Chapter 3
Learning and Learning Theories,
Introduction
? 3.1 What is learning?
? Are they instances of learning?
? (1) A young child takes his first steps.
? (2) An adolescent male feels a strong attraction to
certain females.
? (3) A child feels anxious when he sees the doctor
coming with a needle.
? (4) Long after learning how to multiply,a girl realizes
on her own that another way to multiply by 5 is to
divided by 2 and multiply by 10(e.g,428× 5 can by
figured as follows:428/2=214 × 10=2140)
Learning:Introduction
? 3.1 What is learning?
? Learning is usually defined as a change in an
individual caused by experience,Changes
caused by development are not instances of
learning,Neither are characteristics of
individuals that are present at birth,
However,human beings do so much learning
from the day of their birth that learning and
development are inseparably linked.
Learning:Introduction
? 3.1 What is learning?
? Learning takes place in many ways,Sometimes it is
intentional,sometimes it is unintentional.
? The problem faced by educators is not to get
students to learn,They are already engaged in
learning every waking moment,The central
problem is how to present students with the right
stimuli on which to focus their attention and
mental effort so that they will acquire important
information and skills that will be useful in adult
life.
Learning:Introduction
? 3.2 What are the differences between
animals’ learning and mankind’s learning?
? (1) content,direct experience or indirect
experience
? (2) means,unintentional or intentional;
language or without language
? (3) process,passive or active
? (4) role,less important or important
Questions:
? 1,Do you think it is necessary to study
animals’ learning to understand human’s
leaning? Why?
? 2,What are the characteristics of
students’ learning?
Learning:Introduction
? 3.3 Categories of Learning
? 3.3.1 an idea from Chinese psychologists:
? ＊ knowledge learning
? ＊ motor skill
? ＊ intellectual skill
? ＊ moral trait and behavioral norms
Learning:Introduction
? 3.3 Categories of Learning
? 3.3.2 ideas from western psychologists
? ＊ R.M.Gagne,(according to learning results):
? (1) verbal information
? (2) intellectual skill
? (3) cognitive strategy
? (4) attitude
? (5) motor skill
Learning:Introduction
? 3.3.2 ideas from western psychologists
? R.M.Gagne,(according to learning level):
? (1)signal learning
? (2)S-R learning
? (3) chaining
? (4) verbal association
? (5)multiple discrimination
? (6) concept learning
? (7) rule learning
? (8) problem solving
Learning:Introduction
? 3.3.2 ideas from western psychologists
? D.P.Ausubel,
? Means,discovery learning and reception
learning
? Comprehension,meaningful learning
and rote learning
Learning:Introduction
? 3.3.2 ideas from western psychologists
? D.P.Ausubel.
? M.L (2) (4)
? R.L (1) (3)
?
? R.L,D.L
Learning:Introduction
? 3.3.2 ideas from western psychologists
? Some other psychologists:
? J.M.Sawrey & C.W.Telford:
? Russian psychologist,彼得罗夫斯基：
Learning:Introduction
? 3.4 some new ideas
? J.R.Anderson:
? Declarative knowledge and procedural
knowledge
? Professor Mo Lei,Dual mechanisms learning
theory
Learning:Introduction
? 3.4 some new ideas
? Professor Mo Lei,Dual mechanisms
learning theory
? Connective(reflexive) and operational
(cognitive) mechanism
? D P
? C
? O
Questions
? 1,Why do psychologists study the
problem of learning categories?
? 2,Why are there so many different
categories of learning?
Learning Theories:Introduction
? 第一层面问题,个体的经验从何处来？
?
?
（ 规范 1） （ 规范 2）
?
? 天赋论 学习论
?
?
第二层面问题：个体如何从后天生活中获得经验
?
?
?
第一方面：个体如何从后天生活 第二方面：个体如何从后天生活
? 中获得心理机能 中获得客体经验
?
? （ 规范 2.1） （ 规范 2.2） （ 规范 2.1） （ 规范 2.2）
?
天赋论 经验论 外部活动内化论 联结论 认知论
Learning Theories:Introduction
? 3.5 Meta-learning theories
? Deal with the problem of where learning
abilities come from
? 3.6 Learning theories
? Deal with the problem of how learners
acquire knowledge of objects,
Learning Theories:Introduction
? 3.6 Learning theories
? Behavioral learning theories are explanations
for learning that emphasize observable
behaviors,They emphasize the ways in which
pleasurable or painful consequences of
behavior change individuals’ behavior over
time and ways in which individuals model their
behavior on that of others,Behavioral learning
theorists try to discover principles of behavior
that apply to all living beings.
Learning Theories:Introduction
? Cognitive learning theories emphasize
unobservable mental processes that people use
to learn and remember new information or
skills,These theories relate to processes that
go on within the minds of learners,and means
of helping students use their minds more
effectively to learn,remember,and use
knowledge,
? cognitive theorists are mainly concerned with
human learning,
Learning Theories:Introduction
? 3.6 Learning theories
? The main ideas of Behavioral learning theories:
? Learning outcome,S-R
? Learning process,the formation of connection
of S-R
? Learning conditions:extrinsic reward
Learning Theories:Introduction
? 3.6 Learning theories
? The famous psychologists of behavioral
learning theories,Thorndyke,Pavlov,
Watson,Guthrie,Skinner,Bandura.
? (p54).
Learning Theories:Introduction
? 3.6 Learning theories
? The main ideas of cognitive learning theories:
? Learning outcome,cognitive map or structure
? Learning process,information processing
? Learning conditions:intrinsic reward
Learning Theories:Introduction
? 3.6 Learning theories
? The famous psychologists of cognitive
learning theories:
? Gestalt psychologists,Tolman,Bruner,
Ausubel,and Constructivists
? (p57)
Learning and Learning Theories,
Introduction
? 3.1 What is learning?
? Are they instances of learning?
? (1) A young child takes his first steps.
? (2) An adolescent male feels a strong attraction to
certain females.
? (3) A child feels anxious when he sees the doctor
coming with a needle.
? (4) Long after learning how to multiply,a girl realizes
on her own that another way to multiply by 5 is to
divided by 2 and multiply by 10(e.g,428× 5 can by
figured as follows:428/2=214 × 10=2140)
Learning:Introduction
? 3.1 What is learning?
? Learning is usually defined as a change in an
individual caused by experience,Changes
caused by development are not instances of
learning,Neither are characteristics of
individuals that are present at birth,
However,human beings do so much learning
from the day of their birth that learning and
development are inseparably linked.
Learning:Introduction
? 3.1 What is learning?
? Learning takes place in many ways,Sometimes it is
intentional,sometimes it is unintentional.
? The problem faced by educators is not to get
students to learn,They are already engaged in
learning every waking moment,The central
problem is how to present students with the right
stimuli on which to focus their attention and
mental effort so that they will acquire important
information and skills that will be useful in adult
life.
Learning:Introduction
? 3.2 What are the differences between
animals’ learning and mankind’s learning?
? (1) content,direct experience or indirect
experience
? (2) means,unintentional or intentional;
language or without language
? (3) process,passive or active
? (4) role,less important or important
Questions:
? 1,Do you think it is necessary to study
animals’ learning to understand human’s
leaning? Why?
? 2,What are the characteristics of
students’ learning?
Learning:Introduction
? 3.3 Categories of Learning
? 3.3.1 an idea from Chinese psychologists:
? ＊ knowledge learning
? ＊ motor skill
? ＊ intellectual skill
? ＊ moral trait and behavioral norms
Learning:Introduction
? 3.3 Categories of Learning
? 3.3.2 ideas from western psychologists
? ＊ R.M.Gagne,(according to learning results):
? (1) verbal information
? (2) intellectual skill
? (3) cognitive strategy
? (4) attitude
? (5) motor skill
Learning:Introduction
? 3.3.2 ideas from western psychologists
? R.M.Gagne,(according to learning level):
? (1)signal learning
? (2)S-R learning
? (3) chaining
? (4) verbal association
? (5)multiple discrimination
? (6) concept learning
? (7) rule learning
? (8) problem solving
Learning:Introduction
? 3.3.2 ideas from western psychologists
? D.P.Ausubel,
? Means,discovery learning and reception
learning
? Comprehension,meaningful learning
and rote learning
Learning:Introduction
? 3.3.2 ideas from western psychologists
? D.P.Ausubel.
? M.L (2) (4)
? R.L (1) (3)
?
? R.L,D.L
Learning:Introduction
? 3.3.2 ideas from western psychologists
? Some other psychologists:
? J.M.Sawrey & C.W.Telford:
? Russian psychologist,彼得罗夫斯基：
Learning:Introduction
? 3.4 some new ideas
? J.R.Anderson:
? Declarative knowledge and procedural
knowledge
? Professor Mo Lei,Dual mechanisms learning
theory
Learning:Introduction
? 3.4 some new ideas
? Professor Mo Lei,Dual mechanisms
learning theory
? Connective(reflexive) and operational
(cognitive) mechanism
? D P
? C
? O
Questions
? 1,Why do psychologists study the
problem of learning categories?
? 2,Why are there so many different
categories of learning?
Learning Theories:Introduction
? 第一层面问题,个体的经验从何处来？
?
?
（ 规范 1） （ 规范 2）
?
? 天赋论 学习论
?
?
第二层面问题：个体如何从后天生活中获得经验
?
?
?
第一方面：个体如何从后天生活 第二方面：个体如何从后天生活
? 中获得心理机能 中获得客体经验
?
? （ 规范 2.1） （ 规范 2.2） （ 规范 2.1） （ 规范 2.2）
?
天赋论 经验论 外部活动内化论 联结论 认知论
Learning Theories:Introduction
? 3.5 Meta-learning theories
? Deal with the problem of where learning
abilities come from
? 3.6 Learning theories
? Deal with the problem of how learners
acquire knowledge of objects,
Learning Theories:Introduction
? 3.6 Learning theories
? Behavioral learning theories are explanations
for learning that emphasize observable
behaviors,They emphasize the ways in which
pleasurable or painful consequences of
behavior change individuals’ behavior over
time and ways in which individuals model their
behavior on that of others,Behavioral learning
theorists try to discover principles of behavior
that apply to all living beings.
Learning Theories:Introduction
? Cognitive learning theories emphasize
unobservable mental processes that people use
to learn and remember new information or
skills,These theories relate to processes that
go on within the minds of learners,and means
of helping students use their minds more
effectively to learn,remember,and use
knowledge,
? cognitive theorists are mainly concerned with
human learning,
Learning Theories:Introduction
? 3.6 Learning theories
? The main ideas of Behavioral learning theories:
? Learning outcome,S-R
? Learning process,the formation of connection
of S-R
? Learning conditions:extrinsic reward
Learning Theories:Introduction
? 3.6 Learning theories
? The famous psychologists of behavioral
learning theories,Thorndyke,Pavlov,
Watson,Guthrie,Skinner,Bandura.
? (p54).
Learning Theories:Introduction
? 3.6 Learning theories
? The main ideas of cognitive learning theories:
? Learning outcome,cognitive map or structure
? Learning process,information processing
? Learning conditions:intrinsic reward
Learning Theories:Introduction
? 3.6 Learning theories
? The famous psychologists of cognitive
learning theories:
? Gestalt psychologists,Tolman,Bruner,
Ausubel,and Constructivists
? (p57)
