第 3章 原理图输入设计方法
Quartus II 版操作
<EDA技术 与应用 > 课程讲义
合肥工业大学 彭良清
上一章 下一章
本章内容
1,何时使用 原理图设计输入
2,常用文件介绍
3,设计步骤
4,元件库 和 Altera 宏的使用
5,如何将 VHDL代码文件生成 图形 符号
何时使用 原理图设计输入？
1,符合 传统的 电路设计 习惯
2,一般只是在, top-level”(顶层 )文件中使用？
Quartus II常用文件介绍
文件扩展名称 用 途 MAX+PLUS II
中的名称
.vhd VHDL代码源文件,vhd
.bdf 图形输入源文件,gdf
.qsf 器件 引脚 与编译配置指
配文件
.qsf
.pof CPLD,EEPROM 器件
编程文件
.pof
.sof FPGA器件的 SRAM 文件
配置
.sof
一般步骤
1,电路的模块划分
2,设计输入
3,器件和引脚指配
4,编译与排错
5,功能仿真和时序仿真
6,编程与配置，设计代码的芯片运行
电路的模块划分
? 人工 根据电路功能 进行 模块划分
? 合理的模块划分 关系到
1,电路的性能
2,实现的难易程度
? 根据模块划分和系统功能 确定,
PLD芯片型号
模块划分后，就可以进行 具体设计 了
设计输入
一般 EDA软件允许 3种设计输入：
1,HDL语言
2,电路图
3,波形输入
图形设计输入的过程
+ +
图形设计,图元
图形设计,端口
如何编写一个新的图形文件？
?FILE->NEW出现以下对话窗，选择如下：
如何调入元件？
? Edit->Insert Symbol 出现下面窗口
将
自己编写的
符号调入
从
标准库中
调入
将符号之间连线
调入 I/O端口元件符号
2类 标准库
1,Megafunctions/LPM 宏模块
功能复杂、参数可设置的模块
2,Primitives 基本图元
简单的、功能固定的逻辑元件，不可调
整参数
如何将 VHDL设计编程 Symbol
1,VHDL文件编译后，自动生成同名的符号文件
2,符号文件的扩展名称（ *.bsf）
3,调入过程如下：
何为？ 器件和引脚指配
? 器件指配
? 为设计输入 选择合适的 PLD器件型号
? 何谓引脚指配
? 将设计代码（图形）中的 端口（ PORT） 和
PLD芯片的引脚 （ PIN）
对应起来的,
? 指配文件
? MAX+PLUS II：, *.acf,
? Quartus II：, *.qsf,
器件和引脚指配的方法
方法有 2种
1,在软件的菜单界
面中指配
2,修改指配文件
（是文本文件）
菜单界面中
指
配
修改指配文件
? CHIP io_2d_lock
? BEGIN
? |iVD, INPUT_PIN = 7;
? |iHD, INPUT_PIN = 8;
? |iDENA, INPUT_PIN = 6;
? |iCLK, INPUT_PIN = 211;
? |oCLK, OUTPUT_PIN = 237;
? |oVD, OUTPUT_PIN = 234;
? |oHD, OUTPUT_PIN = 233;
? |oDENA, OUTPUT_PIN = 235;
?,................................................
? DEVICE = EPF10K30AQC240-2;
? END;
?,.......................................
编译与排错
编译过程有 2种，作用分别为：
1,语法编译：只是综合并输出网表
? 编译设计文件，综合产生门级代码
? 编译器只运行到综合这步就停止了
? 编译器只产生估算的延时数值
2,完全的编译：包括编译，网表输出，综合，配置器件
? 编译器除了完成以上的步骤，还要将设计配置到 ALTERA的器件
中去
? 编译器根据器件特性产生真正的延时时间和给器件的配置文件
功能仿真和时序仿真
? 仿真的概念：
在设计代码下载到芯片前，在 EDA软件中对设 计的输
出进行波形仿真。
? 常用的 2种仿真模式
1,功能仿真
对设计的逻辑功能进行仿真
2,时序仿真
对设计的逻辑功能和信号的时间延时进行仿真。
? 仿真前还要做的工作
输入信号的建立
Quartus II软件中
关于仿真的原文
2种 仿真文件
1,矢量波形文件：
? a Vector Waveform File (.vwf)
2,文本矢量文件
? a text-based Vector File (.vec),
编程与配置
最后，
如果仿真 也正确 的话，
那我们就可以
将设计代码 配置或者编程 到 芯片 中了
? 编程的文件类型
? 对于 CPLD或者 EPC2,ECS1等配置芯片，编程文件扩展名为：
,*.POF,
? 配置的文件类型
? 对于 FPGA芯片，配置文件扩展名为：, *.SOF,
硬件设计和软件设计的时间协调
1,软件模块划分，器件的初步信号确定（主要
是根据需要的 I/O引脚的数量）
2,软件设计，硬件外围电路设计和器件选择
3,软件仿真
4,仿真完成后，器件信号的重新审核，进行硬
件电路图设计
5,综合调试
6,完成
设计的几个问题
?如何组织多个设计文件的系统？，项目的概
念。
?时钟系统如何设计？
?电路的设计功耗
?高速信号的软件和硬件设计
The end.
以下内容
为
正文的引用，
可不阅读。
常用 EDA工具软件
? EDA软件方面，大体可以分为两类：
1,PLD器件厂商提供的 EDA工具。较著名的如：
I,Altera公司的 Max+plus II和 Quartus II、
II,Xilinx公司的 Foundation Series、
III,Latice-Vantis公司的 ispEXERT System。
2,第三方专业软件公司提供的 EDA工具。常用的有：
I,Synopsys公司的 FPGA Compiler II、
II,Exemplar Logic公司的 LeonardoSpectrum、
III,Synplicity公司的 Synplify。
? 第三方工具软件 是对 CPLD/FPGA生产厂家开发软件的补
充和优化，如通常认为 Max+plus II和 Quartus II对
VHDL/Verilog HDL逻辑综合能力不强，如果采用专用的
HDL工具进行逻辑综合，会有效地提高综合质量。
ALTERA 公司的 EDA合作伙伴
硬件描述语言：起源
? 是电子电路的文本描述。
? 最早的发明者,美国国防部,VHDL,1983
? 大浪淘沙，为大者二：
VHDL 和 Verilog HDL
? 其他的小兄弟：
ABEL,AHDL,System Verilog,System C。
一个 D触发器的 VHDL代码例子
1,-- VHDL code position,p83_ex4_11_DFF1
2,-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3,-- LIBARY IEEE;
4,-- USE IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL;
5,ENTITY DFF1 IS
6,PORT ( CLK, IN BIT;
7,D, IN BIT;
8,Q, OUT BIT
9,);
10,END ENTITY DFF1;
11,ARCHITECTURE bhv OF DFF1 IS
12,BEGIN
13,PROCESS(CLK)
14,BEGIN
15,IF CLK'EVENT AND (CLK='1') AND ( CLK'LAST_VALUE = '0') THEN
16,--严格的 CLK信号上升沿定义
17,Q <= D;
18,END IF;
19,END PROCESS;
20,END ARCHITECTURE bhv;
代码实体（ 5－ 10）
代码结构体（ 11－ 20）
如何使用 VHDL来设计电路？
? VHDL设计电路的的 5步曲
1,语言编码
2,逻辑综合
3,功能和时序仿真
4,器件适配
5.
使用 MAX+PLUS II软件的设计过程
MAX+PLUS II设计过程说明
1,Compiler Netlist Extractor（编译器网表提取器）,
? 通过该过程生成设计项目的网表文件,
2,Database Builder(数据库构建器 ):
? 用于将所有的设计文件集成到项目数据库中
? 如果指定端口的实体已被抽取, 则从盘中读取, cnf文件信息就可以了,因而节省了时间,
3,Logic Synthesizer (逻辑综合器 ):
? 选择合适的逻辑化简算法,
? 去除冗余和无用逻辑,
? 有效使用器件的逻辑资源,
4,Fitter(适配器 )
? 将电路适配到某个 PLD器件中。
5,Timing SNF Extractor(时序 SNF文件提取器 )
? 产生用于时序仿真的网表文件
6,Assembler（汇编器）
? 产生用于器件编程的目标代码
其他的 HDL综合工具
? Altera公司
1,MAX+PLUS II 10.2（已经停止发行，新器件不支持）
2,QUARTUS II 5.0（推荐使用）
? Xilinx 公司
1,ISE 7.0,Xilinx公司集成开发的工具
2,Foundation,Xilinx公司早期开发工具，逐步被 ISE取代
3,ISE Webpack,Webpack是 xilinx提供的免费开发软件，
功能比 ISE少一些，可以从 xilinx网站下载
有了 HDL语言后？
硬件设计人员 的工作过程
已经 类似与
软件设计人员,那么
这种模式的好处是？
让 我们先看看原来是如何做的－ >
Compiler Netlist Extractor
（编译器网表提取器）
? The Compiler module that converts each design file in a project (or each cell of
an EDIF Input File) into a separate binary CNF,The filename(s) of the CNF(s)
are based on the project name,Example
? The Compiler Netlist Extractor also creates a single HIF that documents the
hierarchical connections between design files.
? This module contains a built-in EDIF Netlist Reader,Verilog Netlist Reader,
VHDL Netlist Reader,and converters that translate ADFs and SMFs for use
with MAX+PLUS II,
? During netlist extraction,this module checks each design file for problems such
as duplicate node names,missing inputs and outputs,and outputs that are tied
together.
? 返回
Database Builder(数据库构建器 ):
? The Compiler module that builds a single,fully flattened project database that integrates all the design files in a project hierarchy,
? The Database Builder uses the HIF to link the CNFs that describe the project,Based on the HIF data,the
Database Builder copies each CNF into the project database,Each CNF is inserted into the database as many
times as it is used within the original hierarchical project,The database thus preserves the electrical connectivity
of the project.
? The Compiler uses this database for the remainder of project processing,Each subsequent Compiler module
updates the database until it contains the fully optimized project,In the beginning,the database contains only
the original netlists; at the end,it contains a fully minimized,fitted project,which the Assembler uses to create
one or more files for device programming,
? As it creates the database,the Database Builder examines the logical completeness and consistency of the
project,and checks for boundary connectivity and syntactical errors (e.g.,a node without a source or
destination),Most errors are detected and can be easily corrected at this stage of project processing.
? 返回
Logic Synthesizer
? The Compiler module that synthesizes the logic in a project's design files,
? Using the database created by the Database Builder,the Logic Synthesizer calculates
Boolean equations for each input to a primitive and minimizes the logic according to your
specifications,
? For projects that use JK or SR flipflops,the Logic Synthesizer checks each case to
determine whether a D or T flipflop will implement the project more efficiently,D or T
flipflops are substituted where appropriate,and the resulting equations are minimized
accordingly.
? The Logic Synthesizer also synthesizes equations for flipflops to implement state
registers of state machines,An equation for each state bit is optimally implemented with
either a D or T flipflop,If no state bit assignments have been made,or if an incomplete
set of state bit assignments has been created,the Logic Synthesizer automatically
creates a set of state bits to encode the state machine,These encodings are chosen to
minimize the resources used.
? 返回
Fitter（适配器）
? The Compiler module that fits the logic of a project into one or more devices,
? Using the database updated by the Partitioner,the Fitter matches the logic requirements
of the project with the available resources of one or more devices,It assigns each logic
function to the best logic cell location and selects appropriate interconnection paths and
pin assignments.
? The Fitter attempts to match any resource assignments made for the project with the
resources on the device,If it cannot find a fit,the Fitter allows you to override some or all
of your assignments or terminate compilation.
? The Fitter module generates a Fit File that documents pin,buried logic cell,chip,clique,
and device assignments made by the Fitter module in the last successful compilation,
Each time the project compiles successfully,the Fit File is overwritten,You can back-
annotate the assignments in the file to preserve them in future compilations,
? 返回
Timing SNF Extractor(时序 SNF文件提取器 )
? The Compiler module that creates a timing SNF containing the logic and timing
information required for timing simulation,delay prediction,and timing analysis.
? The Timing SNF Extractor is turned on with the Timing SNF Extractor command
(Processing menu),It is also turned on automatically when you turn on the EDIF Netlist
Writer,Verilog Netlist Writer,or VHDL Netlist Writer command (Interfaces menu),The
Timing SNF Extractor cannot be turned on at the same time as the Functional SNF
Extractor or the Linked SNF Extractor.
? A timing SNF describes the fully optimized circuit after all logic synthesis and fitting have
been completed,Regardless of whether a project is partitioned into multiple devices,the
timing SNF describes a project as a whole,Therefore,timing simulation and timing
analysis (including delay prediction) are available only for the project as a whole,Neither
timing simulation nor functional testing is available for individual devices in a multi-device
project,Functional testing is available only for a single-device project.
? 返回
Assembler（汇编器）
? The Compiler module that creates one or more programming files for programming or configuring the
device(s) for a project,
? The Assembler module completes project processing by converting the Fitter's device,logic cell,and
pin assignments into a programming image for the device(s),in the form of one or more POFs,SOFs,
Hex Files,TTFs,Jam Files,JBC Files,and/or JEDEC Files,POFs and JEDEC Files are always
generated; SOFs,Hex Files,and TTFs are always generated if the project uses ACEX 1K,FLEX 6000,
FLEX 8000 or FLEX 10K devices; and Jam Files and JBC Files are always generated for MAX 9000,
MAX 7000B,MAX 7000AE or MAX 3000A projects,If you turn on the Enable JTAG Support option in
the Classic & MAX Global Project Device Options dialog box (Assign menu) or the Classic & MAX
Individual Device Options dialog box,the Assembler will also generate Jam Files and JBC Files for
MAX 7000A or MAX 7000S projects,After compilation,you can also use SOFs to create different
types of files for configuring FLEX 6000,FLEX 8000 and FLEX 10K devices with Convert SRAM
Object Files (File menu).
? The programming files can then be processed by the MAX+PLUS II Programmer and the MPU or
APU hardware to produce working devices,Several other programming hardware manufacturers also
provide programming support for Altera devices,
? 返回
Simulation Mode
? Functional
? Simulates the behavior of flattened netlists extracted from the design files,You can
use Tcl commands and scripts to control simulation and to provide vector stimuli,
You can also provide vector stimuli in a Vector Waveform File (.vwf) or a text-based
Vector File (.vec),although the Simulator uses only the sequence of logic level
changes,and not their timing,from the vector stimuli,This type of simulation also
allows you to check simulation coverage (the ratio of output ports actually toggling
between 1 and 0 during simulation,compared to the total number of output ports
present in the netlist).
? Timing
? Uses a fully compiled netlist that includes estimated or actual timing information,You
can use Tcl commands and scripts to control simulation and to provide vector stimuli,
You can also provide vector stimuli in a Vector Waveform File (.vwf) or a text-based
Vector File (.vec),This type of simulation also allows you to check setup and hold
times,detect glitches,and check simulation coverage (the ratio of output ports
actually toggling between 1 and 0 during simulation,compared to the total number of
output ports present in the netlist).
? Timing using Fast Timing Model
? Performs a timing simulation using the Fast Timing Model to simulate fastest
possible timing conditions with the fastest device speed grade
Megafunctions/LPM
1,Arithmetic Components
2,Gates
3,I/O Components
4,Memory Compiler
5,Parallel Flash Loader Megafunction
6,SignalTap II Logic Analyzer Megafunction
7,Storage Components
Arithmetic Components
1,altaccumulate divide*
2,altfp_add_sub lpm_abs
3,altfp_mult lpm_add_sub
4,altmemmult lpm_compare
5,altmult_accum lpm_counter
6,altmult_add lpm_divide
7,altsqrt lpm_mult
8,altsquare parallel_add
Gates
1,busmux lpm_inv
2,lpm_and lpm_mux
3,lpm_bustri lpm_or
4,lpm_clshift lpm_xor
5,lpm_constant mux
6,lpm_decode
I/O Components
1,altcdr_rx altdqs
2,altcdr_tx altgxb
3,altclkctrl altlvds_rx
4,altclklock altlvds_tx
5,altddio_bidir altpll
6,altddio_in altpll_reconfig
7,altddio_out altremote_update
8,altdq altufm_osc
?
Memory Compiler
1,altcsmem (FIFO partitioner)
Parallel Flash Loader Megafunction
1,parallel_flash_loader
SignalTap II Logic Analyzer
Megafunction
1,sld_signaltap
Storage Components
1,alt3pram scfifo
2,altcam lpm_ff
3,altdpram* lpm_fifo*
4,altqpram lpm_fifo_dc*
5,altshift_taps lpm_latch
6,altsyncram lpm_ram_dp
7,altufm_i2c lpm_ram_dq
8,altufm_none lpm_ram_io
9,altufm_parallel lpm_rom
10,altufm_spi lpm_shiftreg
11,csdpram* lpm_dff*
12,csfifo* lpm_tff*
13,dcfifo
Primitives
1,Buffer Primitives
2,Flipflop & Latch Primitives
3,Input & Output Primitives/Ports
4,Logic Primitives
5,Other Primitives (Block Design Files only)
Buffer Primitives
1,CARRY LUT_INPUT
2,CARRY_SUM LUT_OUTPUT
3,CASCADE OPNDRN
4,CLKLOCK SOFT
5,EXP TRI
6,GLOBAL WIRE
(Block Design Files only)
7,LCELL ROW_GLOBAL
Flipflop & Latch Primitives
1,DFF
2,LATCH
3,DFFE
4,SRFF
5,DFFEA
6,SRFFE
7,DFFEAS
8,TFF
9,JKFF
10,TFFE
11,JKFFE
Input & Output Primitives/Ports
1,BIDIR or INOUT
2,INPUT or IN
3,OUTPUT or OUT
Logic Primitives
1,AND
2,NOR
3,BAND (Block Design Files only)
4,NOT
5,BNAND (Block Design Files only)
6,OR
7,BNOR (Block Design Files only)
8,VCC (Block Design Files only)
9,BOR (Block Design Files only)
10,XNOR
11,GND (Block Design Files only)
12,XOR
13,NAND
Other Primitives
(Block Design Files only)
1,CONSTANT PARAM
Quartus II 版操作
<EDA技术 与应用 > 课程讲义
合肥工业大学 彭良清
上一章 下一章
本章内容
1,何时使用 原理图设计输入
2,常用文件介绍
3,设计步骤
4,元件库 和 Altera 宏的使用
5,如何将 VHDL代码文件生成 图形 符号
何时使用 原理图设计输入？
1,符合 传统的 电路设计 习惯
2,一般只是在, top-level”(顶层 )文件中使用？
Quartus II常用文件介绍
文件扩展名称 用 途 MAX+PLUS II
中的名称
.vhd VHDL代码源文件,vhd
.bdf 图形输入源文件,gdf
.qsf 器件 引脚 与编译配置指
配文件
.qsf
.pof CPLD,EEPROM 器件
编程文件
.pof
.sof FPGA器件的 SRAM 文件
配置
.sof
一般步骤
1,电路的模块划分
2,设计输入
3,器件和引脚指配
4,编译与排错
5,功能仿真和时序仿真
6,编程与配置，设计代码的芯片运行
电路的模块划分
? 人工 根据电路功能 进行 模块划分
? 合理的模块划分 关系到
1,电路的性能
2,实现的难易程度
? 根据模块划分和系统功能 确定,
PLD芯片型号
模块划分后，就可以进行 具体设计 了
设计输入
一般 EDA软件允许 3种设计输入：
1,HDL语言
2,电路图
3,波形输入
图形设计输入的过程
+ +
图形设计,图元
图形设计,端口
如何编写一个新的图形文件？
?FILE->NEW出现以下对话窗，选择如下：
如何调入元件？
? Edit->Insert Symbol 出现下面窗口
将
自己编写的
符号调入
从
标准库中
调入
将符号之间连线
调入 I/O端口元件符号
2类 标准库
1,Megafunctions/LPM 宏模块
功能复杂、参数可设置的模块
2,Primitives 基本图元
简单的、功能固定的逻辑元件，不可调
整参数
如何将 VHDL设计编程 Symbol
1,VHDL文件编译后，自动生成同名的符号文件
2,符号文件的扩展名称（ *.bsf）
3,调入过程如下：
何为？ 器件和引脚指配
? 器件指配
? 为设计输入 选择合适的 PLD器件型号
? 何谓引脚指配
? 将设计代码（图形）中的 端口（ PORT） 和
PLD芯片的引脚 （ PIN）
对应起来的,
? 指配文件
? MAX+PLUS II：, *.acf,
? Quartus II：, *.qsf,
器件和引脚指配的方法
方法有 2种
1,在软件的菜单界
面中指配
2,修改指配文件
（是文本文件）
菜单界面中
指
配
修改指配文件
? CHIP io_2d_lock
? BEGIN
? |iVD, INPUT_PIN = 7;
? |iHD, INPUT_PIN = 8;
? |iDENA, INPUT_PIN = 6;
? |iCLK, INPUT_PIN = 211;
? |oCLK, OUTPUT_PIN = 237;
? |oVD, OUTPUT_PIN = 234;
? |oHD, OUTPUT_PIN = 233;
? |oDENA, OUTPUT_PIN = 235;
?,................................................
? DEVICE = EPF10K30AQC240-2;
? END;
?,.......................................
编译与排错
编译过程有 2种，作用分别为：
1,语法编译：只是综合并输出网表
? 编译设计文件，综合产生门级代码
? 编译器只运行到综合这步就停止了
? 编译器只产生估算的延时数值
2,完全的编译：包括编译，网表输出，综合，配置器件
? 编译器除了完成以上的步骤，还要将设计配置到 ALTERA的器件
中去
? 编译器根据器件特性产生真正的延时时间和给器件的配置文件
功能仿真和时序仿真
? 仿真的概念：
在设计代码下载到芯片前，在 EDA软件中对设 计的输
出进行波形仿真。
? 常用的 2种仿真模式
1,功能仿真
对设计的逻辑功能进行仿真
2,时序仿真
对设计的逻辑功能和信号的时间延时进行仿真。
? 仿真前还要做的工作
输入信号的建立
Quartus II软件中
关于仿真的原文
2种 仿真文件
1,矢量波形文件：
? a Vector Waveform File (.vwf)
2,文本矢量文件
? a text-based Vector File (.vec),
编程与配置
最后，
如果仿真 也正确 的话，
那我们就可以
将设计代码 配置或者编程 到 芯片 中了
? 编程的文件类型
? 对于 CPLD或者 EPC2,ECS1等配置芯片，编程文件扩展名为：
,*.POF,
? 配置的文件类型
? 对于 FPGA芯片，配置文件扩展名为：, *.SOF,
硬件设计和软件设计的时间协调
1,软件模块划分，器件的初步信号确定（主要
是根据需要的 I/O引脚的数量）
2,软件设计，硬件外围电路设计和器件选择
3,软件仿真
4,仿真完成后，器件信号的重新审核，进行硬
件电路图设计
5,综合调试
6,完成
设计的几个问题
?如何组织多个设计文件的系统？，项目的概
念。
?时钟系统如何设计？
?电路的设计功耗
?高速信号的软件和硬件设计
The end.
以下内容
为
正文的引用，
可不阅读。
常用 EDA工具软件
? EDA软件方面，大体可以分为两类：
1,PLD器件厂商提供的 EDA工具。较著名的如：
I,Altera公司的 Max+plus II和 Quartus II、
II,Xilinx公司的 Foundation Series、
III,Latice-Vantis公司的 ispEXERT System。
2,第三方专业软件公司提供的 EDA工具。常用的有：
I,Synopsys公司的 FPGA Compiler II、
II,Exemplar Logic公司的 LeonardoSpectrum、
III,Synplicity公司的 Synplify。
? 第三方工具软件 是对 CPLD/FPGA生产厂家开发软件的补
充和优化，如通常认为 Max+plus II和 Quartus II对
VHDL/Verilog HDL逻辑综合能力不强，如果采用专用的
HDL工具进行逻辑综合，会有效地提高综合质量。
ALTERA 公司的 EDA合作伙伴
硬件描述语言：起源
? 是电子电路的文本描述。
? 最早的发明者,美国国防部,VHDL,1983
? 大浪淘沙，为大者二：
VHDL 和 Verilog HDL
? 其他的小兄弟：
ABEL,AHDL,System Verilog,System C。
一个 D触发器的 VHDL代码例子
1,-- VHDL code position,p83_ex4_11_DFF1
2,-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3,-- LIBARY IEEE;
4,-- USE IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL;
5,ENTITY DFF1 IS
6,PORT ( CLK, IN BIT;
7,D, IN BIT;
8,Q, OUT BIT
9,);
10,END ENTITY DFF1;
11,ARCHITECTURE bhv OF DFF1 IS
12,BEGIN
13,PROCESS(CLK)
14,BEGIN
15,IF CLK'EVENT AND (CLK='1') AND ( CLK'LAST_VALUE = '0') THEN
16,--严格的 CLK信号上升沿定义
17,Q <= D;
18,END IF;
19,END PROCESS;
20,END ARCHITECTURE bhv;
代码实体（ 5－ 10）
代码结构体（ 11－ 20）
如何使用 VHDL来设计电路？
? VHDL设计电路的的 5步曲
1,语言编码
2,逻辑综合
3,功能和时序仿真
4,器件适配
5.
使用 MAX+PLUS II软件的设计过程
MAX+PLUS II设计过程说明
1,Compiler Netlist Extractor（编译器网表提取器）,
? 通过该过程生成设计项目的网表文件,
2,Database Builder(数据库构建器 ):
? 用于将所有的设计文件集成到项目数据库中
? 如果指定端口的实体已被抽取, 则从盘中读取, cnf文件信息就可以了,因而节省了时间,
3,Logic Synthesizer (逻辑综合器 ):
? 选择合适的逻辑化简算法,
? 去除冗余和无用逻辑,
? 有效使用器件的逻辑资源,
4,Fitter(适配器 )
? 将电路适配到某个 PLD器件中。
5,Timing SNF Extractor(时序 SNF文件提取器 )
? 产生用于时序仿真的网表文件
6,Assembler（汇编器）
? 产生用于器件编程的目标代码
其他的 HDL综合工具
? Altera公司
1,MAX+PLUS II 10.2（已经停止发行，新器件不支持）
2,QUARTUS II 5.0（推荐使用）
? Xilinx 公司
1,ISE 7.0,Xilinx公司集成开发的工具
2,Foundation,Xilinx公司早期开发工具，逐步被 ISE取代
3,ISE Webpack,Webpack是 xilinx提供的免费开发软件，
功能比 ISE少一些，可以从 xilinx网站下载
有了 HDL语言后？
硬件设计人员 的工作过程
已经 类似与
软件设计人员,那么
这种模式的好处是？
让 我们先看看原来是如何做的－ >
Compiler Netlist Extractor
（编译器网表提取器）
? The Compiler module that converts each design file in a project (or each cell of
an EDIF Input File) into a separate binary CNF,The filename(s) of the CNF(s)
are based on the project name,Example
? The Compiler Netlist Extractor also creates a single HIF that documents the
hierarchical connections between design files.
? This module contains a built-in EDIF Netlist Reader,Verilog Netlist Reader,
VHDL Netlist Reader,and converters that translate ADFs and SMFs for use
with MAX+PLUS II,
? During netlist extraction,this module checks each design file for problems such
as duplicate node names,missing inputs and outputs,and outputs that are tied
together.
? 返回
Database Builder(数据库构建器 ):
? The Compiler module that builds a single,fully flattened project database that integrates all the design files in a project hierarchy,
? The Database Builder uses the HIF to link the CNFs that describe the project,Based on the HIF data,the
Database Builder copies each CNF into the project database,Each CNF is inserted into the database as many
times as it is used within the original hierarchical project,The database thus preserves the electrical connectivity
of the project.
? The Compiler uses this database for the remainder of project processing,Each subsequent Compiler module
updates the database until it contains the fully optimized project,In the beginning,the database contains only
the original netlists; at the end,it contains a fully minimized,fitted project,which the Assembler uses to create
one or more files for device programming,
? As it creates the database,the Database Builder examines the logical completeness and consistency of the
project,and checks for boundary connectivity and syntactical errors (e.g.,a node without a source or
destination),Most errors are detected and can be easily corrected at this stage of project processing.
? 返回
Logic Synthesizer
? The Compiler module that synthesizes the logic in a project's design files,
? Using the database created by the Database Builder,the Logic Synthesizer calculates
Boolean equations for each input to a primitive and minimizes the logic according to your
specifications,
? For projects that use JK or SR flipflops,the Logic Synthesizer checks each case to
determine whether a D or T flipflop will implement the project more efficiently,D or T
flipflops are substituted where appropriate,and the resulting equations are minimized
accordingly.
? The Logic Synthesizer also synthesizes equations for flipflops to implement state
registers of state machines,An equation for each state bit is optimally implemented with
either a D or T flipflop,If no state bit assignments have been made,or if an incomplete
set of state bit assignments has been created,the Logic Synthesizer automatically
creates a set of state bits to encode the state machine,These encodings are chosen to
minimize the resources used.
? 返回
Fitter（适配器）
? The Compiler module that fits the logic of a project into one or more devices,
? Using the database updated by the Partitioner,the Fitter matches the logic requirements
of the project with the available resources of one or more devices,It assigns each logic
function to the best logic cell location and selects appropriate interconnection paths and
pin assignments.
? The Fitter attempts to match any resource assignments made for the project with the
resources on the device,If it cannot find a fit,the Fitter allows you to override some or all
of your assignments or terminate compilation.
? The Fitter module generates a Fit File that documents pin,buried logic cell,chip,clique,
and device assignments made by the Fitter module in the last successful compilation,
Each time the project compiles successfully,the Fit File is overwritten,You can back-
annotate the assignments in the file to preserve them in future compilations,
? 返回
Timing SNF Extractor(时序 SNF文件提取器 )
? The Compiler module that creates a timing SNF containing the logic and timing
information required for timing simulation,delay prediction,and timing analysis.
? The Timing SNF Extractor is turned on with the Timing SNF Extractor command
(Processing menu),It is also turned on automatically when you turn on the EDIF Netlist
Writer,Verilog Netlist Writer,or VHDL Netlist Writer command (Interfaces menu),The
Timing SNF Extractor cannot be turned on at the same time as the Functional SNF
Extractor or the Linked SNF Extractor.
? A timing SNF describes the fully optimized circuit after all logic synthesis and fitting have
been completed,Regardless of whether a project is partitioned into multiple devices,the
timing SNF describes a project as a whole,Therefore,timing simulation and timing
analysis (including delay prediction) are available only for the project as a whole,Neither
timing simulation nor functional testing is available for individual devices in a multi-device
project,Functional testing is available only for a single-device project.
? 返回
Assembler（汇编器）
? The Compiler module that creates one or more programming files for programming or configuring the
device(s) for a project,
? The Assembler module completes project processing by converting the Fitter's device,logic cell,and
pin assignments into a programming image for the device(s),in the form of one or more POFs,SOFs,
Hex Files,TTFs,Jam Files,JBC Files,and/or JEDEC Files,POFs and JEDEC Files are always
generated; SOFs,Hex Files,and TTFs are always generated if the project uses ACEX 1K,FLEX 6000,
FLEX 8000 or FLEX 10K devices; and Jam Files and JBC Files are always generated for MAX 9000,
MAX 7000B,MAX 7000AE or MAX 3000A projects,If you turn on the Enable JTAG Support option in
the Classic & MAX Global Project Device Options dialog box (Assign menu) or the Classic & MAX
Individual Device Options dialog box,the Assembler will also generate Jam Files and JBC Files for
MAX 7000A or MAX 7000S projects,After compilation,you can also use SOFs to create different
types of files for configuring FLEX 6000,FLEX 8000 and FLEX 10K devices with Convert SRAM
Object Files (File menu).
? The programming files can then be processed by the MAX+PLUS II Programmer and the MPU or
APU hardware to produce working devices,Several other programming hardware manufacturers also
provide programming support for Altera devices,
? 返回
Simulation Mode
? Functional
? Simulates the behavior of flattened netlists extracted from the design files,You can
use Tcl commands and scripts to control simulation and to provide vector stimuli,
You can also provide vector stimuli in a Vector Waveform File (.vwf) or a text-based
Vector File (.vec),although the Simulator uses only the sequence of logic level
changes,and not their timing,from the vector stimuli,This type of simulation also
allows you to check simulation coverage (the ratio of output ports actually toggling
between 1 and 0 during simulation,compared to the total number of output ports
present in the netlist).
? Timing
? Uses a fully compiled netlist that includes estimated or actual timing information,You
can use Tcl commands and scripts to control simulation and to provide vector stimuli,
You can also provide vector stimuli in a Vector Waveform File (.vwf) or a text-based
Vector File (.vec),This type of simulation also allows you to check setup and hold
times,detect glitches,and check simulation coverage (the ratio of output ports
actually toggling between 1 and 0 during simulation,compared to the total number of
output ports present in the netlist).
? Timing using Fast Timing Model
? Performs a timing simulation using the Fast Timing Model to simulate fastest
possible timing conditions with the fastest device speed grade
Megafunctions/LPM
1,Arithmetic Components
2,Gates
3,I/O Components
4,Memory Compiler
5,Parallel Flash Loader Megafunction
6,SignalTap II Logic Analyzer Megafunction
7,Storage Components
Arithmetic Components
1,altaccumulate divide*
2,altfp_add_sub lpm_abs
3,altfp_mult lpm_add_sub
4,altmemmult lpm_compare
5,altmult_accum lpm_counter
6,altmult_add lpm_divide
7,altsqrt lpm_mult
8,altsquare parallel_add
Gates
1,busmux lpm_inv
2,lpm_and lpm_mux
3,lpm_bustri lpm_or
4,lpm_clshift lpm_xor
5,lpm_constant mux
6,lpm_decode
I/O Components
1,altcdr_rx altdqs
2,altcdr_tx altgxb
3,altclkctrl altlvds_rx
4,altclklock altlvds_tx
5,altddio_bidir altpll
6,altddio_in altpll_reconfig
7,altddio_out altremote_update
8,altdq altufm_osc
?
Memory Compiler
1,altcsmem (FIFO partitioner)
Parallel Flash Loader Megafunction
1,parallel_flash_loader
SignalTap II Logic Analyzer
Megafunction
1,sld_signaltap
Storage Components
1,alt3pram scfifo
2,altcam lpm_ff
3,altdpram* lpm_fifo*
4,altqpram lpm_fifo_dc*
5,altshift_taps lpm_latch
6,altsyncram lpm_ram_dp
7,altufm_i2c lpm_ram_dq
8,altufm_none lpm_ram_io
9,altufm_parallel lpm_rom
10,altufm_spi lpm_shiftreg
11,csdpram* lpm_dff*
12,csfifo* lpm_tff*
13,dcfifo
Primitives
1,Buffer Primitives
2,Flipflop & Latch Primitives
3,Input & Output Primitives/Ports
4,Logic Primitives
5,Other Primitives (Block Design Files only)
Buffer Primitives
1,CARRY LUT_INPUT
2,CARRY_SUM LUT_OUTPUT
3,CASCADE OPNDRN
4,CLKLOCK SOFT
5,EXP TRI
6,GLOBAL WIRE
(Block Design Files only)
7,LCELL ROW_GLOBAL
Flipflop & Latch Primitives
1,DFF
2,LATCH
3,DFFE
4,SRFF
5,DFFEA
6,SRFFE
7,DFFEAS
8,TFF
9,JKFF
10,TFFE
11,JKFFE
Input & Output Primitives/Ports
1,BIDIR or INOUT
2,INPUT or IN
3,OUTPUT or OUT
Logic Primitives
1,AND
2,NOR
3,BAND (Block Design Files only)
4,NOT
5,BNAND (Block Design Files only)
6,OR
7,BNOR (Block Design Files only)
8,VCC (Block Design Files only)
9,BOR (Block Design Files only)
10,XNOR
11,GND (Block Design Files only)
12,XOR
13,NAND
Other Primitives
(Block Design Files only)
1,CONSTANT PARAM
