Chapter 4
Behavioral Learning Theories:
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
Anything that can be learned from
direct experience can also be learned
by indirect or vicarious experience.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.1 Albert Bandura,
? born on Dec.4,1925,in Mundare,
a small town in Alberta,Canada.
? Received his B.A,from the Uni,
of British Columbia.
? Obtained his M.A,in 1951 and
Ph.D,in 1952,both from the Uni,
of Iowa,He did a postdoctoral
internship(实习医生，医师实习期 ) at
the Wichita Guidance Center in
1953 and then joined the faculty
at Stanford Uni,to 1969.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.1 Albert Bandura:
? 1969-1970,he was a fellow at the centre
for the Advanced Study in the Behavioral
Sciences.
? 1970-now,he is the David Starr Jordan
Professor of Social Science in Psychology
at Stanford Uni.
? 1974,presidency of APA.
? The editorial boards of 17 scholarly
journals.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.1 Albert Bandura:
? At the Uni,of Iowa,his major interest was in clinical
psychology.He was interested in clarifying the
notions thought to be involved in effective
psychotherapy and then empirically testing and
refining them.During this time,the book entitled
“Social learning and imitation”by Miller and
Dollard greatly influenced him.Their explanation of
imitative learning dominated the psychological
literature for over two decades,
? It was Bandura who challenged the idea and
expanded the topic into what is now referred to as
observational learning., Social foundation of
thought and action”(1986)
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.2 The earlier explanations of observational learning
? Plato and Aristotle,a natural tendency for humans to
imitate what they see others do,Because observational
learning was taken for granted for centuries,little was
done about it.
? Thorndike,first attempted to study observational
learning experimentally in 1898,One cat observed the
other cat escaped successfully from puzzle box by trial
and error.But when the first cat was in puzzle box,it
cannot solve the problem quickly,
? In 1901,he conducted a similar experiment with
monkeys,no observational learning took place.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.2 The earlier explanations of observational
learning
? 1908,Watson replicated Thorndike’s research
with monkeys,he too found no evidence for
observational learning.,learning can result
from direct experience and not from indirect
or vicarious experience.”
? 杀鸡给猴看？
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.2 The earlier explanations of observational
learning
? Miller and Dollard,they did not deny the fact
that an organism could learn by observing the
activities of another organism,If imitative
behavior is reinforced,it will be strengthened
like any other kind of behavior.If imitative
responses were not made and reinforced,no
learning would take place.So,imitative
learning was the result of observation,overt
responding,and reinforcement.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.2 Bandura’s account of observational learning
? Bandura regarded observational learning as
primarily a cognitive process,which involves a
number of attributes thought of as distinctly
human,such as language,morality,thinking,and
the self-regulation of one’s behavior.
? Observational learning may or may not involve
imitation.e.g,a traffic accident,What you learned
was information,which was processed cognitively
and acted on in a way that was advantageous,It is
much more complex than simple imitation.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.2 Bandura’s account of observational learning
? Experimental foundation:children observed a film
in which a model was shown hitting and kicking a
large doll,One group of children saw the model
reinforced for his aggressiveness,A second group of
children saw the model punished,For a third group
the consequences of the model’s aggressiveness were
neutral,Then,the children were exposed to the doll,
and their aggressiveness toward it was measured,
? the results showed that the children in the first
group were most aggressive,the children in the
second group were least aggressive,and the children
in the third group were between the two.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.2 Bandura’s account of observational learning
? The experiment demonstrated that the children’s
behavior was influenced by indirect or vicarious
experience,That is,what they observed another
person experiencing had an impact on their own
behavior.
? In the second phase of the study,all the children
were offered an attractive incentive for
reproducing the behavior of the model,and they
all did so,In other words,all the children had
learned the model’s aggressive responses,but they
performed differently,depending on whether they
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.2 Bandura’s account of observational
learning
? had observed the model being reinforced,
punished,or experiencing neutral
consequences.
? From the experiment,we know that
reinforcement is a performance variable,not
a learning variable.( the discrimination of
learning and performance)
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.2 Bandura’s account of observational
learning
? According to Bandura,observational
learning occurs all the time.,After the
capacity for observational learning has
fully developed,one cannot keep people
from learning what they have seen”,It
requires neither overt responding nor
reinforcement.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.3 Variables affecting O.L.
? ※ attentional processes,only what is observed
can be learned.
? (1)sensory capacities:the modeling stimulus
for a blind or deaf shoud be different from
that of normal sight or hearing.
? (2)past reinforcement,prior reinforcement
can create a perceptual set in the observer
that will influence future observation.
? (3)various characteristics of models,e.g,
similarity to the observer(sex,age,etc.),
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.3 Variables affecting O.L.
? respected,high status,high competence.He
said:“People pay attention to models
reputed(认为） to be effective and ignore
those who,by appearance or reputation（ 名
誉）,are presumed to be ineffectual…Given
the choice,people are more likely to select
models who are proficient at producing good
outcomes than those who repeatedly get
punished,.(1986)
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.3 Variables affecting O.L.
? ※ retentional processes,the information gained from
observation is stored symbolically in two ways,
imaginally and verbally,
? The imaginally stored symbols are actual stored
pictures of the modeled experience,The second kind
of symbolization is verbal,He said:“Representational
activities usually involve both systems to some
degree…,Words tend to evoke corresponding
imagery,and images of events are often verbally
cognized as well”.So,they are inseparable when
event are represented in memory.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.3 Variables affecting O.L.
? ※ behavioral production processes,it
determined the extent to which that which has
been learned is translated into performance,
One may learn a great deal cognitively but be
unable to translate that information into
behavior for a variety of reasons.
? During the behavioral production processes,
one should gradually match his behavior with
that of a model by utilizing self-observation
and self-correction.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.3 Variables affecting O.L.
? ※ motivational processes:
? Reinforcement has two functions,First,it
creates an expectation in observers that if they
act like a model who has been seen being
reinforced for certain activities,they will be
reinforced also(vicarious reinforcement),
? Second,it acts as an incentive for translating
learning into performance.
? The functions of reinforcement are
informational.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.4 Different understanding of reinforcement
? Direct or indirect reinforcement:
? Traditional reinforcement theories claim that
only those responses that are overtly made and
reinforced in a given situation are
strengthened.For Bandura,one is reinforced
just because of observing a model being
reinforced,So,it is indirect or vicarious.
? Automatic or informational:
? Traditional reinforcement theories assume that
reinforcement operate gradually,automatically,
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.4 Different understanding of reinforcement
? and usually without awareness of the organism
to strengthen or weaken an association
between S-R,For Bandura,learners gain
information by observing either the
consequences of their own or of the behavior of
others,It can be utilized in a variety of
situations when a need to use it arise.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.4 Different understanding of reinforcement
? Extrinsic or intrinsic reinforcement:
? Extrinsic reinforcement is externally
administrated and intrinsic reinforcement is
self-administrated,Sometimes it is called self
reinforcement(one can reinforce himself by
reaching a certain goal).
?, Self- rewarded behavior tends to be
maintained more effectively than if it has been
externally reinforced.”
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.5 Reciprocal Determinism
? The most basic question in all of psy,is,why
do people act as they do?”
? (1)Environmentalist(empiricist),behavior is a
function of reinforcement contingencies in the
environment,If you change reinforcement
contingencies,you change behavior.
? (2)nativist（ 先天论者）, emphasize inherited
dispositions,traits,or event ideas.
? (3)existentialist:emphasize free choice,that is,
people do more or less what they choose to do.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.5 Reciprocal Determinism
? Bandura’s answer is that the person,the
environment,and the person’s behavior itself
all interact to produce the person’s
subsequent behavior,None of the three
components can be understood in isolation of
the other as a determiner of human behavior,
? B
? P E
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.5 Reciprocal Determinism
? According to Bandura,any of the three
components(B.P.E.) may be more influential
than the others at any given time,In fact,
many studies showed that the behavior of
humans if governed more by what they believe
is going on than by what really is going on,
Bandura said:“Beliefs about the prevailing
conditions of reinforcement outweighed the
influence of experienced consequences.”
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.6 Self-regulation of behavior
?,If actions were determined solely by external
rewards and punishment,people would behave
like weathervanes(风标）,constantly shifting in
different directions to conform to the
momentary influences impinging（ 碰撞） upon
them.”But it is not the case,His answer is
human behavior is largely self-regulated
behavior,If one’s performance in a given
situation meets his standard,it is evaluated
positively,otherwise,negatively.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.6 Self-regulation of behavior
? One’s performance standards arise from one’s
direct or indirect experience(by observing).
? Besides performance standards,perceived
self-efficacy plays a major role in self-
regulated behavior,
? Perceived self-efficacy refers to one’s beliefs
concerning what one is capable of doing,and
it arises from a variety of sources including
personal accomplishments and failures,
vicarious experience,and verbal persuasion.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.6 Self-regulation of behavior
? One’s perceived self-efficacy may or may
not correspond to one’s real self-
efficacy.The situation is best when one’s
aspirations are in line with one’s capacities,
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.7 Practical application of observational
learning
? Generally,observational learning is vital for
both development and survival,Because
mistakes can produce costly,or even fatal
consequences,the prospects for survival would
be slim indeed if one could learn only by
suffering the consequences of trial and
error,…The more costly and hazardous the
possible mistakes,the heavier is the reliance on
observational learning form competent
examples.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.7 Practical application of observational
learning
? (1)modeling in the clinical setting
? Psychopathology(精神病理学 ） results from
dysfunctional learning,which causes incorrect
anticipations about the world,The job of the
psychotherapist is to provide experiences that
will disconfirm erroneous expectations and
replace them with more accurate and less
disabling ones.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? (1)modeling in the clinical setting
? A number of studies confirmed the effectiveness of
modeling in treating psychological disorders,In 1967,
he showed children who had a strong fear of dogs a
peer interacting fearlessly with a dog,A control
group also consisting of phobic children did not have
the modeling experience.
? The results showed that the children who had seen a
peer model interact fearlessly with a dog were
capable of significantly more approach responses
than children in control group.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? (1)modeling in the clinical setting
? He conducted another study in 1968,He had
three groups of children with dog phobias
watch a series of films under three conditions,
single modeling(a model interact with a single
dog with increased intimacy),Multiple
modeling(a variety of models interacting
fearlessly with a number of dogs).and a control
group(watch films involving no dogs).
? The result is single and multiple modeling
significantly reduced the children’s fear of
dogs.The effect endured one month later.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? (2)The influence of the news and entertainment
media
? Newspapers,televisions,and motion pictures(电
影） etc,act as models from which we can learn
a great deal.
? (3)modeling teaching
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.8 Evaluation of Bandura’s theory
? Contribution:
? Learning by watching others with or without
reinforcement is a significant contribution to
learning theory.
? A second contribution is the three-way
interaction represented in his notion of
reciprocal determinism,It shifted our
perspective from a focus on behavior per se(本
身） to the dynamic interplay(相互影响） of
person,environment,and behavior.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? Criticisms:
? Some criticized that reciprocal determinism is not
new and may be traced back to philosophical
writings in 19th century.
? They argue that his reciprocal determinism defies(违
背，公然反抗） standard causal analysis,The task of
discovering what causes what becomes practically
impossible.
? Another criticism is his theory is,too much of a
good thing”,His theory is too broad.It addresses
problems in learning,memory,language,
motivation,personality,morality,psychological
dysfunctions,and societal issues.
Questions
? 1.Describe how modeling is used to reduce or
eliminate a phobia,Which procedure did
Bandura find most effective in treating
phobias?
? 2.Give a few examples of how Bandura’s
theory by used in education and in child
rearing?
? 3,According to Bandura,what is probably
learned by a child who is spanked(打屁股）
by a parent for misbehaving?
Behavioral Learning Theories:
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
Anything that can be learned from
direct experience can also be learned
by indirect or vicarious experience.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.1 Albert Bandura,
? born on Dec.4,1925,in Mundare,
a small town in Alberta,Canada.
? Received his B.A,from the Uni,
of British Columbia.
? Obtained his M.A,in 1951 and
Ph.D,in 1952,both from the Uni,
of Iowa,He did a postdoctoral
internship(实习医生，医师实习期 ) at
the Wichita Guidance Center in
1953 and then joined the faculty
at Stanford Uni,to 1969.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.1 Albert Bandura:
? 1969-1970,he was a fellow at the centre
for the Advanced Study in the Behavioral
Sciences.
? 1970-now,he is the David Starr Jordan
Professor of Social Science in Psychology
at Stanford Uni.
? 1974,presidency of APA.
? The editorial boards of 17 scholarly
journals.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.1 Albert Bandura:
? At the Uni,of Iowa,his major interest was in clinical
psychology.He was interested in clarifying the
notions thought to be involved in effective
psychotherapy and then empirically testing and
refining them.During this time,the book entitled
“Social learning and imitation”by Miller and
Dollard greatly influenced him.Their explanation of
imitative learning dominated the psychological
literature for over two decades,
? It was Bandura who challenged the idea and
expanded the topic into what is now referred to as
observational learning., Social foundation of
thought and action”(1986)
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.2 The earlier explanations of observational learning
? Plato and Aristotle,a natural tendency for humans to
imitate what they see others do,Because observational
learning was taken for granted for centuries,little was
done about it.
? Thorndike,first attempted to study observational
learning experimentally in 1898,One cat observed the
other cat escaped successfully from puzzle box by trial
and error.But when the first cat was in puzzle box,it
cannot solve the problem quickly,
? In 1901,he conducted a similar experiment with
monkeys,no observational learning took place.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.2 The earlier explanations of observational
learning
? 1908,Watson replicated Thorndike’s research
with monkeys,he too found no evidence for
observational learning.,learning can result
from direct experience and not from indirect
or vicarious experience.”
? 杀鸡给猴看？
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.2 The earlier explanations of observational
learning
? Miller and Dollard,they did not deny the fact
that an organism could learn by observing the
activities of another organism,If imitative
behavior is reinforced,it will be strengthened
like any other kind of behavior.If imitative
responses were not made and reinforced,no
learning would take place.So,imitative
learning was the result of observation,overt
responding,and reinforcement.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.2 Bandura’s account of observational learning
? Bandura regarded observational learning as
primarily a cognitive process,which involves a
number of attributes thought of as distinctly
human,such as language,morality,thinking,and
the self-regulation of one’s behavior.
? Observational learning may or may not involve
imitation.e.g,a traffic accident,What you learned
was information,which was processed cognitively
and acted on in a way that was advantageous,It is
much more complex than simple imitation.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.2 Bandura’s account of observational learning
? Experimental foundation:children observed a film
in which a model was shown hitting and kicking a
large doll,One group of children saw the model
reinforced for his aggressiveness,A second group of
children saw the model punished,For a third group
the consequences of the model’s aggressiveness were
neutral,Then,the children were exposed to the doll,
and their aggressiveness toward it was measured,
? the results showed that the children in the first
group were most aggressive,the children in the
second group were least aggressive,and the children
in the third group were between the two.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.2 Bandura’s account of observational learning
? The experiment demonstrated that the children’s
behavior was influenced by indirect or vicarious
experience,That is,what they observed another
person experiencing had an impact on their own
behavior.
? In the second phase of the study,all the children
were offered an attractive incentive for
reproducing the behavior of the model,and they
all did so,In other words,all the children had
learned the model’s aggressive responses,but they
performed differently,depending on whether they
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.2 Bandura’s account of observational
learning
? had observed the model being reinforced,
punished,or experiencing neutral
consequences.
? From the experiment,we know that
reinforcement is a performance variable,not
a learning variable.( the discrimination of
learning and performance)
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.2 Bandura’s account of observational
learning
? According to Bandura,observational
learning occurs all the time.,After the
capacity for observational learning has
fully developed,one cannot keep people
from learning what they have seen”,It
requires neither overt responding nor
reinforcement.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.3 Variables affecting O.L.
? ※ attentional processes,only what is observed
can be learned.
? (1)sensory capacities:the modeling stimulus
for a blind or deaf shoud be different from
that of normal sight or hearing.
? (2)past reinforcement,prior reinforcement
can create a perceptual set in the observer
that will influence future observation.
? (3)various characteristics of models,e.g,
similarity to the observer(sex,age,etc.),
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.3 Variables affecting O.L.
? respected,high status,high competence.He
said:“People pay attention to models
reputed(认为） to be effective and ignore
those who,by appearance or reputation（ 名
誉）,are presumed to be ineffectual…Given
the choice,people are more likely to select
models who are proficient at producing good
outcomes than those who repeatedly get
punished,.(1986)
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.3 Variables affecting O.L.
? ※ retentional processes,the information gained from
observation is stored symbolically in two ways,
imaginally and verbally,
? The imaginally stored symbols are actual stored
pictures of the modeled experience,The second kind
of symbolization is verbal,He said:“Representational
activities usually involve both systems to some
degree…,Words tend to evoke corresponding
imagery,and images of events are often verbally
cognized as well”.So,they are inseparable when
event are represented in memory.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.3 Variables affecting O.L.
? ※ behavioral production processes,it
determined the extent to which that which has
been learned is translated into performance,
One may learn a great deal cognitively but be
unable to translate that information into
behavior for a variety of reasons.
? During the behavioral production processes,
one should gradually match his behavior with
that of a model by utilizing self-observation
and self-correction.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.3 Variables affecting O.L.
? ※ motivational processes:
? Reinforcement has two functions,First,it
creates an expectation in observers that if they
act like a model who has been seen being
reinforced for certain activities,they will be
reinforced also(vicarious reinforcement),
? Second,it acts as an incentive for translating
learning into performance.
? The functions of reinforcement are
informational.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.4 Different understanding of reinforcement
? Direct or indirect reinforcement:
? Traditional reinforcement theories claim that
only those responses that are overtly made and
reinforced in a given situation are
strengthened.For Bandura,one is reinforced
just because of observing a model being
reinforced,So,it is indirect or vicarious.
? Automatic or informational:
? Traditional reinforcement theories assume that
reinforcement operate gradually,automatically,
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.4 Different understanding of reinforcement
? and usually without awareness of the organism
to strengthen or weaken an association
between S-R,For Bandura,learners gain
information by observing either the
consequences of their own or of the behavior of
others,It can be utilized in a variety of
situations when a need to use it arise.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.4 Different understanding of reinforcement
? Extrinsic or intrinsic reinforcement:
? Extrinsic reinforcement is externally
administrated and intrinsic reinforcement is
self-administrated,Sometimes it is called self
reinforcement(one can reinforce himself by
reaching a certain goal).
?, Self- rewarded behavior tends to be
maintained more effectively than if it has been
externally reinforced.”
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.5 Reciprocal Determinism
? The most basic question in all of psy,is,why
do people act as they do?”
? (1)Environmentalist(empiricist),behavior is a
function of reinforcement contingencies in the
environment,If you change reinforcement
contingencies,you change behavior.
? (2)nativist（ 先天论者）, emphasize inherited
dispositions,traits,or event ideas.
? (3)existentialist:emphasize free choice,that is,
people do more or less what they choose to do.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.5 Reciprocal Determinism
? Bandura’s answer is that the person,the
environment,and the person’s behavior itself
all interact to produce the person’s
subsequent behavior,None of the three
components can be understood in isolation of
the other as a determiner of human behavior,
? B
? P E
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.5 Reciprocal Determinism
? According to Bandura,any of the three
components(B.P.E.) may be more influential
than the others at any given time,In fact,
many studies showed that the behavior of
humans if governed more by what they believe
is going on than by what really is going on,
Bandura said:“Beliefs about the prevailing
conditions of reinforcement outweighed the
influence of experienced consequences.”
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.6 Self-regulation of behavior
?,If actions were determined solely by external
rewards and punishment,people would behave
like weathervanes(风标）,constantly shifting in
different directions to conform to the
momentary influences impinging（ 碰撞） upon
them.”But it is not the case,His answer is
human behavior is largely self-regulated
behavior,If one’s performance in a given
situation meets his standard,it is evaluated
positively,otherwise,negatively.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.6 Self-regulation of behavior
? One’s performance standards arise from one’s
direct or indirect experience(by observing).
? Besides performance standards,perceived
self-efficacy plays a major role in self-
regulated behavior,
? Perceived self-efficacy refers to one’s beliefs
concerning what one is capable of doing,and
it arises from a variety of sources including
personal accomplishments and failures,
vicarious experience,and verbal persuasion.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.6 Self-regulation of behavior
? One’s perceived self-efficacy may or may
not correspond to one’s real self-
efficacy.The situation is best when one’s
aspirations are in line with one’s capacities,
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.7 Practical application of observational
learning
? Generally,observational learning is vital for
both development and survival,Because
mistakes can produce costly,or even fatal
consequences,the prospects for survival would
be slim indeed if one could learn only by
suffering the consequences of trial and
error,…The more costly and hazardous the
possible mistakes,the heavier is the reliance on
observational learning form competent
examples.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.7 Practical application of observational
learning
? (1)modeling in the clinical setting
? Psychopathology(精神病理学 ） results from
dysfunctional learning,which causes incorrect
anticipations about the world,The job of the
psychotherapist is to provide experiences that
will disconfirm erroneous expectations and
replace them with more accurate and less
disabling ones.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? (1)modeling in the clinical setting
? A number of studies confirmed the effectiveness of
modeling in treating psychological disorders,In 1967,
he showed children who had a strong fear of dogs a
peer interacting fearlessly with a dog,A control
group also consisting of phobic children did not have
the modeling experience.
? The results showed that the children who had seen a
peer model interact fearlessly with a dog were
capable of significantly more approach responses
than children in control group.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? (1)modeling in the clinical setting
? He conducted another study in 1968,He had
three groups of children with dog phobias
watch a series of films under three conditions,
single modeling(a model interact with a single
dog with increased intimacy),Multiple
modeling(a variety of models interacting
fearlessly with a number of dogs).and a control
group(watch films involving no dogs).
? The result is single and multiple modeling
significantly reduced the children’s fear of
dogs.The effect endured one month later.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? (2)The influence of the news and entertainment
media
? Newspapers,televisions,and motion pictures(电
影） etc,act as models from which we can learn
a great deal.
? (3)modeling teaching
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? 4.4.8 Evaluation of Bandura’s theory
? Contribution:
? Learning by watching others with or without
reinforcement is a significant contribution to
learning theory.
? A second contribution is the three-way
interaction represented in his notion of
reciprocal determinism,It shifted our
perspective from a focus on behavior per se(本
身） to the dynamic interplay(相互影响） of
person,environment,and behavior.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
? Criticisms:
? Some criticized that reciprocal determinism is not
new and may be traced back to philosophical
writings in 19th century.
? They argue that his reciprocal determinism defies(违
背，公然反抗） standard causal analysis,The task of
discovering what causes what becomes practically
impossible.
? Another criticism is his theory is,too much of a
good thing”,His theory is too broad.It addresses
problems in learning,memory,language,
motivation,personality,morality,psychological
dysfunctions,and societal issues.
Questions
? 1.Describe how modeling is used to reduce or
eliminate a phobia,Which procedure did
Bandura find most effective in treating
phobias?
? 2.Give a few examples of how Bandura’s
theory by used in education and in child
rearing?
? 3,According to Bandura,what is probably
learned by a child who is spanked(打屁股）
by a parent for misbehaving?
