到高血压的危害及不能根治的特点，引出本句相应的结果，故本题应选D.Therefore(因此)。A.Moreover(再者、而且)，B.Otherwise(否则)，C.Nevertheless(尽管如此)都不能正确反映上下文之间的逻辑关系，均是错误的。 (C) rest A.all前不能加定冠词，从语法角度排除。由于高血压通常是中老年疾病，B.whole可根据常识排除。D.majority指“大多数”、“大部分”，但不与of one's life搭配，故排除。the rest of one's life指“某人的余生”，即：“所有剩下的日子”，符合文意，故应选C.rest。 译文：“因此，患有高血压的人往往必须终生治疗。” (A) mild 与下文severe cases的治疗方法相对应，此处当讲轻微高血压的治疗方法，故应选A.mild(不严重的、轻微的，与light同义)。B.moderate指“中等的”、“适度的”，一般不用于形容疾病，也不与severe相对。C.serious(严重的)与下文severe同义，不合逻辑。D.disastrous意为：“灾难性的”，也不合上下文逻辑。 译文：“对轻微高血压症的一般治疗方法是改变膳食，减少人体的钠摄入量。” 选项用法举例：a mild winter,“不太冷的冬天”；a mild fever,“低烧”；a mild cigar,“淡味的雪茄”； a mild slope,“缓坡”；a mild drug,“平和的药物”；a mild man,“性情温和的男人”；The sentence was mild.“刑判得很轻。” a moderate drinker，“有节制的饮酒者”；moderate demands,“不过分的要求”；He was moderate in temper.“他性情温和”。 (A) calls for A.calls for意为：“要求”，符合文意。B.makes sure(确保)后面要求接从句，结构错。C.objects to意为：“反对”；D.succeeds in意为：“成功”、“达到”。C、D均不合文意。 译文：“因为食品中的钠一般都来自食盐，所以病人的膳食通常要求无盐食品。” (B) prescribes 医生给病人开药方要用prescribe,故应选B.prescribes。A.presumes(假定、推测)，C.prohibits(禁止)，D.provokes(激起、煽动)都不合文意。 译文：“对于严重的高血压患者，医生通常给开抗高血压药物。” (A) do 从文意看，“将会知道”(B.will)、“必须知道”(C.must)或“应该知道”、“有可能知道”(D.would)都不妥当，故应选表示强调的A.do(确实)。 译文：“虽然医生们并不知道高血压的全部起因，但他们确实了解体重过重和吸烟的人容易患高血压。” (C) relaxation 由于本句中since引导的从句讲明了血压升高的一些原因是情绪激动和忧虑，本题四个选项只有C.relaxation(放松、消遣、娱乐)符合逻辑。A.guidance(指导、指引)，B.inspiration(灵感、启示)，D.nourishment(营养)都应排除。 (B) desirable A.optional意为：“可选择的”、“非必须的”，不合文意。C.relevent(与……有关的)后面要接介词to，从语法角度排除。娱乐及休息虽然重要，但绝非对所有人来说都是最重要的，故D.predominant(最主要的、占优势的)不合逻辑。B.desirable有“值得的”、“合意的”、“可取的”等含义，符合文意。 译文：“情绪激动和担心也会引起血压上升，因此经常从事娱乐活动以及保证充分的睡眠和休息对所有的人都是有益的。” 选项用法举例：It is most desirable that he should attend the conference.“他能参加此次会议是最好不过了。”For this job it is desirable to know something about medicine.“做这项工作最好有点医学知识。” Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (C) 意为：“他不应该过于自信”。第一段指出，坦普勒为一家汽车保险公司工作，所以，他不应该犯这样的错误，但是，当他在一家自助(selfservice)加油站加油时，他心里自嘱道：也许就一次不拔车钥匙也不会有问题(It won't hurt to leave the key in the truck this once)。但是，很快，在他付款时，他眼睁睁地看着自己的卡车被开走了：他丢了车。可见，他的问题在于他思想过于麻痹，自以为是。 (B) 意为：“越来越多的人停车时忘记拔钥匙”。本文未提到该原因。 本文第三、四段提出了几方面的原因。许多警察认为职业盗贼是罪魁祸首：盗车是团伙犯罪主要的赚钱手段。只有15%的盗车案件被破获，因为警察对类似案件不作深究(indepth autoinvestigation)：即使抓住了盗贼，法庭往往也只判他们缓刑，而不是立刻将他们监禁起来，因为监狱关押危险犯人，而且已人满为患。 (B) 意为：投入较大，但很有成效。第五段指出，密执安州有一个行动计划，92名警察专门负责对本州每年的65000起盗车案件跟踪调查(work fulltime on)。该计划自1986年开始实施，此后，本州的盗车案件从全国第二位降至第九位。可见，该计划需要做大量工作，但也很有成效。 (A) 意为：能发出无线电信号的防盗器。最后一段指出，一个防盗器价格从25美元至1000美元不等(anywhere from…to…)，有些防盗器是自动的--拔掉钥匙就会自动关闭油泵(fuel pump)和发动器(starter)。安装了这样的防盗器，盗车案件就会降低三分之一。有些州使用发射无线电信号的防盗器，这种防盗器可以帮助警察追回被盗的车。 (B) 文章第一段指出：社会科学与行为科学研究正在失去联邦政府的财政支持，第二、三段解释了造成这种现象的原因与后果。这两段指出，对待社会问题，政府倾向诉诸于法律及政策的手段解决，他们更多的是关心结果，而不是从社会及行为科学的角度来审视问题、找出原因及解决问题的方法。换言之，他们没有理解并动用社会科学及行为科学的研究成果来看待并解决社会问题，其后果当然往往是不能对症下药而造成人力物力的浪费。 (C) 第二段主要分析了政府对社会科学与行为科学研究不够支持的原因。第一句引用调查委员会的结论，说明了社会科学与行为科学研究的重要作用。基于此，有些人错误地认为这方面的研究目前进展顺利(riding high)，颇受重视(第二句)。第三句阐明了该段旨在说明的问题：政府只是采用就事论事的方式(by trial and error)来解决社会问题，结果忽视了产生问题的原因，不能对症下药，甚至往往驴唇马嘴，两不相合，导向错误。第四、五句分别举了两个例子来说明这一点：没有社会科学和行为科学的指导，社会问题的解决经常会流于盲目。 (B) 第三段旨在说明的问题阐述在该段的前两句：如果我们不了解吸毒及教育问题形成的原因(第二段所举的两个例子)，在解决这些方面的问题时就会盲目行事(flying blind)；第二句是一个设问：社会科学和行为科学研究可以在哪些方面帮助我们呢?本段的其余部分举了几个例子，旨在说明：社会及行为科学的研究可以帮助我们找出犯罪的模式及本质，从而制定出改造或防止犯罪的合理方案。由此可见，这些方面的研究是不可或缺的。 (D) 在本句中，confinement一词与criminal, imprison和imprisonment等词紧密相关。本句前半句假设一种情况，后半句指出这种作法是浪费人力物力的，因此，是不必要的。在这里，confinement与imprisonment是同义词，意为：“囚禁”。 (C) 第一段第四句指出，写出初稿(first draft)后，要表达的内容及思想通常会跃然纸上，尔后，作者就应考虑修改稿件，考虑如何将自己的观点更有效地、更清楚地传达给读者。从第三、四段来看，稿件的修改重点应放在文章的组织安排、措施等形式方面。 (C) 文章第一段第二、三句指出，写文章的目的是传达自己的思想，展现自己的知识，但能否做到这一点，将自己的知识充分地展现出来(show your knowledge to best advantage)，首先取决于你是否善于修改文章。修改文章，作者应该站在读者的立场上重新审视自己所写的东西，它的主要目的是提高写作的效益。 (C) 第二段指出，修改文章是写作过程中最重要(也是经常为人所忽视)的一个环节，紧接着，本文举了两位名人的看法来说明这一点。要做对本题，除了应该弄清楚本段的主题外，还要了解全文的主旨。引用例子的目的显然是为了说明本段的主题乃至于全文的主旨。另外，考生还应注意本题的提问，引用Doris Lessing的话旨在支持什么观点。 (A) 文章旨在阐明修改文章的重要性，而不是修改文章或写文章的步骤与方法(选择项C和D的意思)。这个第一、二、四段可以一目了然。文章第三段指出了几种修改文章的方法，但主要在于指出如此修改所达到的目的。 (B) 本文旨在探索人类生存方式(mode of existence)的起源。在生存斗争中，人们试图不断地适应和改造自己生存的空间，而人与不同自然环境的关系促成了人类社会的诸多差别，适应于一个社会的生活方式未必适应于另一个社会(主要参考第一段最后两句)。人类都有些基本需要，在满足它们的过程中，不同环境下的社会发展了不同的生活方式。这些方式不断沉淀固定下来，进而成为某个社会发展变化的适应性机制，技术的发展也不例外。主要参考第二段第一、二句。 (A) 文章的主旨表达在第一段最后两句。这两句指出，适应于一个社会的生活习惯未必适应于另一个社会。生活方式的不同不是产生于某个民族或社会的别出心裁，而是在不断的生存实践中通过适应及改造环境形成的。因此，每一种文化都有其生存性(或适应性)价值，它的民族特色不是为特色而特色(选择项B的意思)，而是从本质上来说具有生存意义。B意为：“它们的区别性价值”。 (A) 文章第二段的主题主要陈述在该段第一、二句(是文章主旨的进一步说明)。该段指出，人们在生存实践中结成更大的社会单位，取得了一些相对稳定的生存方式(社会文化习惯)。同样，知识的运用产生了技术，技术帮助人们更好地利用和改造环境、更好地适应环境，进而推动整个社会的继续发展。因此，社会机构的形成与技术的发展源自于人的生存实践，是人适应环境的结果。B、C、D不全面，不贴切。 (C) effect此处是动词，意为：“产生”、“带来”。技术是人类知识的应用，目的在于帮助人们利用和改造环境(第二段第五句)。技术使我们获得更多的生存技巧、并发出更多的能源，但这不是技术的最终目的(ultimate goal)，充其量不过是手段而已，是人们适应、发展和改造环境、促进社会发展的手段(参考第二段倒数第二句)。 (C) 意为：“迁移的墨西哥族美国人家庭的生活方式变化”。在第一段作者指出，她研究的对象是正在给美国得克萨斯州内一个小区域的社会生活带来变化的妇女，这些妇女是墨西哥族美国人，属于农业季节工人(migrant agricultural workers)，当然，这一地区的变化不止一种，但是，作者重点研究的是三种相关的家庭行为模式。 (A) 意为：“他们每年过一段迁移的生活”。第二段对比了第一种模式和第二种模式的异同。第二种模式的人仍然过着迁移的生活，但迁移时间缩短(on reduced scale)，原因经常是让孩子读完一学期的书。可见，这两种生活方式的人还是过着迁移的生活，只是程度有所差别。 (B) 意为：“她们继续只为家庭的急需忙碌”。从第三段对第三类妇女的描述来看，她们的生活已经不再是仅仅围绕着满足生活基本需要。她们不再过迁移的生活，而是有固定的工作，孩子们整年上学，她们也积极开辟生活和就业机会(create new roles for themselves for which no local models exist)，加强学业自修，等等。 (B) 意为：“不加任何偏见的客观性”。本文客观地描述了一个社会调查。并没有对哪种生活模式有褒贬。 Part IV EnglishChinese Translation 短文大意：短文大意：妇女在全世界劳动力市场所占的重要比例说明妇女的重要性。此外，妇女在挣工资和家务活动中也起着重要作用。然而妇女在这两种活动中的生产力仍很低。提高妇女的生产力对发展经济、提高效率和减少贫困等重要的目标能做出贡献。因此在妇女身上投资，包括教育、卫生和计划生育等方面的投资，既是社会公平问题，也是发展战略的重要组成部分。 这是一个简单句，是主谓宾结构，即：一个主语、三个宾语。句架是：Women make up 40% of…in agriculture, quarter in industry, a third in services。本句应译成：“妇女在农业方面占世界劳动力的40%，在工业方面占1/4，在服务业方面占1/3。” 这是一个简单句，句架是：In addition to…,women's…activities include…。句中incomegenerating是“挣 收入”的意思。in cash and kind,“现金与实物”。本句应译成：“除了挣收入(现金与实物)外，妇女的家务活动包括照看病人、房屋维修以及照看孩子、做饭、拾柴和打水等重要工作。” 这是一个简单句，句架是：Investing in women…is an important part…as a matter…。本句译成：“在妇女身上投资--在教育、卫生、计划生育等方面投资--既是社会公平问题，也是发展战略的重要组成部分。” 这是一个并列复合句，两个句子由and连接。句架是：If…change is to be achieved, the actions…must change, and it is important that…。第一个句子的句首由If引导条件状语从句，说明…must change。第二个句子中，it是形式主语，真主语是that引导的名词从句。在从句中因为前面有important，因而that所引导的从句中的谓语动词应用虚拟式，be brought along=should be brought along。本句应译成：“如果要长期改变妇女的条件，男人的行动和态度也必须改变，而且在(妇女条件)改变的过程中男人改变态度是重要的。” 这是一个并列复合句，两个句子由分号连接。句架是：women's health problems are embedded…;it is impossible to…。在第二个句子中，关系代词that引导定语从句，修饰approaches。句中embed当“被埋置于……”讲，此处引申为“根源于……”；access当“获得”讲。本句应译成：“例如，许多妇女的健康问题根源于工作负担、对家庭幸福所负的责任、获得资财和决策等方面的男女不平等，因此不可能通过单方面处理妇女问题的方法有效地解决妇女的健康问题。” Part V Writing (15 points) 参考范文 ????Spring Festival, lunar New Year for Chinese, is the most important holiday in China. The festival with its rich and colourful traditions is celebrated almost in every part of China. To prepare for the festival, families usually give their houses a thorough general cleaning and decorate them with beautiful pictures hung on walls, papercuts on windows and Spring Festival couples on both sides of the door. Moreover, nearly everyone no matter a child or an adult looks especially impressive after taking a shower and having a haircut, both of which are essentially required before the festival. With the fresh and vigourous look, people greet the New Year. ????The traditional celebrations vary from place to place, but there are three traditions that have never varied thoughout the country. First, the New Year Eve dinner is a symbol of family reunion, all family members sitting around the dinner table, tasting delicious dishes in a dizzying variety and wishing the aged good health, young men success and children happiness. Secondly, people, during holidays, visit each other to express their good wishes. And finally, of all festivities, the lion and dragon dances symbolising happiness, good fortune and prosperity can be seen everywhere from east to west, north to south in China. ????As for me, I manage to return home every Spring Festival. I enjoy the dominant atmosphere of joyous family reunion, having all kinds of food over watching TV special shows for the holiday. It is so pleasant and relaxing that no other atmosphere can compete with it! I also enjoy visiting friends or being visited. It is really an opportunity to exchange as much information as we can and strenthen the friendship. Sometimes I also go to cinema or parks. Though I spend the festival usually the same way year by year it never loses its attractions for me. After enjoying this Spring Festival I am expecting the next one.