Chapter 2
Theories of Development
? 2.1.What is development?
? Development refers to the ways people grow,
adapt,and change during their lifetimes.
? physical development,personality development,
socioemotional development,cognitive
development(thinking),and language
development,
2.1.What is development?
? Discussion:
? Do you think development is continuous or
discontinuous? And why?
? Theories by Piaget,Vygotsky,Erikson,and
Kohlberg are discontinuous(stage)theories of
development.These stage theories believed
that distinct stages of development can be
identified and described.
? The question of continuous and discontinuous
development is by no means settled.
2.2 How did Piaget view
cognitive development?
? Piaget saw the development of a child' s
intellectual,or cognitive abilities as progressing
through four distinct stages,Each stage is
characterized by the emergence of abilities,
? For Piaget,development depends in large part
on the child' s manipulation of and active
interaction with the environment,In Piaget' s
view,knowledge comes from action,
2.2 How did Piaget view
cognitive development?
? 2.2.1 The main concepts in Piaget' s theory
? ※ schemes:
? the patterns of behavior or thinking that children
and adults use in dealing with objects in the world
are called schemes,
? ※ assimilation and accommodation:
? Assimilation occurs when the baby uses a scheme on
a new object,It is basically the process of
incorporating a new object or event into an existing
scheme.It involves taking in new information,
filtering or modification of input so that it fits their
existing scheme.
2.2 How did Piaget view
cognitive development?
? 2.2.1 The main concepts in Piaget' s theory
? ※ schemes:
? ※ assimilation and accommodation:
? Piaget used accommodation to describe the
changing of an existing scheme to fit new
objects,
? ※ equilibration:
2.2 How did Piaget view
cognitive development?
? 2.2.1 The main concepts in Piaget' s theory
※ schemes:
※ assimilation and accommodation:
※ equilibration:
? the process of restoring balance between present
understanding and new experiences is called
equilibrium,Learning depends on this process,
When equilibrium is upset,children have the
opportunity to grow and develop.
? Question:What’s the implication of equilibration to
teaching?
2.3 Piaget’s Stage of Development
? 2.3.1 Sensorimotor stage(birth to age two):
? babies and young children explore their
world by using their senses and their motor
skills,Children begin to form concept of
,object permanence" and gradual
progression from reflexive behavior to goal-
directed behavior,
2.3 Piaget’s Stage of Development
? 2.3.2 Preoperational stage(age two to seven):
? The major accomplishments is development of
the ability to use symbols to represent objects
in the world,Thinking remains egocentric and
centered,They still lack the principle of
conservation.
? These children’s thinking is irreversible,
Reversibility means the ability to change
direction in one’s thinking so that one can
return to a starting point,
2.3 Piaget’s Stage of Development
? 2.3.3 concrete operational stage(seven to eleven):
? Stage at which children develop skills of logical
reasoning and conservation but can use these skills
only when dealing with familiar situations.
? The major accomplishment is the improvement in
ability to think logically,New abilities include the use
of operations that are reversible,Thinking is
decentered and problem solving is less restricted by
egocentrism,Abstract thinking is not possible.
2.3 Piaget’s Stage of Development
? 2.2.4 Forml operational stage(eleven to
adulthood):
? One deals abstractly with hypothetical
situations and reason.
? The major accomplishment is abstract and
pure symbolic thinking possible,Problems
can be solved through the use of systematic
experimentation.
Questions
? 1,How should Piaget’s theory be viewed
today?
? 2,What are the educational implications
of Piaget’s theory?
3 How did Vygotsky view
cognitive development
? 3.1 Social learning and private speech:
? His most important contribution is an emphasis
on the sociocultural nature of learning,He believed
that learning takes place when children are
working within their Zone of Proximal
Development,ZPD means level of development
immediately above one’s present level,It describes
tasks that a child has not learned but is capable of
learning at a given time with the assistance of peers
or adults.
3 How did Vygotsky view
cognitive development
? 3.1 Social learning and private speech:
? A mechanism emphasized by Vygotsky for turning
shared knowledge into personal knowledge is
PRIVATE SPEECH,
? 3.2 Assisted Learning:
? Another key idea derived from Vygotsky' s theory is
scaffolding,which means providing a child with a
great deal of support during the early stages of
learning and then diminished support and having the
child take on increasing responsibility as soon as he
or she is able,
4 How did Erikson view personal
and social development
? Erikson hypothesized that one pass through eight
psychosocial stages in his lifetime.At each stage
there are crises or critical issues to be resolved.
? Stage 1,Trust versus Mistrust( birth to eighteen
months)
? Stag 2,Autonomy versus Doubt(eighteen months
to three years)
? Stage 3,Initiative versus Guilt(three to six years)
? Stage 4,Industry versus Inferiority(six to twelve
years)
4 How did Erikson view
personal and social development
? Stage 5,Identity versus Role Confusion(12
t0 18)
? Stage 6,Intimacy versus Isolation(young
adulthood)
? Stage 7,Generativity versus Self-
absorption(middle adulthood)
? Stage 8,Integrity versus Despair(late
adulthood)
5 Theories of Moral Development
? To be learned in the following parts,
Questions
? 1,What’s the implication of Vygotsky’s
theory?
? 2,What are the Neo-Piagetian views?
Theories of Development
? 2.1.What is development?
? Development refers to the ways people grow,
adapt,and change during their lifetimes.
? physical development,personality development,
socioemotional development,cognitive
development(thinking),and language
development,
2.1.What is development?
? Discussion:
? Do you think development is continuous or
discontinuous? And why?
? Theories by Piaget,Vygotsky,Erikson,and
Kohlberg are discontinuous(stage)theories of
development.These stage theories believed
that distinct stages of development can be
identified and described.
? The question of continuous and discontinuous
development is by no means settled.
2.2 How did Piaget view
cognitive development?
? Piaget saw the development of a child' s
intellectual,or cognitive abilities as progressing
through four distinct stages,Each stage is
characterized by the emergence of abilities,
? For Piaget,development depends in large part
on the child' s manipulation of and active
interaction with the environment,In Piaget' s
view,knowledge comes from action,
2.2 How did Piaget view
cognitive development?
? 2.2.1 The main concepts in Piaget' s theory
? ※ schemes:
? the patterns of behavior or thinking that children
and adults use in dealing with objects in the world
are called schemes,
? ※ assimilation and accommodation:
? Assimilation occurs when the baby uses a scheme on
a new object,It is basically the process of
incorporating a new object or event into an existing
scheme.It involves taking in new information,
filtering or modification of input so that it fits their
existing scheme.
2.2 How did Piaget view
cognitive development?
? 2.2.1 The main concepts in Piaget' s theory
? ※ schemes:
? ※ assimilation and accommodation:
? Piaget used accommodation to describe the
changing of an existing scheme to fit new
objects,
? ※ equilibration:
2.2 How did Piaget view
cognitive development?
? 2.2.1 The main concepts in Piaget' s theory
※ schemes:
※ assimilation and accommodation:
※ equilibration:
? the process of restoring balance between present
understanding and new experiences is called
equilibrium,Learning depends on this process,
When equilibrium is upset,children have the
opportunity to grow and develop.
? Question:What’s the implication of equilibration to
teaching?
2.3 Piaget’s Stage of Development
? 2.3.1 Sensorimotor stage(birth to age two):
? babies and young children explore their
world by using their senses and their motor
skills,Children begin to form concept of
,object permanence" and gradual
progression from reflexive behavior to goal-
directed behavior,
2.3 Piaget’s Stage of Development
? 2.3.2 Preoperational stage(age two to seven):
? The major accomplishments is development of
the ability to use symbols to represent objects
in the world,Thinking remains egocentric and
centered,They still lack the principle of
conservation.
? These children’s thinking is irreversible,
Reversibility means the ability to change
direction in one’s thinking so that one can
return to a starting point,
2.3 Piaget’s Stage of Development
? 2.3.3 concrete operational stage(seven to eleven):
? Stage at which children develop skills of logical
reasoning and conservation but can use these skills
only when dealing with familiar situations.
? The major accomplishment is the improvement in
ability to think logically,New abilities include the use
of operations that are reversible,Thinking is
decentered and problem solving is less restricted by
egocentrism,Abstract thinking is not possible.
2.3 Piaget’s Stage of Development
? 2.2.4 Forml operational stage(eleven to
adulthood):
? One deals abstractly with hypothetical
situations and reason.
? The major accomplishment is abstract and
pure symbolic thinking possible,Problems
can be solved through the use of systematic
experimentation.
Questions
? 1,How should Piaget’s theory be viewed
today?
? 2,What are the educational implications
of Piaget’s theory?
3 How did Vygotsky view
cognitive development
? 3.1 Social learning and private speech:
? His most important contribution is an emphasis
on the sociocultural nature of learning,He believed
that learning takes place when children are
working within their Zone of Proximal
Development,ZPD means level of development
immediately above one’s present level,It describes
tasks that a child has not learned but is capable of
learning at a given time with the assistance of peers
or adults.
3 How did Vygotsky view
cognitive development
? 3.1 Social learning and private speech:
? A mechanism emphasized by Vygotsky for turning
shared knowledge into personal knowledge is
PRIVATE SPEECH,
? 3.2 Assisted Learning:
? Another key idea derived from Vygotsky' s theory is
scaffolding,which means providing a child with a
great deal of support during the early stages of
learning and then diminished support and having the
child take on increasing responsibility as soon as he
or she is able,
4 How did Erikson view personal
and social development
? Erikson hypothesized that one pass through eight
psychosocial stages in his lifetime.At each stage
there are crises or critical issues to be resolved.
? Stage 1,Trust versus Mistrust( birth to eighteen
months)
? Stag 2,Autonomy versus Doubt(eighteen months
to three years)
? Stage 3,Initiative versus Guilt(three to six years)
? Stage 4,Industry versus Inferiority(six to twelve
years)
4 How did Erikson view
personal and social development
? Stage 5,Identity versus Role Confusion(12
t0 18)
? Stage 6,Intimacy versus Isolation(young
adulthood)
? Stage 7,Generativity versus Self-
absorption(middle adulthood)
? Stage 8,Integrity versus Despair(late
adulthood)
5 Theories of Moral Development
? To be learned in the following parts,
Questions
? 1,What’s the implication of Vygotsky’s
theory?
? 2,What are the Neo-Piagetian views?
