Chapter 4
Behavioral Learning Theories:
Classical Conditioning
? 4.2.1 Ivan Petrovich
Pavlov:Sep.14,1849 –
Feb.27,1936
＊ Place of birth,Ryazan
(Russia)
＊ Education,Studied
medicine at St,
Petersburg (Russia)
Chapter 4
Behavioral Learning Theories
? 4.2 Classical Conditioning
? ＊ Affiliation,Institute of Experimental Medicine,St,
Petersburg (Professor from 1890; Director from 1902);
Military Medical Academy,St,Petersburg
Worked on the physiology of circulation and digestion
In 1904,he won Nobel Prize for his work on the
physiology of digestion,
＊ Definitive work,Lectures on Conditioned Reflexes
(1926)
Chapter 4
Behavioral Learning Theories
? 4.2 Classical Conditioning
? 4.2.2 Main ideas and concepts
? ＊ experiments,
? Prior to training,US(meat) produces
UR(salivation),neutral stimulus(bell) does
not produce any salivation.(US UR)
? During training:the bell is rung when the
meat is presented,The formerly neutral
stimulus became a CS,(CS US UR)
4.2 Classical Conditioning
? 4.2.2 Main ideas and concepts
? After training,presenting CS(ringing the
bell) produces CR(salivation)
? UR and CR are always the same kind of
response.The magnitude of the CR is always
less than that of the UR
? ＊ experimental extinction,when a CS no
longer elicits a CR,experimental extinction
is said to occurr.It results when the CS is
presented to the organism and is not
followed by reinforcement(UCS).
4.2 Classical Conditioning
? 4.2.2 Main ideas and concepts
? ＊ Spontaneous recovery,after a period of
time following extinction,if the CS is again
presented to the animal,the CR will
temporarily reappear.
? ＊ Higher-order conditioning,CS(light)
? CR(salivation),A new CS(buzzer)
? the original CS(light),The buzzer)
CR(salivation).
? UCS is called a primary reinforcer,CS is
called secondary reinforcer.
Question about higher-order
conditioning
? Do you think it is possible to go beyond
the third-order conditioning?
4.2 Classical Conditioning
? 4.2.2 Main ideas and concepts
? ＊ Generalization,If we developed a CR for a
special CS(2000-cps(cycles per second) tone),
some new CS(higher frequency than 2000-cps
or lower than 2000-cps) will also cause the
original CR,
? The rule for generalization is the greater
similarity to the original CS,the greater the
magnitude of the CR.
4.2 Classical Conditioning
? CR
? lower than 2000cps 2000cps higher than 2000cps
4.2 Classical Conditioning
? 4.2.2 Main ideas and concepts
? ＊ Generalization:
? Questions,(1)What is the relationship between
Pavlov’s concept of generalization and
Thorndike’s explanation of the transfer of
training?
? (2) What is the distinction between
Thorndike’s spread of effect and Pavlov’s
generalization?
4.2 Classical Conditioning
? 4.2.2 Main ideas and concepts
? ＊ Discrimination(opposite of
generalization),It refers to the tendency to
respond to a very restricted range of
stimuli or to only the one used during
training.
? The greater the amount of training,the
more discrimination,
? Question,What’s the implication of
generalization and discrimination?
4.2 Classical Conditioning
? John B.Watson:1878-1958
? Founder of behaviorism
? born in Travelers Rest,
South Carolina,on January
9,1878
? studied at Furman
University in 1894
? Studied philosophy at the
University of Chicago in
1900,then studied
psychology because of
J.R.Angell.
4.2 Classical Conditioning
? 1903,received Ph.D,and taught in University of
Chicago.
? 1908,professor in University of John Hopkins
? 1915,President of APA.
?,Give me a dozen healthy infants,well-formed,and
my own special world to bring them up in and I
will guarantee to take anyone at random and train
him to become any type of specialist I might select-
doctor,lawyer,artist,merchant-chief and,even
beggerman and thief,regardless of his talents,
penchants(倾向,趣味 ),tendencies,abilities,vocations
and race of his ancestors”.
4.2 Classical Conditioning
?4.2.3 John B,Watson’s Theory of
Learning
?The basic idea is learning is actually a
collection of conditioned reflexes.
?＊ experiment with Little Albert:Watson
and Rayner,1920,
?1934,E.O.Bregman replicated
successfully Watson’s experiment.
4.2 Classical Conditioning
? 4.2.3 John B,Watson’s Theory of
Learning
? ＊ contiguity and frequency:
? For Watson,learning occurred simply
because events followed each other
closely in time,Classical conditioning
occurs,not because the US reinforces the
CS,but because the CS and US follow
each other in close succession,
4.2 Classical Conditioning
?4.2.4 application of classical
conditioning to clinical psychology:
?＊ Extinction,possible way to
eliminate some bad habits or disorder
behaviors(excessive drinking) is to
present the CSs without presenting
the USs
4.2 Classical Conditioning
?4.2.4 application of classical
conditioning to clinical psychology
?＊ counterconditioning:
?For instance,a person is allowed to
smoke or drink and then is given a
drug that produces nausea(恶心，反胃），
which in turn will create an aversion to
smoking or drinking.
4.2 Classical Conditioning
? ＊ systematic desensitization,
? Joseph Wolpe developed a therapeutic
technique referred to as systematic
desensitization according to classical
conditioning,
? This technique involves three phases:
? developing an anxiety hierarchy,For instance:
? (1) flying in a plane
? (2) sitting in an airplane while it is on the ground with its
engines running
? (3) sitting in an plane while it is on the ground with its engines
turned off
? (4) being in close proximity of a plane
4.2 Classical Conditioning
? developing an anxiety hierarchy
? (5) seeing a plane at a distance.
? (6) being in an airport
? (7)hearing the sound of plane engines
? (8) talking about being on a plane
? (9) planning a trip without planes
involved
? (10) hearing others plan a trip without
planes involved
4.2 Classical Conditioning
? developing an anxiety hierarchy
? Teaching clients to relax:teaches them how to
reduce muscle tension and,in general,how it
feels when one is not experiencing anxiety,
? Experiencing and imagining,the clients
experiencing deep relaxation and imagining
the weakest item on the anxiety hierarchy,
Then,they are asked to ponder the next item
on the list,and so forth through the entire list.
? After this cognitive extinction has occurred,it
is hoped that the person will be able to repeat
the steps in the real world,
4.2 Classical Conditioning
? 4.2.5 evaluation of classical conditioning
? Contributions:
? ＊ Pavlov created the first theory concerned
with anticipatory learning,His treatment of
the CS as a signal event was unique compared
to other learning theorists who treated stimuli
either as causal events in a S-R connections or
as reinforcing events that follow responses.
? ＊ It aroused more than 5000 experiments both
in basic research areas as well as clinical
applications by 1965.
4.2 Classical Conditioning
? 4.2.5 evaluation of classical conditioning
? Criticism,
? The criticism for Thorndike can also be applied to
Pavlov,He avoided explanations of learning that
involved complex mental processes and assumed that
a learner’s awareness of CS-US relationships was not
needed for learning to occur,
? He considered his work pertinent to discovery of
basic nervous system functions and was unaware
that his work was relevant to the development of
learning theory in America until the early 1930s,At
that time,he was in his eighties.
Questions
? 1,What are the practical implications of
classical conditioning to learning and
teaching?
? 2,Give an example of how to use
systematic desensitization?
Behavioral Learning Theories:
Classical Conditioning
? 4.2.1 Ivan Petrovich
Pavlov:Sep.14,1849 –
Feb.27,1936
＊ Place of birth,Ryazan
(Russia)
＊ Education,Studied
medicine at St,
Petersburg (Russia)
Chapter 4
Behavioral Learning Theories
? 4.2 Classical Conditioning
? ＊ Affiliation,Institute of Experimental Medicine,St,
Petersburg (Professor from 1890; Director from 1902);
Military Medical Academy,St,Petersburg
Worked on the physiology of circulation and digestion
In 1904,he won Nobel Prize for his work on the
physiology of digestion,
＊ Definitive work,Lectures on Conditioned Reflexes
(1926)
Chapter 4
Behavioral Learning Theories
? 4.2 Classical Conditioning
? 4.2.2 Main ideas and concepts
? ＊ experiments,
? Prior to training,US(meat) produces
UR(salivation),neutral stimulus(bell) does
not produce any salivation.(US UR)
? During training:the bell is rung when the
meat is presented,The formerly neutral
stimulus became a CS,(CS US UR)
4.2 Classical Conditioning
? 4.2.2 Main ideas and concepts
? After training,presenting CS(ringing the
bell) produces CR(salivation)
? UR and CR are always the same kind of
response.The magnitude of the CR is always
less than that of the UR
? ＊ experimental extinction,when a CS no
longer elicits a CR,experimental extinction
is said to occurr.It results when the CS is
presented to the organism and is not
followed by reinforcement(UCS).
4.2 Classical Conditioning
? 4.2.2 Main ideas and concepts
? ＊ Spontaneous recovery,after a period of
time following extinction,if the CS is again
presented to the animal,the CR will
temporarily reappear.
? ＊ Higher-order conditioning,CS(light)
? CR(salivation),A new CS(buzzer)
? the original CS(light),The buzzer)
CR(salivation).
? UCS is called a primary reinforcer,CS is
called secondary reinforcer.
Question about higher-order
conditioning
? Do you think it is possible to go beyond
the third-order conditioning?
4.2 Classical Conditioning
? 4.2.2 Main ideas and concepts
? ＊ Generalization,If we developed a CR for a
special CS(2000-cps(cycles per second) tone),
some new CS(higher frequency than 2000-cps
or lower than 2000-cps) will also cause the
original CR,
? The rule for generalization is the greater
similarity to the original CS,the greater the
magnitude of the CR.
4.2 Classical Conditioning
? CR
? lower than 2000cps 2000cps higher than 2000cps
4.2 Classical Conditioning
? 4.2.2 Main ideas and concepts
? ＊ Generalization:
? Questions,(1)What is the relationship between
Pavlov’s concept of generalization and
Thorndike’s explanation of the transfer of
training?
? (2) What is the distinction between
Thorndike’s spread of effect and Pavlov’s
generalization?
4.2 Classical Conditioning
? 4.2.2 Main ideas and concepts
? ＊ Discrimination(opposite of
generalization),It refers to the tendency to
respond to a very restricted range of
stimuli or to only the one used during
training.
? The greater the amount of training,the
more discrimination,
? Question,What’s the implication of
generalization and discrimination?
4.2 Classical Conditioning
? John B.Watson:1878-1958
? Founder of behaviorism
? born in Travelers Rest,
South Carolina,on January
9,1878
? studied at Furman
University in 1894
? Studied philosophy at the
University of Chicago in
1900,then studied
psychology because of
J.R.Angell.
4.2 Classical Conditioning
? 1903,received Ph.D,and taught in University of
Chicago.
? 1908,professor in University of John Hopkins
? 1915,President of APA.
?,Give me a dozen healthy infants,well-formed,and
my own special world to bring them up in and I
will guarantee to take anyone at random and train
him to become any type of specialist I might select-
doctor,lawyer,artist,merchant-chief and,even
beggerman and thief,regardless of his talents,
penchants(倾向,趣味 ),tendencies,abilities,vocations
and race of his ancestors”.
4.2 Classical Conditioning
?4.2.3 John B,Watson’s Theory of
Learning
?The basic idea is learning is actually a
collection of conditioned reflexes.
?＊ experiment with Little Albert:Watson
and Rayner,1920,
?1934,E.O.Bregman replicated
successfully Watson’s experiment.
4.2 Classical Conditioning
? 4.2.3 John B,Watson’s Theory of
Learning
? ＊ contiguity and frequency:
? For Watson,learning occurred simply
because events followed each other
closely in time,Classical conditioning
occurs,not because the US reinforces the
CS,but because the CS and US follow
each other in close succession,
4.2 Classical Conditioning
?4.2.4 application of classical
conditioning to clinical psychology:
?＊ Extinction,possible way to
eliminate some bad habits or disorder
behaviors(excessive drinking) is to
present the CSs without presenting
the USs
4.2 Classical Conditioning
?4.2.4 application of classical
conditioning to clinical psychology
?＊ counterconditioning:
?For instance,a person is allowed to
smoke or drink and then is given a
drug that produces nausea(恶心，反胃），
which in turn will create an aversion to
smoking or drinking.
4.2 Classical Conditioning
? ＊ systematic desensitization,
? Joseph Wolpe developed a therapeutic
technique referred to as systematic
desensitization according to classical
conditioning,
? This technique involves three phases:
? developing an anxiety hierarchy,For instance:
? (1) flying in a plane
? (2) sitting in an airplane while it is on the ground with its
engines running
? (3) sitting in an plane while it is on the ground with its engines
turned off
? (4) being in close proximity of a plane
4.2 Classical Conditioning
? developing an anxiety hierarchy
? (5) seeing a plane at a distance.
? (6) being in an airport
? (7)hearing the sound of plane engines
? (8) talking about being on a plane
? (9) planning a trip without planes
involved
? (10) hearing others plan a trip without
planes involved
4.2 Classical Conditioning
? developing an anxiety hierarchy
? Teaching clients to relax:teaches them how to
reduce muscle tension and,in general,how it
feels when one is not experiencing anxiety,
? Experiencing and imagining,the clients
experiencing deep relaxation and imagining
the weakest item on the anxiety hierarchy,
Then,they are asked to ponder the next item
on the list,and so forth through the entire list.
? After this cognitive extinction has occurred,it
is hoped that the person will be able to repeat
the steps in the real world,
4.2 Classical Conditioning
? 4.2.5 evaluation of classical conditioning
? Contributions:
? ＊ Pavlov created the first theory concerned
with anticipatory learning,His treatment of
the CS as a signal event was unique compared
to other learning theorists who treated stimuli
either as causal events in a S-R connections or
as reinforcing events that follow responses.
? ＊ It aroused more than 5000 experiments both
in basic research areas as well as clinical
applications by 1965.
4.2 Classical Conditioning
? 4.2.5 evaluation of classical conditioning
? Criticism,
? The criticism for Thorndike can also be applied to
Pavlov,He avoided explanations of learning that
involved complex mental processes and assumed that
a learner’s awareness of CS-US relationships was not
needed for learning to occur,
? He considered his work pertinent to discovery of
basic nervous system functions and was unaware
that his work was relevant to the development of
learning theory in America until the early 1930s,At
that time,he was in his eighties.
Questions
? 1,What are the practical implications of
classical conditioning to learning and
teaching?
? 2,Give an example of how to use
systematic desensitization?
