模拟试题[17]  Simulated Test [PREVIOUS] [NEXT] Part I Structure and Vocabulary Section A Directions:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (5 points) Grown people should never say or do anything wrong before children,lest they _____ them a bad example. A．will set B．are to set C．should set D．set Backward somewhat technologically _____ we are for the moment,we have perfect faith in our ability to catch up in time. A．as B．if C．even though D．that When his plane arrives at the airport in Shanghai,I _____ for Beijing. A．shall leave B．shall be leaving C．am leaving D．shall already have left The students _____ at the auditorium before 1∶30 p.m.,but the lecture was cancelled at the last minute. A．were to have assembled B．would assemble C．should have assembled D．had assembled Psychologists use exactly the same instrument _____ they use for adults to record babies responses. A．which B．that C．with which D．as Let everyone work with all his might;and most of all let the government arouse itself to do that work which is vital,and which _____ government can do effectively. A．none but B．rather than C．other than D．more than _____ the choice of a fine home down town and a modest one in the suburbs the latter will win. A．Being given B．Given C．If given D．When given Business was slackening and there was no expectation of the unemployed _____ within a short period of time. A．being taken on B．to have been taken on C．to be taken on D．having been taken on Science is a structure of many interlocking disciplines,its growth _____ man's imagination and his compelling desire to understand his environment and himself. A．depends on B．independent of C．dependent on D．is independent of Every Englishman has some knowledge, _____ ,of the work of the greatest writer,William Shakespeare. A．how slight B．somewhat slight C．even slight D．however slight Section B Directions:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked A,B,C and D.Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.(5 points) It is highly desirable that every (A) effort will be (B) made to reduce expenditure and that (C) every member of the staff economize (D) wherever possible. At first we were so high above (A) in the air (B) that everything seemed like (C) ants;but I could see whatever (D) I wanted. Dresses,skirts,shoes and children's clothing (A) are advertised (B) at lowly reduced (C) prices this (D) weekend. Paris is one of many world cities that are (A) currently (B) developing programs of restoring its (C) historical (D) buildings. Saddened by the actor's sudden death, a memorial fund will be established (A) so that family and friends can make (B) donations in his (C) name to (D) the American Cancer Society. While (A) the total number of farmers tilling (B) the soil is barely (C) half what they were (D) in 1959,the size of the average farm has tripled. Under (A) no circumstances we should (B) do anything (C) that will benefit ourselves but (D) harm the interest of the state. Travelling to work (A) by car is more convenient than to use (B) public transport,for there is no irritation caused by waiting for buses or (C) underground trains for as long as half an hour sometimes (D) . When (A) the west part of Scotland is wet with an (B) average rainfall of (C) up to 200cm,the east is dryer (D) with about 75cm. I used to go down (A) to the bank of the stream and chose (B) little flattened (C) stones to throw across the water,which moved as swiftly (D) as swallows. Section C Directions:Beneath each of the following sentences,there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points) If someone is frowning,we _____ that she or he is sad or angry. A．infer B．claim C．anticipate D．acknowledge The new apartment built few months ago is large enough to _____ over two hundred people. A．locate B．reside C．settle D．accommodate A river _____ through the narrow wooded valley below. A．extends B．pours C．expands D．twists In order to strengthen his arguements,Toffler _____ respectable social scientists who agree with him. A．recites B．confirms C．quotes D．convinces The decline of Rome _____ the disappearance of classical drama. A．restrained B．withheld C．restored D．witnessed The birthday party _____ and all the guests hurried home at once. A．broke in B．broke up C．broke out D．broke down In one scene of Modern Time,Charlie Chaplin was shown trying _____ to keep in time with a rapid assembly line. A．aimlessly B．violently C．hardly D．desperately When writing about controversial topics,some authors try to be _____ without favouring either side. A．impressive B．reflective C．objective D．persuasive When people have their basic needs satisfied,they begin to think of other things to fulfil their life _____ . A．necessities B．requirements C．appreciations D．expectations The doctor assured me that the pain would _____ one hour after I took the medicine. A．wear away B．wear on C．wear down D．wear out In spite of Spanish origin,Brazil also has certain things which make her _____ . A．specific B．distinguished C．specialized D．distinctive The government will be better able to _____ other problems because it won't be caught up in planning ahead for future population growth. A．tackle B．challenge C．relieve D．eliminate The teacher made strenuous efforts to read the faint, _____ handwriting in his students' exercise books. A．illegal B．illiterate C．illegible D．illustrative One of the reasons for his popularity in our village is that he _____ almost everyone every time he comes back from the big city. A．looks after B．cares for C．asks after D．runs for We hope to be able to get married early this month,but things didn't _____ as we had expected. A．work out B．come by C．fill up D．lay down To ensure maximal voter participation in a presidential election,thorough planning and a voter registration _____ are usually required. A．restriction B．encouragement C．investigation D．drive He was such a busy man that after a long delay,he _____ writing the letter. A．got around to B．look forward to C．passed on to D．took up with When people do not _____ to an acceptable standard of behavior,they are bound to offend other people. A．confirm B．conform C．confine D．confound This unconventional theory was at first greeted with a good deal of _____ ,but soon those who had laughed at him realized how wrong they were. A．barrier B．accusation C．ridicule D．elimination Being _____ by nature,he could not help asking questions whenever he asw something unusual. A．fantastic B．optimistic C．questionable D．inquisitive Part Ⅱ Cloze Test Directions：For each numbered blank in the following passage，there are four choices labelled A，B，C and D.Choose the best one and put your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.（10 points） ????From the earliest days the conviction has been growing among the American people and their leaders that the state must be responsible for seeing that its citizens have a certain amount of education.That the state has this responsibility 41 the state constitutions,the hundreds of school laws in each state, and the 42 of decisions of local，state，and 43 courts. 44 ，education has come to be 45 regarded as a state function.The assumption of educational control by the state is 46 accidental；state control has come because of the early and ever growing belief that education is the backing of a democratic government and cannot， 47 ，be left too much 48 the wishes of any individual or of any community.In a democracy the people cannot be permitted to remain 49 although some of them might desire that 50 . 41.A.shows B.showing C.shown by D.is shown by 42.A.scale B.scores C.amount D.quantities 43.A.country B.national C.federal D.law 44.A.In brief B.In particular C.In consequence D.In addition 45.A.confidentially B.incidentally C.universally D.internationally 46.A.not B.only C.actually D.perhaps 47.A.however B.therefore C.for example D.above all 48.A.to B.for C.of D.against 49.A.ignorance B.ignored C.ignorant D.ignorantly 50.A.level B.standard C.status D.identity Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension Directions：Each of the passages below is followed by some questions.For each question there are four answers marked A，B，C and D.Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.（40 points） Passage 1 ????Research indicates that parents who reward selfcontrol and independence tend to have children with high achievement motivation.Such parents set high standards for their children but allow them to work at their own level and to make their own mistakes.By contrast，parents of lowneed achievers typically set impossibly high goals for their children and make extreme demands.In addition，parents of highneed achievers encourage good performance but do not berate their children when they fail.If a child comes home from school with four A's and one B on a report card，the parents focus on the A's；parents of a potential lowneed achiever tend to ask，“Why the B?”Parents of highneed achievers respond to mediocre grades with warmth and suggestions for reasonable goals and ways to reach them.Parents of lowneed achievers might say，“You're dumb and lazy you'll never amount to anything”，and punish the child.When a child is having trouble with a math problem，the parent of a potentially highneed achiever will suggest the general procedure and let the child work out the particular solution；a lowneed achiever's parent will solve the problem and then hand the child the answer. ????That needs for affiliation and achievement exist within all of us，to varying degrees，is undeniable.And although biological bases for at least the affiliation need have been proposed，a great deal more is known about the psychological bases of these needs and how they come about. ????Closely related to motivation are emotions，which can activate and direct behavior in much the same way as physiological，social，and psychological motivations do. Parents of highneed achievers _____ . A．usually leave their children alone B．set very high standards for their children C．allow for failure on the part of their children D．control their children to a minimum degree In the fourth sentence of paragraph 1，the expression“berate their children”probably means _____ . A．praise them B．neglect them C．scold them D．beat them If a child gets good marks for some courses and lower marks for others，a parent of a highneed achiever will _____ . A．criticize him for the lower marks and praise him for the good B．praise him and give some suggestions for further improvement C．praise him for the good marks and reward him D．criticize him for the lower marks and punish him The passage is mainly about the role of _____ . A．reward in promoting their children's study B．selfcontrol and independence in child growth C．emotional reaction in promoting achievement D．praise in promoting desired behavior Passage 2 ????A question that has puzzled anthropologists for years whether the uniquely human habit of bipedalism （walking upright on two limbs）developed suddenly among our ancient ancesters or occurred gradually over time-received new attention in September 1988.Anthropologist William L.Jungers of State University of New York reported evidence that australopithecines，humanlike creatures who lived between 1 million and 4 million years ago，probably moved in a manner similar to both human beings and apes，suggesting that bipedalism was a gradual development in early human beings. ????Jungers compared the hip and leg joints of apes.He noted that in human beings these joints are exceptionally large relative to body size.This is because they bear all of the body's weight when a person is standing.In apes，however，the leg and hip joints are smaller because apes also use their forelimbs for support. ????Jungers then examined the hip and leg joints of an australopithecine skeleton nicknamed Lucy and found that its joints display both humanlike and apelike characteristics，Jungers concluded that Lucy's physical development-as well as that of other 　australopitheciness-falls somewhere between human beings and apes.While australopithecines may have walked in an upright manner，their gait was probably far different from the upright movement exhibited by modern human beings. Jungers'finding showed that _____ . A．human beings walked upright later than australopithecines B．bipedalism might have developed suddenly in early humans C．early humans might have learned to walk gradnally D．human beings evolved from australopithecines rather than from apes Jungers'report was based upon his comparison of _____ . A．the body size of people, apes and australopithecines B．the skeleton of people, apes and australopithecines C．the hips and leg joints of people, apes and australopithecines D．the size of hip and leg joints of modern people and australopithecines Which of the following is TRUE about Lucy according to Junger? A．Lucy walked more like apes than like human beings. B．Lucy moved her steps in the same manner as people. C．Lucy might walk quite differently from modern man. D．Lucy had hip and leg joints like people's. Why is the size of the hip and leg joints imortant in establishing the human habit of bipedalism? A．they support human body in an upright position. B．they are the only observable evidence in australopithecines study. C．the evolution of the joints is the fastest in animals. D．they mark the major difference between humans and humanlike animals. Passage 3 ????Mounting evidence has led astronomers to just such an improbable conclusion：At least 90 percent and possibly 99 percent of all matter in the universe is completely invisible. Astronomers call this invisible stuff dark matter. ????An astronomer first reported the invisible matter after noting some unusual behaviour in visible matter.In 1933，Swiss astrophysicist Fritz Zwicky observed that galaxies（星系）in a cluster of galaxies travelled at higher speeds than expected.He concluded that something was causing strange gravitational effects on these galaxies. ????Galaxies are like vast islands in deep space containing billions of stars that are held together by the force of gravity.Some galaxies are part of larger systems called clusters，which contain many galaxies.Most galaxies，however，belong to smaller systems called groups. Groups and clusters in turn form even larger structures known as superclusters. Just as the force of gravity keeps stars together in galaxies，so the force of gravity appears to keep galaxies together in clusters. ????This same force of gravity keeps planets orbiting around the sun，rather than flying off into space.How great a force gravity exerts depends on the mass of the objects attracted and the distance between them，a principle discovered by Newton. The amount of mass and the distance between objects also determine how fast the objects travel as they orbit each other. For example，in our solar system，the sun is the most massive object，making up about 99．9 percent of the mass of the solar system，and the force of its gravity keeps Earth and the other planets in orbit around it.The orbital speeds of the planets decline with increasing distance from the sun.The planet nearest to the sun，Mercury，travels at an orbital speed of 48 kilometers per second，while the distant planet Pluto orbits at speed of 4．7 kilometers per second. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A．Ninety percent of all the matter in the universe is invisible. B．Dark matter causes visible matter to behave in a strange way. C．Galaxies in a cluster sometimes behave in an unusual manner. D．invisible matter keeps galaxies together with gravity. In astronomical terms, a cluster _____ . A．consists of galaxies B．consists of groups C．makes up superclusters D．makes up a group The nearer a planet is to the sun, _____ . A．the lighter it is B．the greater gravity it exerts C．the heavier it is D．the faster it orbits According to Newton's principle, _____ . A．the force of gravity keeps planets orbiting around the sun rather than flying off B．the sun is the most massive object, making up 99．8 percent of the mass of the solar system C．the amount of mass determine how fast the objects travel as they orbit each other D．Pluto receives the least force of gravity from the sun of all the planets in the solar system Passage 4 ????A child who has once been pleased with a tale likes，as a rule，to have it retold in identically the same words，but this should not lead parents to treat printed fairy stories as sacred texts.It is always much better to tell a story than read it out of a book，and，if a parent can produce what，in the actual circumstances of the time and the individual child，is an improvement in the printed text，so much the better. ????A charge made against fairy tales is that they harm the child by frightening him or arousing his sadistic（虐待狂的）impulses.To prove the latter，one would have to show in a controlled experiment that children who have read fairy stories were more often guilty of cruelty than those who had not.Aggressive，destructive，sadistic impulses every child has and，on the whole，their symbolic verbal discharge seems to be rather a safety valve than an incitement to overt action.As to fears，there are，I think，wellauthenticated（实际的）cases of children being dangerously terrified by some fairy story.Often，however，this arises from the child having heard the story once.Familiarity with the story by repetition turns the pain of fear into the pleasure of a fear faced and mastered. ????There are also people who object to fairy stories on the grounds that they are not objectively true，that giants，witches，twoheaded dragons，magic carpets，etc.，do not exist；and that，instead of indulging his fantasies in fairy tales，the child should be taught how to argue with them.If their case were sound，the world should be full of madmen attempting to fly from New York to Philadelphia on a broomstick（扫帚把）or covering a telephone with kisses in the belief that it was their enchanted girlfriend. ????No fairy story ever claimed to be a description of the external world and no sane（健全的）child has ever believed that it was. The author considers that a fairy story is more effective when it is _____ . A．repeated without variation B．treated with correct attitude C．adapted by the parent D．suited to the age of the child Some people dislike fairy stories because they feel that they _____ . A．tempt people to be cruel to children B．show the primitive cruelty in children C．lend themselves to undesirable experiments with children D．increase the tendency to be aggressive in children The author thinks that fairy stories are a means by which children's impulses may be _____ . A．beneficially channelled B．given a destructive tendency C．held back until maturity D．effectively suppressed According to the author, fairy tales _____ in a child. A．create no fear at all B．create no confused feeling C．create too many fantasies D．create a sense of guiltiness Passage 5 ????One of the easiest approaches to solving the greenhouse problem is to make our use of energy more efficient.An outstanding example of success in this area is the increase in gasoline mileage achieved by automobile manufacturers since the late 1970's. Most engineers say that much more fuel economy can be built into cars. ????Still another approach involves attacking the other side of the carbon dioxide dilemma-increasing the absorption of the gas from the atmosphere.In September 1988,Daniel J.Dudek,a senior economist for the Environmental Defense Funds,an independent organization,proposed such an approach to the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.Dudek said that 4 million hectares of new forest could absorb all the carbon dioxide emitted by all the U.S.power plants likely to be built in the next decade.Replanting that many hectares of farmland as forest would cost between ＄1 billion and ＄2 billion,according to Dudek,but would be a costeffective alternative in battling global warming. ????Was the very hot summer of 1988 caused by the greenhouse effect, or was it just a random variation in Earth's fickle(无常的)weather? It really does not matter,say many atmospheric scientists.Global warming is on the way,and it is time,according to them,to take action to avoid a worse outcome than nature itself decrees. ????As Schneider puts it,“It is often said that we do not so much inherit the world from our forebears,but rather we borrow it from our children.It is increasingly In the second sentence,“the oustanding example of success”here refers to the improvement on _____ . A．the quality of gasoline B．street conditions C．the speed of the car D．the design of the car engine As a solution to the greenhouse problem, Dudek suggests _____ . A．using fewer cars than necessary B．stopping factories from emitting carbon dioxide C．improving the quality of factory equipment D．rebuilding and creating forests In the third sentence of paragaph 3, by saying that“global warming is on the way…”,the author means _____ . A．the atmosphere is too hot to be bearable B．the earth is becoming increasingly warm C．global warming is becoming uncontrollable D．global warming is now within easy control When Schneider says“…we borrow it from our children.”,he means _____ . A．we should work out a good method to control global warming and pass it onto our children B．we should make the future world a better place for our children to live in C．in the days of our children, global warming will gorw out of control D．global warming will go on to affect the life of our children anyway Part IV English-Chinese Translation Directions:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.(15 points) ????(71) One of the most critical problems facing black and other minority Americans today is the difficulty of entering mainstream society without denying their own racial and ethnic heritage .The process can be an agonizing one,and it sometimes leads to disaster.On June 12,1985,Edmund Perry was shot and killed while attempting to rob a plainclothes police officer.(72) Perry was black and a resident of Harlem;he was also a graduate of one of the nation's finest prep schools and was preparing to enter Stanford University on a full scholarship .In“The Two Worlds of Edmund Perry”,Robert Sam Anson relates the details of this star student's double life and examines the unique pressure of being caught between two radically different social realms. ????(73) This sense of doubleness experienced by many nonwhite Americans makes it difficult to establish a stable personal identity ．Barbara Mellix's “From Outside,In”offers a solution to the problem.Raised in the rural South,the author learned two languages-one to be used when speaking to family and friends,the other when speaking to whites.(74) Years later,after enrolling in a writing course at a northern university,she attempted to negotiate a way between her own language and the language of others:I could not-in the process of composing-use the language of the old me,yet I couldn't imagine myself in the language of“others”. In time ,however,she learned to shape her own experience in her own words.(75) Writing,she suggests,provided a valuable tool in helping to establish a balance between her two worlds . Part V Writing(15 points) Directions: A.Title:NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION The additional information: a.The estimated natural gas reserves are 33000 billion cubic metres. b.Large gas fields or areas have been discovered in northwest and northeast China. B.Time limit:40 minutes C．Word limit:no less than 150 words (not including the given topic sentences) D．Your composition should be based on the given topic sentences of each paragraph. E．Your composition should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. OUTLINE: 1.Natural gas is an energy different from other energies. 2.According to the chart above… 3.As it is reported that China is rich in natural gas.  研究生入学考试模拟英语试题[17]讲评： [词汇与结构] [完型填空] [阅读理解] [英译汉] [写作] Part I Structure and Vocabulary Section A (C) lest后接that从句时，从句中谓语应用“should＋动词原形”表示虚拟。 (A) 这是as从句表示让步的一种特殊用法，即把要强调的内容置于句首，然后再加上其他内容。如本句：“尽管目前我们在技术上比较落后，但我们完全相信我们有能力赶上来。”Backward somewhat technologically as we are＝though we are backward somewhat technoloically…。请参见1994年考题(16)和1992年考题(9)。 (D) “你乘的飞机到上海机场时，我已离开北京了。”按句意，应选将来完成时。 (A) 这是一个表面上没有条件从句，但实际上含有虚拟条件的句子：If the lecture had not been cancelled at the last minute,we would have assembled…。were to have assembled相当于would have assembled,所以选A。 (B) the same…that,“与……同样的”，that后面是定语从句；the same…as…，“像……一样的”，如用于此句，应为：…the same instrument as the instrument they use for adults…。 (A) none but，“只有”；rather than，“而不是”；other than，“除了”。 (B) given，“假如”，虽然是过去分词形式，但其作用相当于介词，因此不再要求其逻辑主语必须是句子主语，也没有时态变化。所以其他选择项都不合适。又如：Given health,this can be done.“假如身体好，这可以做到。”分词的这种语法作用还可体现在regarding,concerning上。 (C) expect sb.to do sth.，“期望……做……”；take on，“雇用”。 (C) …its growth不是一个单独的句子，因此A、D排除。independent of，“不依赖于……”，正好与句意矛盾，也是错误的。 (D) however slight是however slight it may be的省略形式，在此作插入语表示让步。even slight不合适，若是even if slight还可以。 Section B (B)错 应改成：be。形容词desirable接that从句时，从句中谓语动词应用原形或“should＋动词原形”，表示虚拟。 (C)错 应改成：seemed to be。like是多余的，因为seem一词本身含有like的意思。 (C)错 应改成：greatly reduced。reduce有low的含义，只能用greatly修饰。 (C)错 应改成：their，指代many world cities。 (A)错 这是一个分词独立主格问题，句中的a memorial fund不能做saddened的逻辑主语，因此为错。 (D)错 应改成：it was，与所指代的名词短语the total number一致。 (B)错 表示否定意义的词或短语置于句首，句子的主谓要部分倒装。应改成：should we。 (B)错 应改成：using，与前面的动名词短语travelling to work形成平行结构。 (A)错 应改成：while。前后两个句子表示对比，而不是前一个表示时间状语，所以不能用when。 (B)错 应改成：choose，与go并列。 Section C (A) infer，“推论”、“推断”；claim,“声称”；anticipate,“预料”；acknowledge,“承认”、“致谢”。 (D) accommodate，“容纳”；locate，“位于”、“查找……的地点”；reside，“居住”；settle，“安居”。 (D) twist，“迂回”；extend，“延伸”；pour，“倾泻”；expand，“扩大”、“扩展”。 (C) quote，“引用”、“引证”；recite，“背诵”；comfirm，“证实”；convince，“使相信”。 (D) witness，“目击”、“目睹”；restrain，“克制”、“抑制”；withhold，“抑制”、“制止”；restore，“恢复”。 (B) break up，“结束”；break in，“闯入”、“破门而入”；break out，“爆发”；break down，“出故障”。 (D) try desperately，“拼命努力做”；aimlessly，“无目的地”；violently，“猛烈地”；hardly，“几乎不”。 (C) objective，“客观的”；impressive，“给人以深刻印象的”；reflective，“思考的”、“沉思的”；persuasive,“有说服力的”、“诱导性的”。 (B) life requirements，“生活需求”；necessities,“生活必需品”，与句子前半部的basic needs重复，故不对；appreciation，“欣赏”；expectation，“期望”。 (A) wear away此处指“逐渐消失”；wear on,“(时间)缓慢流逝”；wear down，“磨短”、“磨薄”；wear out，“使筋疲力尽”、“磨破”。 (D) distinguished，“卓越的”；specific，“具体的”；specialized，“专门化的”；distinctive，“有别的”。 (A) tackle a problem，“处理问题”；challenge，“挑战”；relieve，“解除”、“减轻”，接of；eliminate,“消除”。 (C) illegible，“难以辨认的”、“字迹模糊的”；illegal,“不合法的”；illiterate，“文盲的”、“未受教育的”；illustrative，“用作说明的”、“用作例证的”。 (C) ask after，“问候”、“询问”；look after，“照顾”；care for，“关心”、“喜欢”；run for，“竞选”。 (A) work out，“产生预期的结果”、“实现”；come by，“得到”、“获得”；fill up，“填写”；lay down，“制定”。 (D) drive在句中是名词，意为：organized effort,“有组织的努力”、“运动”，如：make a drive for funds,“开展征募资金的运动”；restriction，“限制”；encouragement，“鼓励”；investigation，“调查”。 (A) get around to，“(经过一段时间耽误后)开始考虑(解决)”；look forward to，“盼望”；pass on to，“传给”；take up with，“与……在一起鬼混”、“热衷于”。 (B) conform to，“遵守”、“服从”；confirm，“证实”，及物动词，不接to;confine to，“限在……范围内”；confound，“混淆”、“使思想混乱。” (C) ridicule，“嘲笑”、“奚落”；barrier，“障碍”；accusation，“指控”；elimination，“消除”。 (D) inquisitive，“好询问的”；fantastic，“奇异的”、“异想天开的”；optimistic，“乐观的”；questionable，“可疑的”、“不可靠的”、“有问题的”。 Part Ⅱ Cloze Test 短文大意：美国人一直认为让公民受教育是州政府的责任。从各州大量的学校法及各法院的判决可以看出州政府有这个责任。人们把教育看作民主政府的后盾，所以教育问题不能完全由任何个人或社区决定。 段首句译文：“从建国初期起，美国人民和他们的领袖就有这样一个日益坚定的信念，即：州政府必须负起保证其公民受到一定教育的责任。” (D) is shown by 本题可先从句子结构角度判断。这里That引导的从句做全句的主语，本句缺乏谓语，B.showing和C.shown by均为分词形式，不能单独作谓语，首先排除。从语义角度看，当是“各州的宪法和学校法及法院的判决表明了州政府有保证其公民受教育的责任”，而不是“州政府的责任表现出宪法、学校法和法院判决”，故A.shows不合逻辑，而D.is shown by为正确答案。 (B) scores A.scale主要指“规模”，不指具体数量；C.amount一般用于不可数名词；D.quantities一般也指抽象的“大量”。鉴于上文有 the hundreds of ，本题选择较具体表现数量的B.scores最为恰当。 (C) federal 有一定常识的人都知道，美国为联邦制，其国家政府即称联邦政府。美国法院分地方、州及联邦等不同等级，故本题应选C.federal(联邦的)。A.country和B.national一般都不用作court的定语。D.law courts泛指“法院”，与前文的local,state不是并列关系，故排除。 译文：“各州的宪法和数以百计的学校法以及地方法院、州法院及联邦法院的数十例判决都表明了州政府应负起这一责任。” (A) In brief 本句简要重述上文的意思，表示总结，故应选A.In brief(简而言之、总之)。B.In particular(尤其是)和D.In addition(此外)表达的都是递进关系；C.In consequence(结果是)表达因果关系。B、C、D均不符合上下文逻辑，故排除。 (C) universally 从全文特别是段首句看，教育被看作州政府的职责决非机密，故排除A.confidentially(机密地)。B.incidentally(顺便地、附带地)和D.intentionally(故意地、有目的地)也不合文意。只有C.universally(普遍地、全体地)符合文意，是正确选择。 译文：“总之，教育已被普遍看作州政府的职责。” (A) not 本句分号前后的两句应内容一致。若选B.only,C.actually或D.perhaps则前后文矛盾，故只能选A.not才符合逻辑。 (B) therefore 本句中belief的同位语从句的主语education有两个由and 连接的谓语，它们之间的逻辑关系是因果关系，故应选B.therefore(所以)。A.however(然而)表示转折；C.for example(例如)表示说明；D.above all(首先、尤其是)表示强调或总结，故A、C、D都不符合上下文逻辑。 (A) to leave…to是习惯搭配，意为：“把……留给”、“让…决定”、“听任”、“交付”、“委托”，符合文意，故应选A.to。其他选项都不恰当。 译文：“由各州承担对教育的控制不是偶然的。各州控制教育的形成是基于一个早就产生并日益坚定的信念，即：教育是民主政府的后盾，所以不能过多地取决于任何个人或社区的意愿。” (C) ignorant remain为不及物动词，常作系动词使用。本句主语为 people，故排除 A.ingorance。 remain ignored意为：“继续被忽视”，不合文意，故排除 B.ignored。 D.ignorantly 为副词，修饰动词 remain，意为：“无知地留下来”，也不符合文意，故只有选 C.ignorant 作 remain 的表语，说明主语的状态。 (C) status A.level意为：“程度”、“水平”；B.standard意为：“标准”、“水平”，都不能表示“无知的状态(be ignorant)”，故排除A、B。D.identity指“身份”，与文意不符，故排除D。C.status指“身份”、“地位(one's legal,social or professional position in relation to others)”，是正确选择。 译文：“在一个民主国家里，不能允许人民总处于无知状态，尽管有些人可能甘愿那样。” Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (C) 第一段指出，成就感强的孩子(highneed achievers)的家长鼓励孩子自律自立(selfcontrol and independence)。他们在为孩子确立高的奋斗目标的同时，也允许孩子量力而行(work at their own level)，允许孩子出错；他们在鼓励孩子好好表现的同时，也不责怪(berate)孩子的失败；当孩子解不出一道数学题时，他们会提示一下解题的基本步骤(general procedure),让孩子自己具体去解。A意为：“通常不管不问”。鼓励自律自立不等于放任自流。B表达的内容是片面的。因为，成就感弱的孩子家长也为孩子确立高不可攀(impossibly high)的目标，提过分的要求。参考第一段第三句。D意为：“将对孩子的控制降到最低程度”。成就感强的孩子家长不“控制”孩子，而是鼓励自我约束(selfcontrol)。 (C) berate意为：“训斥”、“责备”。 (B) 在这种情况下，成就感强的孩子家长会强调孩子所得的A成绩(focus on As)，而成就感弱的孩子家长会问：“为什么得了个B(为什么没有全得A)?”前者会对孩子的不好的成绩(mediocre grades)持关切态度，帮助他们找出合理的目标及实现目标的途径；而后者则会说：“你又蠢(dumb)又懒，会一事无成的(never amount to anything)。”骂完后再加以惩罚。可见，成就感强的孩子家长会表扬孩子的A成绩，然后再帮助找出得B的原因并提出改进方法。 (C) 本文主要谈的是心理情绪与动机之间的关系。家长的态度决定了孩子对自我的认识。如果为孩子确立不切实际的目标、时常责备他们或代替孩子行事，久而久之会使他们对自己的能力产生怀疑并进而使他们对自己丧失信心。另请参考第(51)、(53)题题解。 (C) 第一段第二句指出，容格尔的发现表明，人类直立行走(bipedalism)是逐渐(gruadual)发展而来的，因为，他发现了生活在100万至400万年前的一种类人动物化石，这种动物(根据他的分析)走路(move)方式既像人类也像猿。 (C) 容格尔的推想主要基于他的对比研究。他将人、猿和类人动物的胯骨(hip)及腿关节进行了对比，结果发现类人动物的胯骨及腿关节既像人也像猿。关节的大小与其承担的身体负荷有关，因此，两脚走路的动物关节当然要比四肢行走的动物关节要大。参考第二、三段。 (C) 文章最后一句指出，虽然类人动物也许能直立走路，但其移步方式(gait)与现代人也会大相径庭。 (A) 参考第(56)题题解。C意为：“胯骨与腿关节的进化与身体的大小成正比”。D不对。容格尔只是说胯骨和腿关节的发展与它们所承受的重量及人行走的姿势有关，并未说这是人与类人动物之间的主要区别。 (C) 第二段指出，1933年，瑞士天体物理学家茨威基观测到，某些星系的运转速度比料想的要快。由此他推测，某种物质可能对这些关系施加了引力，从而造成了它们的反常行为(unusual behaviour)。这里，星系有反常行为是可观察到的事实，而造成这一事实的原因却仅仅是未经证明的推测。A不对。第一段指出，越来越多的(mounting)证据使天文学家得出一个令人难以置信的结论：宇宙中至少有90% 甚至于99% 的物质是隐匿的(invisible)。值得注意的是，这一结论也仅仅是推测而已。 (A) 第三段对几个概念进行了说明：星系(galaxy)由星星组成，几个星系组成一个星团(cluster)，规模小的几个星系组成星群(group)，而星团、星群又组成更大的超星系团。星群与星团不是个体与整体的关系，二者的区别仅在于其大小而已。 (D) 牛顿发现，物质间的距离与其公转(orbit 或travel)速度成反比(参考第四段倒数第二句)，这解释了为什么离太阳近的水星(Mercury)比远离太阳的冥王星(Pluto)运行速度快。B不对。根据牛顿定律(principle)，物质间的吸引力除与物质间的距离有关以外，还与物质的质量(mass)有关。参考第四段第二句。 (D) 根据牛顿定律，物质间的引力与距离成反比。在太阳系(solar system)，冥王星距太阳最远，受到的引力最小。参考第(61)题题解。 (C) C意为：“由父亲或母亲改编一下”。第一段指出，通常情况下(as a rule),孩子喜欢一字不差地再听一遍自己听过并喜欢的故事，但是，父母们不能因此将神话故事书(printed fairy tale)当成圣篇。因为讲故事比读故事更可取，而且，如果家长能根据听故事的孩子的具体情景对书中的故事改进一下的话，那就更好了(so much the better)。参阅第一段。A意为：“不加改变地重述”。 (D) 第二段指出，有些人指责(charge)神话故事，说它们增加了孩子的恐惧心理，引发孩子的虐待本能(sadistic impulse)。试验也证明了后一点。但是，在作者看来，好斗、破坏性及施虐本能人人有之，而通过象征性的文字发泄(symbolic verbal discharge) 通过读书或听故事 总比转化为实际(overt)行为要安全(safety valve原意为：“安全阀”)。而恐惧心理则可以通过熟知故事情节来克服(mastered)。A意为：“使人对孩子残酷”；B意为：“表现了孩子的残酷本性”；C意为：“导致不良本能的象征性文字发泄”。 (A) A意为：“有益地疏导出”，参考第(64)题题解；B意为：“破坏性地被发泄出来”；C意为：“被压抑到成熟期”；D意为：“被有效地压抑住”。 (B) 还有些反对神话故事的人认为：神话里的世界是一个不真实世界(on the grounds that意为：“以……为据”、“因为”)，不应该教孩子将自己的幻想寄寓于神话故事，而应该教会他们将自己的幻想与现实的东西相对照。可见，在这些人看来，读神话故事的孩子会弄不清幻想与现实间的界限，但是，在作者看来，没有哪个头脑健全的孩子会认为童话故事描绘的是现实世界 否则我们的世界早已经成了一个疯狂的世界了。参考第四、五段。 (D) 在作者看来，解决温室(greenhouse)效应所带来的问题有两种简易的方法：一是充分利用能源，减少废气的排出量；二是营造环境，增加废气的吸收量。前者最出色的成功例子是：自70年代以来，汽车生产商改进了汽车的每公里耗油量(gasoline mileage)，通过使汽油更彻底地燃烧，减少了废气的排出量，节约了能源，减少了污染。而且，大多数工程师们认为：还可以通过改进汽车动力来节约更多的燃料(fuel economy在此意为：“燃料的节约”)。可见，这里所谓成功的例子是指对汽车发动机的改进。 (D) 杜戴克提议通过营造环境的方法来吸收二氧化碳，他估算，营造400万顷森林就可以吸收美国未来10年内建造的电站所释放出的二氧化碳。这虽然成本很高，但是个划得来(cost effective)的办法。 (B) on the way原意为：“在途中”，这里指地球变暖(global warming)这一现象正在加剧。D意为：“温室效应这一现象已变得易于控制”。 (B) 施耐德很形象地说明了解决温室效应的紧迫性。他指出，人们经常说，我们与其说从前辈们(forebears)那里继承了这个世界，不如说是从我们的下一代那里借来了它。所以，在这笔债还没有变得高不可还(growing out of control)之前，我们应该及时还上它。其含义为，在地球上的形势尚可控制的时候，我们应该立刻行动起来，以还给我们的后代一个美好的地球。参考最后一段。A意为：“我们应该找到控制温室效应的方法并将它传给下一代”。 Part IV EnglishChinese Translation 短文大意：美国黑人和其他少数民族今天面临的关键性问题之一是在难于不脱离自己种族和民族传统的情况下进入美国主流社会。许多非白种人的美国人所经历的这种双重意识使他们难以养成稳定的个性。 这是一个简单句，句架是：One of the …problems…is the difficulty of…without…。句中facing是分词引导定语，修饰problems；entering和denying都是动名词，作介词的宾语。句中mainstream作“主流”讲。本句应译成：“美国黑人和其他少数民族今天面临的最关键性的问题之一是，难于在不脱离自己的种族和民族传统的情况下进入美国主流社会。” 这是一个并列句，两个句子由分号连接。句架是：Perry was black and a resident…;he was…a graduate…and was preparing…。句中Harlem是美国纽约市黑人居住的地区；prep school=preparatory school，“预科学校”。本句应译成：“佩里是黑人，哈莱姆区的居民。他是美国最好的预科学校之一的毕业生，正准备进斯坦福大学，并享受全额奖学金。” 这是一个简单句，句架是：This sense …makes it difficult to establish…。 句中expe rienced 是分词，引导分词短语，作定语用；it是形式宾语，真宾语是 to 引导的不定式短语。句中sense of doubleness是“双重意识”的意思；personal identity是“个性”的意思。本句应译成：“许多非白种人的美国人所具有的这种双重意识使他们难以养成稳定的个性。” 这是一个简单句，句架是：…after enrolling…，she attempted to negotiate a way…：…。冒号后的并列句(用yet连接)是说明way的。本句应译成：“多年以后，她在北方一所大学上写作课时曾试图在她自己的语言和别人的语言之间找一条妥协道路：我在写作过程中无法使用‘旧我’的语言，但是我也无法设想我自己使用‘别人’的语言。” 这是一个简单复合句，句架是：She suggests (that)writing provided a …tool in…。本句应译成：“她认为，写作为她提供了一种宝贵的工具，帮助她在她的两个世界中取得平衡。” Part V Writing (15 points) 参考范文 ????Natural gas is an energy different from other energies.Unlike the energy of coal,natural gas emits no smoke when burning.So it is widely regarded as a clean energy.Furthermore,natural gas also distinguishes itself in conveniency from crude oil which has to be refined and processed in the refineries.Clearly,our natural gas industry should accelerate its production. ????According to the chart above,the output of natural gas has increased in the past five years.In 1991,the output was a little more than 15 billion cubic metres while in 1995,it hit 17.5 billion cubic metres.Compared with the previous 4 years,the year 1995 saw the greatest increase in its output.However,the capacity of the gas production is far from being satisfactory. ????It is reported that China is rich in natural gas.Recently several gas fields have been confirmed and more gas areas are being explored in northwest and northeast China.With such rich resourses it is high time that the capacity for annual production were largely expanded.We expect the day will come when natural gas with its characteristics of cleanness and conveniency enters thousands of factories and households.