Unit Six
Text A
Do Animals Have a Culture?
Using tool
Unit Six
Text A
I,Pre-Reading Task
1,What makes human beings different from animals?
A,The ability to use tools,
B,The learning and sharing of behavior,
C,The use of language,
2,Do you think animals have a culture? If yes,give an
example,
Now read the passage and compare your answers
with the author’s,
II,Related Information(1),
Chimpanzee,an anthropoid ape of Africa,with black hair
and large,outstanding ears,it is smaller and less fierce
than a gorilla,Chimpanzees communicate through
vocalizations,facial expressions,posture,touch,and
movement,A young chimp is able to make at least 32
different sounds,and the facial musculature can express a
wide range of emotions,The animals show great
intelligence in problem solving and the use of simple tools,
such as a stripped twig to draw termites from their nest,
Experiments suggest that chimps can even learn to use
language in a symbolic sense,but these results are disputed,
II,Related Information(2),
Apes,the closest living relatives of humans,Together with
humans they constitute the superfamily hominoid of the
mammalian order primates,The two extent families of apes are
the Pongidae ( great apes) and the Hylobatidae (lesser apes),Apes
and humans are classified together because they are more similar
to each other anatomically,physiologically,and genetically than
they are to the monkeys,Great apes are about equally good at
solving laboratory problems;gibbons are less successful,Captive
great apes are all handy with objects,but in the
wild only chimpanzees are clever tool users,
Great apes have learned to communicate with
human trainers using symbolic systems,
Captive hobnobs have a remarkable capacity to
understand human speech,but thus far no
apes have talked back __ perhaps because they
lack humanoid brains or vocal tracts,
III,Detailed Study,
1,defense（ 美 ） defence (英 )
n,① 保卫, 防卫, 维护
e.g,He spoke In defense of the governments record,
他发言维护政府的政绩 。
② 防御的手段, 防御物
e.g,Good strong locks are the best defense against burglars,
坚固的锁是防盗贼的最好防御物 。
③ 辩护, 辩词, 答辩
e.g,She said,in her defense,that she had not seen the“No
parking”sign,
她为自己辩护说, 她没有看见, 不准停车, 的标志 。
【常用短语】 in defense of sth,or sb,为某事或某人辩护；
defend against／ from sb,／ sib,防御某人或某物
2,cooperate
v,合作, 协作
e.g,They’11 get the Job finished much more quickly if they all cooperate,
如果他们都合作, 他们会更快完成这项工作 。
e.g,The British cooperated with the French In designing the satellite,
英法两国合作设计人造卫星。
【常用短语】 cooperate with sb,和某人合作； cooperate to do sth,合作干某事
3,attempt
n,努力, 尝试, 企图
e.g,The government announced big tax cuts in an attempt to regain its lost
popularity,
政府宣布大幅度减税, 企图以此恢复失去的声望 。
v,试图, 尝试, 企图
e.g,The second question was so difficult I didn’t even attempt it,
第二道题太难了, 我连碰都不敢碰 。
【 常用短语 】 attempt to do sth,试图干某事 make an attempt to do sth,企图做某
事
4,command
n,① 命令
e.g,Fire when I give the command,我一下命令就开火 。
② 指挥权, 控制
e.g,The army is under the king’s direct command,军队由国王直接统帅 。
③ 掌握, 运用能力, 控制力
e.g,He has a good command of French,他法文很好 。
v,① 命令
e.g,He commanded that we（ should） attack at once,
他命令我们立即发起进攻 。
② 指挥, 管辖, 统率
e.g,General Smith commands the army,史密斯将军统率这只部队 。
③ 对 … 有支配权, 拥有, 掌握
e.g,The company commands considerable resources,这家公司拥有相当可观的
财力 。
【 常用短语 】］ take command of 统帅, 控制
5,economics n
,① 经济学
e.g,She’s studying economics at college,她在大学学习经济学 。
② 经济情况, 经济意义
e.g,The economics of plan need to be looked at very carefully,这项
计划的经济意义还需要认真考虑 。
【 常用短语 】 political economics政治经济学
6,rid v,
使摆脱掉, 使去掉
e.g,One day we will manage to rid the world of this terrible disease,
总有一天我们有办法使这种可怕的疾病在世界上绝迹 。
You must rid yourself of these old ideas,
你必须摒弃这些过了时的陈旧观念 。
【 常用短语 】 get rid of 摆脱, 丢掉, 除去, 消灭
7,make up for 补偿, 弥补
e.g,We must make up for the lost time,
They demanded a raise in their salaries to make up for the
increased cost of living,
8,get rid of 除去
同义词组, remove… from; throw… away
e.g,We used weed killer to get rid of the weeds in the
garden,
9,come into contact with 与 …… 接触,接触到
to get in touch with; to be in touch with
e.g,Have you come into contact with him by telephone?
They came into contact with many new ideas when they were
broad,
10,rule out 排除在外
同义词组, to consider as impossible
e.g,The docter took X-rays and ruled out the chance of broken
bones,
11,tell… from 区别
e.g,It is very difficult for us to tell artificial silk from real silk,
12,When we speak of culture,we mean a way of life a group of people
have in
common,
当我们说起文化时, 我们是指一群人所共有的一种生活方式 。
speak of,to talk about ; mention谈到, 提到 。
e.g,I have never spoken of these things to anyone before,
以前我从来没有对任何人讲过这些事 。
in common共同 。
e.g,Brown and Clarks seem to have no interest in common,
布朗和克拉克似乎没有共同的兴趣 。
13,Culture includes the beliefs and attitudes we learn,
文化包括我们学到的信仰和态度 。
attitude态度, 看法 。 同义词,opinion。
an hostile attitude敌对的态度
a wait－ and－ see attitude观望的态度
an attitude of indifference冷漠的态度
e.g,What’s your attitude toward the new plan？
对这个新计划你有什么看法？
14,It is the patterns of behaviour that help people to live
together,
__ Culture is the ways that help people behave properly so as to
live together,
文化是有助于人们共同生活在一起的行为模式。
15,… make one group of people different from another group,
…… 使～群人有别于另一群人 。
be different from“与 …… 不同, 不同于, 。 同义词组, be unlike
。 e.g,A home in the country is very different from an apartment
in the city,
乡下的家跟城里的公寓差别很大 。
16,We used to think that the ability to use tools was the dividing
line between human beings and other animals,
__ We thought that the distinct different between human beings
and other animals is that the former were able to use tools,
17,… we have found that this is not the case,
我们发现事实并非如此 。
be the case“事实, 。 同义词组,to be true。
e.g,She thought she was innocent,but It wasn’t really the case,
她认为她是无辜的, 但实际上不是这样的 。
Such is also the case in China,这也是中国的实际情况 。
18,This is a major step up from simply picking up a handy object
and using it,
它们从随手拣起一样东西来使用又向前迈进了一大步 。
handy,① 手边的, 近便的 。 同义词,near (adj,) at hand。
e.g,The taxi－ stop is handy at the next block,
出租车停靠站在下一个街区附近 。
② 方便的, 便利的 。 同义词,useful,simple。
e.g,There were handy shelves near the kitchen sink,
厨房洗涤槽边有方便架 。
③ 手巧的
e.g,My husband is very handy at repairing radios,我丈夫擅长
修理收音机 。
19,Now almost all monkeys who have never not come into
contact with this group do not,
___Now those monkeys who have never got in touch with
the experimental group do not have the habit ( of washing
the sweet potato to get rid of the sand ),
凡是未与这群猴子接触过的其它猴子,现在几乎都不会这
么做。
20,We have ruled out tool use and invention as ways of
telling animal behavior from human behavior,
__ We didn’t regard tool use and invention as ways of telling
the difference between animal behavior and human behavior,
我们现在已经否定了根据能否使用工具和发明创造来区分动
物和人类行为的方法。
21,Yet we still have held onto the last feature __ language,
__ However we still can find support in the last feature ___
language,
不过我们依然坚持我们的最后一个特点：语言 。
22,But even the use of language can no longer separate human
culture from animal culture,
__ But even the use of language can’t be the dividing line
between the human culture and animal culture,
但是，即便语言的使用也不在能够用来区分人类和动物
文化了。
23,Attempts to teach apes to speak have failed,
___ We did not succeed in trying to teach apes to speak,
24,But teaching them language has been very successful if
we are willing to accept other forms than just the spoken
word,
___ But if we are ready to accept other forms as language
instead of accepting only the spoken word as language,we
have succeeded in teaching them language,
如果我们愿意承认语言还有其它形式，而不仅仅是说出来
的词语，那么教授类人猿学会语言的尝试还是十分成功的。
25,… and not by spelling out words with individual letters,
…… 而不是通过把一个一个字母拼成单词 。
spell out,① 拼写出词的字母
e.g,John is slow in learning and finds It difficult to spell out the
new words,
约翰学起来很慢, 并丘他发现很难拼写这些新词 。
It took the student an hour to spell out a page of French,
这个学生花了一个小时拼写一页法语单词 。
② 详细阐明
e.g,Can you spell out what he said?
你能详述他的话吗？
It permits more than one-way command and response,
— It ( the chimp’s creation of language ) makes it possible
that the chimp is able not only to receive the order and give
her response but also to communicate,
而不是局限于单项指令和回应 。
26,Of course,there are limits to the culture of animals,
__ Of course,there are some other things that the culture of
animals cannot do,
27,… but this form of language is limited in its ability to
communicate abstract ideas,
__… but by the sign language chimps are incapable of
expressing and accepting abstract ideas,
但是这种语言形式在交流抽象思想方面是有限的。
A,The Definition of Culture ( Para.1 )
B,Some Aspects of Human Behavior Found in Certain
Animals ( Paras,2-5 )
1,The ability to use tools
2,The ability to teach and learn
3,The ability to use language
C,Conclusion,(Para,6 )
Animals may also have a culture,though it is limited
when compared with that of human beings,
IV,Outline & Summary,
I） Outline,
Culture is thought to be the thing only humans
have,Studies of animals,however,show that
chimpanzees can make and use tools like man,Monkeys
can learn to do something from each other,Apes can
even be taught some forms of language,We find that
certain animals do have culture similar to that of human
beings and the line dividing us from them is not as clear as
we used to think,
II） Summary,
V,Home Assignment,
1,Recite Text A;
2,Finish the exercises after text A;
3,Prepare for a quiz on Text A;
4,Unit 5 Passage A,B,C (Extensive Course ),
Text A
Do Animals Have a Culture?
Using tool
Unit Six
Text A
I,Pre-Reading Task
1,What makes human beings different from animals?
A,The ability to use tools,
B,The learning and sharing of behavior,
C,The use of language,
2,Do you think animals have a culture? If yes,give an
example,
Now read the passage and compare your answers
with the author’s,
II,Related Information(1),
Chimpanzee,an anthropoid ape of Africa,with black hair
and large,outstanding ears,it is smaller and less fierce
than a gorilla,Chimpanzees communicate through
vocalizations,facial expressions,posture,touch,and
movement,A young chimp is able to make at least 32
different sounds,and the facial musculature can express a
wide range of emotions,The animals show great
intelligence in problem solving and the use of simple tools,
such as a stripped twig to draw termites from their nest,
Experiments suggest that chimps can even learn to use
language in a symbolic sense,but these results are disputed,
II,Related Information(2),
Apes,the closest living relatives of humans,Together with
humans they constitute the superfamily hominoid of the
mammalian order primates,The two extent families of apes are
the Pongidae ( great apes) and the Hylobatidae (lesser apes),Apes
and humans are classified together because they are more similar
to each other anatomically,physiologically,and genetically than
they are to the monkeys,Great apes are about equally good at
solving laboratory problems;gibbons are less successful,Captive
great apes are all handy with objects,but in the
wild only chimpanzees are clever tool users,
Great apes have learned to communicate with
human trainers using symbolic systems,
Captive hobnobs have a remarkable capacity to
understand human speech,but thus far no
apes have talked back __ perhaps because they
lack humanoid brains or vocal tracts,
III,Detailed Study,
1,defense（ 美 ） defence (英 )
n,① 保卫, 防卫, 维护
e.g,He spoke In defense of the governments record,
他发言维护政府的政绩 。
② 防御的手段, 防御物
e.g,Good strong locks are the best defense against burglars,
坚固的锁是防盗贼的最好防御物 。
③ 辩护, 辩词, 答辩
e.g,She said,in her defense,that she had not seen the“No
parking”sign,
她为自己辩护说, 她没有看见, 不准停车, 的标志 。
【常用短语】 in defense of sth,or sb,为某事或某人辩护；
defend against／ from sb,／ sib,防御某人或某物
2,cooperate
v,合作, 协作
e.g,They’11 get the Job finished much more quickly if they all cooperate,
如果他们都合作, 他们会更快完成这项工作 。
e.g,The British cooperated with the French In designing the satellite,
英法两国合作设计人造卫星。
【常用短语】 cooperate with sb,和某人合作； cooperate to do sth,合作干某事
3,attempt
n,努力, 尝试, 企图
e.g,The government announced big tax cuts in an attempt to regain its lost
popularity,
政府宣布大幅度减税, 企图以此恢复失去的声望 。
v,试图, 尝试, 企图
e.g,The second question was so difficult I didn’t even attempt it,
第二道题太难了, 我连碰都不敢碰 。
【 常用短语 】 attempt to do sth,试图干某事 make an attempt to do sth,企图做某
事
4,command
n,① 命令
e.g,Fire when I give the command,我一下命令就开火 。
② 指挥权, 控制
e.g,The army is under the king’s direct command,军队由国王直接统帅 。
③ 掌握, 运用能力, 控制力
e.g,He has a good command of French,他法文很好 。
v,① 命令
e.g,He commanded that we（ should） attack at once,
他命令我们立即发起进攻 。
② 指挥, 管辖, 统率
e.g,General Smith commands the army,史密斯将军统率这只部队 。
③ 对 … 有支配权, 拥有, 掌握
e.g,The company commands considerable resources,这家公司拥有相当可观的
财力 。
【 常用短语 】］ take command of 统帅, 控制
5,economics n
,① 经济学
e.g,She’s studying economics at college,她在大学学习经济学 。
② 经济情况, 经济意义
e.g,The economics of plan need to be looked at very carefully,这项
计划的经济意义还需要认真考虑 。
【 常用短语 】 political economics政治经济学
6,rid v,
使摆脱掉, 使去掉
e.g,One day we will manage to rid the world of this terrible disease,
总有一天我们有办法使这种可怕的疾病在世界上绝迹 。
You must rid yourself of these old ideas,
你必须摒弃这些过了时的陈旧观念 。
【 常用短语 】 get rid of 摆脱, 丢掉, 除去, 消灭
7,make up for 补偿, 弥补
e.g,We must make up for the lost time,
They demanded a raise in their salaries to make up for the
increased cost of living,
8,get rid of 除去
同义词组, remove… from; throw… away
e.g,We used weed killer to get rid of the weeds in the
garden,
9,come into contact with 与 …… 接触,接触到
to get in touch with; to be in touch with
e.g,Have you come into contact with him by telephone?
They came into contact with many new ideas when they were
broad,
10,rule out 排除在外
同义词组, to consider as impossible
e.g,The docter took X-rays and ruled out the chance of broken
bones,
11,tell… from 区别
e.g,It is very difficult for us to tell artificial silk from real silk,
12,When we speak of culture,we mean a way of life a group of people
have in
common,
当我们说起文化时, 我们是指一群人所共有的一种生活方式 。
speak of,to talk about ; mention谈到, 提到 。
e.g,I have never spoken of these things to anyone before,
以前我从来没有对任何人讲过这些事 。
in common共同 。
e.g,Brown and Clarks seem to have no interest in common,
布朗和克拉克似乎没有共同的兴趣 。
13,Culture includes the beliefs and attitudes we learn,
文化包括我们学到的信仰和态度 。
attitude态度, 看法 。 同义词,opinion。
an hostile attitude敌对的态度
a wait－ and－ see attitude观望的态度
an attitude of indifference冷漠的态度
e.g,What’s your attitude toward the new plan？
对这个新计划你有什么看法？
14,It is the patterns of behaviour that help people to live
together,
__ Culture is the ways that help people behave properly so as to
live together,
文化是有助于人们共同生活在一起的行为模式。
15,… make one group of people different from another group,
…… 使～群人有别于另一群人 。
be different from“与 …… 不同, 不同于, 。 同义词组, be unlike
。 e.g,A home in the country is very different from an apartment
in the city,
乡下的家跟城里的公寓差别很大 。
16,We used to think that the ability to use tools was the dividing
line between human beings and other animals,
__ We thought that the distinct different between human beings
and other animals is that the former were able to use tools,
17,… we have found that this is not the case,
我们发现事实并非如此 。
be the case“事实, 。 同义词组,to be true。
e.g,She thought she was innocent,but It wasn’t really the case,
她认为她是无辜的, 但实际上不是这样的 。
Such is also the case in China,这也是中国的实际情况 。
18,This is a major step up from simply picking up a handy object
and using it,
它们从随手拣起一样东西来使用又向前迈进了一大步 。
handy,① 手边的, 近便的 。 同义词,near (adj,) at hand。
e.g,The taxi－ stop is handy at the next block,
出租车停靠站在下一个街区附近 。
② 方便的, 便利的 。 同义词,useful,simple。
e.g,There were handy shelves near the kitchen sink,
厨房洗涤槽边有方便架 。
③ 手巧的
e.g,My husband is very handy at repairing radios,我丈夫擅长
修理收音机 。
19,Now almost all monkeys who have never not come into
contact with this group do not,
___Now those monkeys who have never got in touch with
the experimental group do not have the habit ( of washing
the sweet potato to get rid of the sand ),
凡是未与这群猴子接触过的其它猴子,现在几乎都不会这
么做。
20,We have ruled out tool use and invention as ways of
telling animal behavior from human behavior,
__ We didn’t regard tool use and invention as ways of telling
the difference between animal behavior and human behavior,
我们现在已经否定了根据能否使用工具和发明创造来区分动
物和人类行为的方法。
21,Yet we still have held onto the last feature __ language,
__ However we still can find support in the last feature ___
language,
不过我们依然坚持我们的最后一个特点：语言 。
22,But even the use of language can no longer separate human
culture from animal culture,
__ But even the use of language can’t be the dividing line
between the human culture and animal culture,
但是，即便语言的使用也不在能够用来区分人类和动物
文化了。
23,Attempts to teach apes to speak have failed,
___ We did not succeed in trying to teach apes to speak,
24,But teaching them language has been very successful if
we are willing to accept other forms than just the spoken
word,
___ But if we are ready to accept other forms as language
instead of accepting only the spoken word as language,we
have succeeded in teaching them language,
如果我们愿意承认语言还有其它形式，而不仅仅是说出来
的词语，那么教授类人猿学会语言的尝试还是十分成功的。
25,… and not by spelling out words with individual letters,
…… 而不是通过把一个一个字母拼成单词 。
spell out,① 拼写出词的字母
e.g,John is slow in learning and finds It difficult to spell out the
new words,
约翰学起来很慢, 并丘他发现很难拼写这些新词 。
It took the student an hour to spell out a page of French,
这个学生花了一个小时拼写一页法语单词 。
② 详细阐明
e.g,Can you spell out what he said?
你能详述他的话吗？
It permits more than one-way command and response,
— It ( the chimp’s creation of language ) makes it possible
that the chimp is able not only to receive the order and give
her response but also to communicate,
而不是局限于单项指令和回应 。
26,Of course,there are limits to the culture of animals,
__ Of course,there are some other things that the culture of
animals cannot do,
27,… but this form of language is limited in its ability to
communicate abstract ideas,
__… but by the sign language chimps are incapable of
expressing and accepting abstract ideas,
但是这种语言形式在交流抽象思想方面是有限的。
A,The Definition of Culture ( Para.1 )
B,Some Aspects of Human Behavior Found in Certain
Animals ( Paras,2-5 )
1,The ability to use tools
2,The ability to teach and learn
3,The ability to use language
C,Conclusion,(Para,6 )
Animals may also have a culture,though it is limited
when compared with that of human beings,
IV,Outline & Summary,
I） Outline,
Culture is thought to be the thing only humans
have,Studies of animals,however,show that
chimpanzees can make and use tools like man,Monkeys
can learn to do something from each other,Apes can
even be taught some forms of language,We find that
certain animals do have culture similar to that of human
beings and the line dividing us from them is not as clear as
we used to think,
II） Summary,
V,Home Assignment,
1,Recite Text A;
2,Finish the exercises after text A;
3,Prepare for a quiz on Text A;
4,Unit 5 Passage A,B,C (Extensive Course ),
