四 川 建 筑 职 业 技 术 学 院 授 课 教 案 编号： 班级名称 鲁班3班 鲁班4班    授课日期      周次/星期      课时章节或 课题名称 Text B of Unit 9: Energy Crisis   课 时 教 学 目 标  Through the study of these two periods of class, the students should understand the text correctly. The new words should be read fluently. The new words and the expressions in the text should be learnt by heart.   课 时 教 学 过 程 设 计 复 习 要 点 或 题 目 教学方法 教学时间   Reading of Text A of Unit 9 Reading of the new words of Text A of Unit 9 Translation of some parts of the text of Unit 9 Practice 10 minutes   新 课 教 学 要 点 及 难 点 分 析 教学方法 及教具 教学时间   1. 课文内容提要: In the debate on the safety of nuclear power there are genuine anxieties that must be answered objectively. First, there is no evidence that the incidence of cancer or other diseases among the workforce of nuclear plants is higher than the national average, and nuclear radiation from nuclear power is much weaker than that from other sources. Second, chances of a "run-away" that lead to an atomic explosion are scarce. Finally, there are some ways to deal with radioactive waste. So nuclear power is the only alternative, and its advantages outweigh the risks. 2. 词汇详解: outweigh vt; debate n. v.; analysis n.; additional adj.; available adj.; shortage n.; significant adj.; 3. 词组用法: be exposed to; convert ... into ...; in turn; compare with (to); under no circumstances Lecture and practice 75 minutes  续 课 时 教 学 过 程 设 计 4. 疑难词语辨析: accident, event 与 incident; number, count 与 calculate; as a result 与 as a result of 5. 课文重点难点详解: 1) The views expressed in the debate on the safety of nuclear power have come mainly from the interested parties … and the various environmental groups on the other. 2) Furthermore, most of the responsible contributions to the debate have been written in such highly technical terms as to be incomprehensible to the lay reader. 3) We believe there is a need for an impartial and dispassionate analysis of the issues involved in language the public can understand. 4) While every effort should be done to develop ... before the beginning of the next century. 5) The long term effect of the low level radiation to which workers in the plants and the public may be exposed; 6) We will deal with these in turn. 7) The long-term effort of low doses of radiation is a particularly difficult subject since medical experts disagree on the interpretation of such statistical evidence as is available.     小 结 教学方法 教学时间   The main task of the students is to understand the meaning of the text and they should also have a thinking of what’s their opinion about nuclear power. Lecture 5 minutes   作业布置（预习、思考题、练习题、看参考资料等）   1. Read the new words fluently. 2. Translate the text into Chinese. 3. Learn the new words by heart and prepare a dictation. 4. Do Exercises 5 and Practice 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 in writing.  教学后记 After the study of this text, the difficulty of the students is the understanding of the text. The main task of these two periods of class is the understanding of the text. So the students should put the text into Chinese correctly under the direction of the teacher. Another difficulty of the students is the new words. The students should first read the new words fluently, and then learn the new words by heart. For checking, the students should have a dictation of the new words.  四 川 建 筑 职 业 技 术 学 院 授 课 教 案 编号： 班级名称 鲁班3班 鲁班4班    授课日期      周次/星期      课时章节或 课题名称 Exercises of Text B of Unit 9   课 时 教 学 目 标  Through the study of these two periods of class, the students should understand the text correctly. The new words should be read fluently and the new words should have a dictation. The exercises and the practice should be done correctly under the direction of the teacher..   课 时 教 学 过 程 设 计 复 习 要 点 或 题 目 教学方法 教学时间   1. Dictation. of the new words of Text B of Unit 9. 2. Reading of the text. 3. Translation of some parts of the text. 4. Exercises doing. Practice 20 minutes   新 课 教 学 要 点 及 难 点 分 析 教学方法 及教具 教学时间   EXERCISE 2 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. T EXERCISE 3 1. intense 2. significant 3. analysis 4. issues 5. statement 6. debate 7. available 8. emerged 9. fraction 10. explosion EXERCISE 4 1. as it is 2. converts … into 3. in turn 4. rely 5. deals with 6. expose … to 7. under no circumstances 8. Compared with EXERCISE 5 1. On the sofa are sitting two young girls. 2. To the list may be added the following names. 3. On the winding path were to be found footprints of some strange animals. Practice 65 minutes  续 课 时 教 学 过 程 设 计 Practice 3 1. 在制定理论前, 应该仔细搜集和研究现有的所有数据资料。 2. 必须警告吸烟者, 医生已得出结论, 吸烟会增加患肺癌的可能性。 3. 应该注意对蛋白质的研究。 4. 可以证明水含有杂质。 5. 发现了错误一定要改正。 Practice 4 1. 根据悲观论者的预测, 现在的煤仅够 450 年使用, 天然气仅够 50 年使用, 而石油则可能在 30 年后枯竭。 2. 可悲的是, 把非常宝贵的矿物燃料用于发电 , 实在是太浪费了。 3. 如果我们无视核研究, 其后果必定是那样。 4. 我们的政策必须灵活。如果我们不认为新的研究是必要的, 我们就不会花钱进行这些研究。 5. 现在重要的问题是把钱花在哪里, 是花在保护现有资源上, 还是花在新型能源的研究上。 Practice 5 1. He ran out of gas a kilometer from his home. 2. You can rely on him because he always keeps his promise. 3. We look to the future with confidence.     小 结 教学方法 教学时间   The main task of the students in the class is doing the exercises correctly. They should pay more attention to translation skills and the writing. Lecture 5 minutes   作业布置（预习、思考题、练习题、看参考资料等）   1. Read the new words in Text A of Unit 10 aloud . 2. Prepare the study for Text A of Unit 10. 3. Do Exercise 1 of Pre-reading Task in Text A of Unit 10.  教学后记 After the exercises doing in these two periods of class, the students should know how to do all the exercises in Text B correctly, especially the translation and writing. Some students will forget the new words very quickly. So the students should review the new words from time to time.   TEXT B OF UNIT 9 Nuclear Power: Advantages That Outweigh the Risks A. Introduction Nuclear power has been perhaps the most controversial issue of our time ever since its birth. More and more concerned citizens and scientists are now showing their increasing worry about what once promised to be a clean and cheap source of energy. "What can we do with dangerous radioactive wastes?" "Are nuclear power plants really as safe as people used to think?" What will be the long-term effects that would do harm to both people and plants?" It seems that nuclear power raised more questions than answers. With all these problems, is nuclear power worth it? Maybe, according to the author of the passage. As we know, nuclear power is a powerful yet dangerous energy source. It can provide high-powered energy for our over-growing industrial society  as long as it's well-managed. It is true that nuclear power alone cannot solve all our energy needs, but it may be worth the risks! In the long run, if important changes are made in the way nuclear power is used, this 20th-century technology could brighten our now cloudy energy future. B、词汇详解 1.outweigh vt 比……更重, 比……更有价值(更重要); 重量, 价值超过…… Do the disadvantages outweigh advantages? 弊多于利吗? My love for her outweighs everything else. 我对她的爱胜过一切。 [记忆技巧] outrank 地位高于……; outpoint vt. 得分多于, 以点数胜得过; outsmart vt. 比……更聪明; 以机智胜得过; outstay v. 居住比……更久, 停留较……长久; outvote vt. 得票超过, 比得更多选票 2. debate ①n. 正式讨论, 辩论, 辩论会 After much debate Harry was chosen captain of the football team. 经过许多讨论后, 哈里被选为足球队长。 Who opened the debate? 谁最先开始辩论? ②vt. 正式讨论, 辩论 We are debating whether to go to the mountain or to the seaside. 我们正在辩论到底是去山上还是到海边。 I debated the question with Mary. 我跟玛丽讨论过那个问题。 [记忆技巧]同源派生词: debater n. 辩论者; debatable adj. 可争辩的, 成问题的 [常用短语] under debate 在争辩中; to debate (upon) a question with sb. 与某人辩论问题; to debate about sth. 辩论某事 3. analysis n.(复数形式: analyses) 分析 We need an expert analysis of market trends 我们需要一个专家对市场趋势所作的分析。 This matter needs careful analysis. 这件事还需要认真分析。 [记忆技巧]同源派生词: analyst n. 分析家, 化学分析家; analytic/analytical adj. 分析的, 用分析法的; analyse/analyze v. 分析 He has a fine analytical mind. 他善于分析。 If we analyze water, we find that it is made up of two parts of hydrogen and one part of oxygen. 如果我们对水进行分析, 就会发现它是由两个氢原子和一个氧原子构成的。 4. additional adj. 附加的 , 另外的 The meal costs $3 and there is an additional 20 cents for service. 这顿饭花了 3 美元外加 20 美分的服务费。 We need some additional help, for we can not do it alone. 我们还需要一些帮助, 因为我们无法单独完成。 [记忆技巧]同源派生词: addition n. 加; adv. 加, 加上。 Additionally adv. 额外地; additive n. 添加剂 [常用短语] add sth. (to sth.) 加, 增加; add up(to) 加起来总和是, 等于, 表示; in addition (to) 除……之外, 并且 5. available adj. ①(指物)可用的, 有效的, 可获得的 These tickets are available for one month only. 这些票的有限期只有一个月。 The book you ordered is not available. 你订购的那本书还没有货。 ②(指人)能出席的 Are you available for a meeting tomorrow morning. 明天上午的会你能出席吗? [记忆技巧] avail vt. 利用; 有帮助, 有用 You should avail yourself of every opportunity to practise your English. 你该利用每一个机会练习英语。 Money doesn't avail on a desert island. 金钱在荒岛上没有用处。 [常用短语] avail oneself of 利用; of no/little avail 无助的, 无用的; without avail; to no avail 无结果, 不成功 We pulled him out of the river and tried revive him ,but to no avail. 我们把他从河里拉上来想使他恢复知觉, 但是没有成功。 6. shortage n. 不足, 不足之量; 缺少 Owing to shortage of staff, the project will not be finished on schedule. 由于人员缺乏, 这项工程无法按时完成。 There is a shortage of good building wood. 这里缺乏优质建筑木材。 [记忆技巧]同源派生词: short adj. 短的, 不足的; adv. 唐突地, 突然停止; shorten vt./vi. 使短, 变短, 使不足; shorts (pair of shorts) 短裤 [常用短语] have a short temper 易怒, 脾气急躁; be short of 无足够之量; cut sth./sb. short 阻止, 使简短; run short of 用完; a shortage of ... 缺乏……, ……不足 7. significant adj. 有意义的, 有含义的, 重要的, 重大的 These are very significant points which we must consider carefully. 这几点是非常重要的, 我们必须加以认真思考。 She left with a significant smile. 她带着意味深长的微笑离开了。 [记忆技巧] 同源派生词: significance n. 意义, 意味, 重要, 重大; significantly adj. 有含义地, 有意义地; signification n. (字等的)含义, 意义; signify vt./vi. 表示(个人的意见, 意向, 目的), 意味; 有关系, 有重要性 He signified his agreement. 他表示同意。 Do dark clouds signify rain? 乌云表示 / 意味着有雨吗? It doesn't signify. 那无关紧要。 [常用短语] be of great /little significance 极为重要 / 无关紧要 C、词组用法 1. be exposed to 暴露、显露 They are exposed to attack everywhere. 他们到处被动挨打。 The soldiers were warned to remain hidden and not to be exposed themselves to the enemies. 部队奉命继续隐蔽, 不能暴露在敌人面前。 可用于主动式。如: Her youth and beauty will expose her to many danger. 她的年青与美丽将使她面对许多危险。 2. convert ... into ... 转变为…… He had all his pounds converted into francs. 他把他所有的英镑都兑换成了法郎。 He converted them to Buddhism. 他使他们改信佛教。 Coal can be converted to gas by burning. 通过燃烧煤可以转化为气。 3. in turn 轮流地, 依次地 All the applicants will have to be interviewed in turn. 所有的申请者都将依次接受面试。 He picked up all the books in turn and examined them. 他把所有的书一一拾起来检查。 in turn 的反义词是 out of turn, 表示"不按顺序地"。 You mustn’t speak out of (your) turn. 你发言不能不按顺序。 4. compare with (to) 与……相比, 和……比起来 Compared with/to many people, she was indeed very fortunate- 和许多人比起来她确实是很幸运的。 Compare this with that, and you will see which is better. 把这个和那个比较一下, 你就可以看出哪个更好。 That old computer is not to be compared with this new one 那台老计算机没法和这台新的相比。 5. under no circumstances 无论在任何情况下均不可, 决不 In/under no circumstances can you lose your self-confident. 在任何情况下你都不可失去自信。 In no circumstances can I believe that he is guilty. 无论如何我也不相信他是有罪的。 而 in/under the circumstances 则表示"在此种情形下, 情况既然如此"。 同义词组: in no case 决不; in this /that case 在此/那种情况下。 6. as it is (was) 照现在的情况, 事实上 在句中作插入语, 通常置于句首。 As it is, we need to improve the equipment in our factory right now. 照目前的情况, 我们需要立即改善我们厂的设备。 I should be glad to go with you, as it is, I'm too busy to do so. 我本来很想同你一同去, 事实上, 我现在忙得走不了。 As it was, I declined his offer. 事实上, 我拒绝了他提供的帮助。 as it were 与其意义有所不同, as it were 与 so to speak 同义, 表示"可以说", "打个比喻说", " 好像", 也作插入语。 He is, as it were, a walking dictionary. 他可以说是部活字典。 7. range from ... to (某范围内)变动、变化 The prices range from very low to very high. 价格从低到高不等。 His land ranges from here to the river 50 miles away. 他的土地从这里一直延伸到 50 英里以外的河旁。 D、疑难词语辨析 1. accident, event 与 incident accident 通常指偶然发生的不幸事故, 如摔伤、车祸, 也指偶然发生的故障。如: There has been many traffic accidents this year. 今年发生了许多交通事故。 An accident happened to the engine. 发动机出了故障。 event 指重大的事件，特指历史上的重大事件。如： Do you remember the thrilling event of one day in April? 你记得四月里某天发生的那件触目惊心的事吗 ? incident 指某一事件的小波澜、小插曲、小事件。 Conflict is an inevitable incident in any system of cooperation. 意见冲突是任何合作制度所不能避免的事。 Frontier incidents have been common on the border. 边境纠纷在边境上是经常发生的。 2. number, count 与 calculate 这组动词均表示"数"和"计算"的意思。 number 主要表示"把……编号"、"计有"。 The rows of seats in the hall are numbered with letters. 大厅里一排排座位均用字母编号。 The club now numbers more than 500 members. 该俱乐部现有 500 多名成员。 count 表示"数到", "点的数目", "清点"。 She is tired of counting the pages of a manuscript. 她对点稿子的页数有些厌倦。 calculate 表示"计算", "点……的数目", "清点"。 I calculated that we would arrive at 6 p.m. 我算了一下, 我们将于下午 6 点钟到达。 3. as a result 与 as a result of as a result 表示"其结果是……", 后接从句, 表示结果。 He refused to have medical attention in the early stages of his complaint, and as a result he became seriously ill · 生病的最初阶段他拒绝治疗, 结果他的病加重了。 as a result of 表示"由于", 后接名词或动名词, 表示起因。 Two people have already died as a result of the accident, and the lives of several others are in danger. 由于意外事故两人丧生, 其他几个人生命垂危。 E、课文内容提要 In the debate on the safety of nuclear power there are genuine anxieties that must be answered objectively. First, there is no evidence that the incidence of cancer or other diseases among the workforce of nuclear plants is higher than the national average, and nuclear radiation from nuclear power is much weaker than that from other sources. Second, chances of a "run-away" that lead to an atomic explosion are scarce. Finally, there are some ways to deal with radioactive waste. So nuclear power is the only alternative, and its advantages outweigh the risks. F、课文章点难点详解 1. The views expressed in the debate on the safety of nuclear power have come mainly from the interested parties … and the various environmental groups on the other. 有关核动力安全问题辩论中所表达的观点，主要来自与此问题利害相关的两个方面：一方是联合王国原子能管理局和英国核燃料有限公司，另一方是各种环境保护团体。 1) the interested parties: the groups that are directly concerned with the issue and are likely to be affected by its results 利害相关的方面 2) the environmental groups: groups who are concerned with the protection of the environment from pollution, etc. 各种环境保护团体 2. Furthermore, most of the responsible contributions to the debate have been written in such highly technical terms as to be incomprehensible to the lay reader.(paragraph 1, lim4) 此外, 与这场辩论有关的多数文章都是用专业技术性很强的术语写成, 使得外行读者难以理解。 ①lay adj.(仅用作定语)普通人, 凡俗的; 外行的。常用搭配有: lay opinion 外行人的意见; layman 外行人, 门外汉; to the lay mind 对外行人来说。 Where the law is concerned, I'm only a layman. 谈到法律我不过是个门外汉。 ②句中的 such + 名词 + as to 结构, 表示 " 太……而……", 可转变为such ... that 结构, 即: Furthermore, most of the reliable papers for the debate have been written in such highly technical terms that lay readers can hardly understand. 类似用法有: so + adj. + as to。如: Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 请问现在是什么时间 ? The rain was so heavy as to make our picnic impossible 雨太大, 我们无法去野餐了。 He is not so stupid as to do that. 他还不至于蠢到去做那件事。 3. We believe there is a need for an impartial and dispassionate analysis of the issues involved in language the public can understand. 我们认为，有必要用一般公众能够理解的语言，对所牵涉到的问题作一公正而又冷静的分析。 issue 1) a question that arises for discussion 议题，争论的焦点 Whether I go there or not is a debatable issue. 我去不去还是个问题。 2) the act of coming out 放出，流出 The motor vehicle department handles the issue of driving licences. 交通部门处理驾照问题。 3) something printed （杂志等的）期，号 Have you read today’s issue of “The Times”? 你看过这期的泰晤士报了吗？ 4. While every effort should be done to develop ... before the beginning of the next century. (paragraph 2, line 1) 一方面, 在开发有前景的自然能源方面, 我们应该竭尽全力, 但另一方面我们也确认在下世纪初之前我们不可能找到任何一种自然资源来有效弥补能源的不足。 1) make effort to do sth. 努力, 尽力做…… He made every effort to lift the big rock. 他尽力地举起了那块大石头。 Does it require a great effort of will to give up smoking. 戒烟需要坚强的毅力吗? 2) virtually: practically, actually, almost 实际上，事实上，差不多，几乎 3) significant: of noticeable importance or effort 重要的，值得注意的，有意义的 Penicillin was an extremely significant medical discovery. 青霉素是重要的医药发明。 5. The long term effect of the low level radiation to which workers in the plants and the public may be exposed; 核电厂的工人和一般公众有可能受到低度辐射的伤害, 那么这种辐射会产生什么样的长期后果。 be exposed to: to be left without protection (from something) It can not be exposed to the sun. 这种东西不能暴露在阳光下。 He believes in regularly exposing his pupils to great works of art. 他认为学生应经常受到伟大作品的熏陶。 6. We will deal with these in turn. 对于这些问题我们将依次分述如下: in turn: successively; in order 7. The long-term effort of low doses of radiation is a particularly difficult subject since medical experts disagree on the interpretation of such statistical evidence as is available.(paragraph5, line 1) 由于医学专家对现有的统计证据的解释各不相同, 因此, 低量辐射的长期影响就成了一个极其困难的课题。 ①disagree on 无法在某一点上取得或具有相同意见。 They disagree on a date for the next meeting. 他们没有就下次开会的时间达成协议。 They finally agree upon/on the term of the contract 他们最后就合同的条文达成了协议。 ②在 as is available 中 as 用作代词。 As is announced in the papers, our country has launched another man-made satellite. 报上宣布我国又发射了一颗人造卫星。 as is well known ... 如众所周知…… The statement reads in full as follows ... 声明全文如下…… 8. However, two facts emerge which seem to us significant. (Paragraph 5, line 3) 但是有两个事实看起来对我们很有意义。 emerge v. 出现, 现出, 暴露。 (同义词: appear) A large animal emerged from the water. 从水中现出一个庞然大物。 At last it has emerged that he stole the money. 最后才知道是他偷了钱。 No new ideas emerged during the talk. 谈话中没有新的意见出现。 9. … is only a minute fraction (0.2 percent) of the radiation from other sources mainly natural. 主要是自然源放射量的极小一部分, 即0.2%。 There are minute particles of gold dust on the desk. 桌子上有金粉的细小微粒。 10. However, under no circumstances could a thermal power reactor of any type explode like an atomic bomb. 但是无论在什么情况下, 任何类型的反应堆都不会像原子弹那样爆炸。 under / in no circumstances: never; regardless of events (used to emphasize that something must definitely not happen) 无论在什么情况下 Under no circumstances are you to leave the house. 无论在什么情况下你都不能离开这所房子。 under / in the circumstances: because of the conditions; because things are as they are (used to say that a particular situation makes an action, decision, etc, necessary or acceptable when it would not normally be) 在这种情况下，既然如此 Under the circumstances, there was nothing I could say. 既然如此，我无话可说。 under / in any circumstances: in any case 在任何情况下 Under any circumstances a gentleman has no right to hurt a woman. 在任何情况下，一位有教养的人都无权伤害一位女士。 11. The disposal of radioactive waste. (paragraph 8, 1ine 1) 放射废料的处理。 disposal n. 处理, 处置; dispose v. 处理, 处置。 the disposal of rubbish 垃圾的处理 dispose of 处理, 处置 They want to dispose of some used books. 他们想处理掉一些旧书。 12. the process of its radioactive decay 辐射衰变过程 13. a high (low) rate of decay 衰变率高(低) 14. There would be obvious advantage from the point of view of long-term storage ... (paragraph10, line 3) 从长期储存的观点来看具有明显的优越性。 from the point of view 从……观点看。 They all admired the thing from a literary point of view. 他们都从文学的观点来加以赞赏。 I can’t understand why you don't look at this matter from the right point of view. 我不明白你为什么不能用正确的观点来看这件事。 15. ... the additional radiation due to man's efforts would be in significant... (paragraph 11, Line 3) 辐射是微不足道的…… due to 由于, 因为。 The flight was cancelled due to the fog. 班机因雾停航。 My illness was due to the bad food. 我的病是由于吃坏了东西而引起的。 比较 due to 和 bemuse of, 两者都有"因为"、"由于"的意思, 但是because of 不可用作表语。 G、课文佳句背诵 1. The views expressed in the debate on the safety of nuclear power have come mainly from the interested parties. 2 .It is not surprising therefore that the public is confused by the many contradictory statements, some of which have been sensational. 3. Furthermore, most of the responsible contributions to the de- bate have been written in such highly technical terms as to be comprehensible to the lay reader. 4. If the world is not to face a substantial fall in living standards with a very real risk of civil upheaval —— if not war —— there is no alternative but to rely on a major contribution of energy from nuclear sources. H. Summary of the Text In the debate on the safety of nuclear power there are genuine anxieties we have to deal with. First, there is no evidence that the long term effects of the low level of radiation causes higher occurrence of cancer or other diseases than the national average and the radiation from nuclear power is much weaker than that from other sources. Second, chances of a "run away" leading to an atomic explosion are slim. Finally, radioactive waste can be separated in a chemical way, disposed of or stored in stainless steel double-walled tanks or converted to a solid. So the advantages of nuclear power outweigh the risks and nuclear energy is the alternative we can rely on to fill the energy gap. I. Text-related information nuclear power: the energy consumed or produced in modifying the composition of the atomic nucleus and powering electricity-generating plants in countries throughout the world. It is seen by many as the source of inexpensive, clean power; but, because of the hazardous radiation emitted in producing that power and the radioactivity of the materials used, others feel that it may not be a viable energy alternative to the use of fossil fuels or solar energy. At present, only the fission process is used in the commercial production of energy, usually to make electricity, but also occasionally to produce steam for district heating or industrial applications. Public opinion remains largely favorable toward nuclear energy. However, questions about the safety and economy of nuclear power have created perhaps the most emotional battle yet fought over energy. Nuclear opponents emphasize a number of unanswered questions about the environment such as the effects of low-level radiation over long-periods, the likelihood of major accidents at a nuclear power plant and nuclear power's waste products. Nuclear Power: Advantages That Outweigh the Risks The views expressed in the debate on the safety of nuclear power have come mainly from the interested parties ── the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority and British Nuclear Fuels Limited on the one hand, and the various environmental groups on the other. It is not surprising therefore that the public is confused by the many contradictory statements, some of which have been sensational. Furthermore, most of the responsible contributions to the debate have been written in such highly technical terms as to be incomprehensible to the lay reader. We believe there is a need for an impartial and dispassionate analysis of the issues involved in language the public can understand. While every effort should be made to develop the more promising natural sources as quickly as possible, we believe it will be virtually impossible for any of them to make a significant contribution to the energy gap before the beginning of the next century. If the world is not to face a substantial fall in living standards with a very real risk of civil upheaval ── if not war ── there is no alternative but to rely on a major contribution of energy from nuclear sources. However, as it is, there are genuine anxieties which must be answered objectively. These fall under the following broad headings: (I) The long-term effects of the low level radiation to which workers in the plants and the public may be exposed; (II) the possibility of a "run away" leading to an atomic explosion; (III) the disposal of radioactive waste. We will deal with these in turn. [1] Acceptable limits of radiation: The long-term effect of low doses of radiation is a particularly difficult subject since medical experts disagree on the interpretation of such statistical evidence as is available. However, two facts emerge which seem to us significant: (a)there is no evidence that the incidence of cancer or other diseases among the work-force of the United Kingdom nuclear plants is higher than the national average. (b)the average exposure of the public to radiation as a result of nuclear power is only a minute fraction (0.2 per cent) of the radiation from other sources ── mainly natural.  [2] The worst conceivable accident: it must be accepted that no process or mechanism can be 100 per cent safe. However, under mo circumstances could a thermal power reactor of any type explode like an atomic bomb. The worst that could happen in the improbable event of a whole series of unlikely incidents happening together, would be an escape of radioactivity to the surrounding atmosphere. It has been calculated by Professor Rasmussen, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, that the chances of such an accident causing 100 deaths for a group of 100 power plants would be one incident in 100,000 years. [3] The disposal of radioactive waste. The spent fuel elements from any reactor are highly radioactive and contain fission and other products with half lives ranging from a few seconds to many thousands of years. It should be realized, however, that the radiation (of whatever sort) emitted by a particular element is caused by the process of its radioactive decay. The elements with a high rate of decay (short half lives) therefore emit very intense radiation, while those with low rates of decay (long half lives) emit only low levels. After chemical separation, some of the elements (uranium and plutonium) are recycled for further use; the remainder have to be stored or disposed of in some ways. The highly active concentrated wastes in liquid form are at present stored in stainless steel double-walled tanks for additional safety. There would be obvious advantages from the point of view of long-term storage if the concentrates could be converted to a solid, and a process has been worked out for turning them into an insoluble glass. There are areas in the earth's crust where the natural levels of radioactivity are already high, and as in so many other instances, the additional radiation due to man's efforts would be insignificant compared with natural sources. New Words outweigh v. 比…更重要 debate n. v. 辩论 atomic a. 原子的 environmental a. 环境的, 有关环境(保护)的 contradictory a. 互相矛盾的 statement n. 陈述 incomprehensible a. 不能理解的 lay a. 外行的, 非专业性 impartial a. 公正的 dispassionate a. 冷静的 analysis n. 分析 virtual a. 实际上的, 实质上的 virtually ad. 实际上, 实质上 significant a. 重要的, 重大的 substantial a. 1. 大的, 多的 2. 实质的, 实际上的 upheaval n. 骤变 objective a. 客观的 objectively ad. 客观地 long-term a. 长期的, 长远的 radiation n. 辐射, 放射 explosion n. 爆炸 radioactive a. 放射性的 dose n. 1. (X射线、辐射等的) 吸收剂量 2. （药的）剂量，一剂 interpretation n. 解释, 说明 available a. 可用的 incidence n. 发生率 work-force n. 工人总数, 劳动人口 exposure n. 暴露, 显露 fraction n. 分数, 小数 conceivable a. 可信的 mechanism n. 机械装置 thermal a. 热的 , 热量的 explode v. 爆炸 improbable a. 不太可能的 calculate v. 计算 fission n. 裂变, 分裂 emit v. 发出, 放射 decay n 衰变, 衰减 intense a. 剧烈的 chemical a. 化学的 uranium n. 铀 recycle v. 重新利用 remainder n. 剩余物 liquid a. 液态的 n. 液体 stainless a. 用不锈钢制的 , 不锈的 double a. 1. 双的, 双重的 2. 两倍的 v. 使加倍 double-walled a. 双层的 additional a. 额外的, 外加的 storage n. 储存 convert v. 使转变 insoluble a. 不能溶解的 crust n. 地壳 Phrases and Expressions as it is 事实上, 既然如此 , 像现在这样 be exposed to 暴露, 面临 in turn 依次地 under no circumstances 无论如何不, 决不 range from … to 在……范围内变动, 在……范围内变化 convert … to 把……转变成 Proper Names the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority 联合王国原子能管理局 British Nuclear Fuels Limited 英国核燃料(股份有限)公司 Rasmussen 拉斯穆森(人名) The Massachusetts Institute of Technology 麻省理工学院 J、课文参考译文 核动力: 好处大于凤险 关于核动力安全问题的辩论所表达的观点主要来自与此问题有利害关系的两个方面: 一方是英国原子能管理局和英国核燃料有限公司; 另一方则是各种环境保护团体。他们的许多观点相互对立, 有些甚至是骇人听闻的, 因此, 公众对此无所适从也就不足为奇了。另外, 与这场辩论有关的多数可信的文章都是用专业性很强的术语写成, 使得外行读者难以理解。我们认为对所涉及的问题, 有必要用公众所能理解的语言作一番公正而又冷静的分析。 一方面, 在开发有前景的自然能源方面, 我们应该竭尽全力, 但另一方面我们也确认在下世纪初之前我们不可能找到任何一种自然资源来有效弥补能源的不足。 如果世界要避免由于生活水平的大幅度下降而引起的内乱——且不说战争, 那么除了主要使用核能以外没有其他办法。但事实上现在确实存在许多忧虑, 需要作出客观的解答。这些忧虑主要有以下几种: 1. 核电厂的工人和一般公众有可能受到低度辐射的伤害, 那么这种辐射会产生什么样的长期后果。 2. 是否存在由于"泄漏"而导致原子弹爆炸的可能性。 3. 如何处理核放射废料。 对于这些问题我们将依次分述如下: 1. 可接受的辐射限度: 由于医学专家对现有的统计证据的解释各不相同, 因此低量辐射的长期影响是个及其困难的课题, 但是有两个事实看起来对我们很有意义: (a) 没有证据表明英国核工厂的工作人员患癌症或其他疾病的发病率高于全国平均水平。(b) 公众所受到的由核动力造成的平均辐射量仅是其他来源——主要是自然源放射量的极小一部分, 即 0.2%。 2. 可设想的最为严重的事故: 必须承认, 没有任何一种方法或机制是百分之百安全的。但是无论在什么情况下, 任何类型的反应堆都不会像原子弹那样爆炸。退一万步说, 假使一系列不太可能的事件果然发生, 那么可能产生的最坏后果就是放射线扩散到周围的大气中。麻省理工学院的拉斯穆森 教授计算过, 在 100 座核电工厂中发生 100 人死亡的事故的可能性是 10 万年中仅有一次。 3. 放射废料的处理: 凡经过反应堆使用过的燃料都具有很强的放射性, 并且含有裂变物质和其他产物。这些产物的半衰期从几秒钟到数万年不等。 但是应该认识到, 由某种元素产生的辐射(无论何种)都是由其衰变过程引起的。因此, 衰变率高(半衰期短)的元素有很强的辐射, 而衰变率低(半衰期长)的元素仅产生低度辐射。 经过化学分离, 有些元素(如铀和钚)被回收后继续使用, 其余的则必须用某种方法储存或处理。为了加倍保险, 目前辐射性极强的浓缩液态废料是用一种不锈钢制成的双层罐储藏。从长期储存的观点来看, 如果能将储存液转化为固体, 其优越性将十分明显, 而且现在已经发明了一种方法, 它能将这种浓缩液转化成非溶解性玻璃。 地壳的有些区域自然辐射程度本来就很高, 因此与其他相似的情况一样, 即使增加一些人为造成的辐射, 与自然放射源相比也是微不足道的。 Skills Reading Skills  Understanding the Author's Opinion 分辨作者的观点及态度的能力属于一种高层次的阅读技能。在阅读过程中, 即使理解了所有的句子, 但如果不能分辨出作者的意图和观点, 很难说理解了通篇文章, 有时还会对文章产生误解。 实际上, 作者在文章中都会对其主题持有自己的某种看法, 这些看法往往反映在如下几个方面: 作者的目的 (Purpose): What does the author hope to accomplish by writing this? (It could be any of the following or a mixture of them: to exp1ain, to ridicule, to amuse, to protest, to accuse, to teach, etc.) 作者的态度 (Attitude): How does the author feel about this topic?(It will be determined by his purpose. It could be: serious, superficial sympathetic, angry, etc.) 作者的语气 (Tone): How does this passage appear to the reader? (It could be serious, humorous, bitter, objective, emotional, ironical, angry, persuasive, etc.) 作者的倾向 (Bias): Does the author have a strong opinion about the topic which may affect the choice of facts presented and 1anguage used? 作者这些个人的感情色彩、语气、及态度一般不在文字中直接表达出来, 须透过字里行间进行推断, 特别要注意作者表达方式及一些修饰词如形容词、副词等, 因为作者写文章选词时常带有某种倾向性。 E-C Translation Skills I. 被动句的翻译: 将英语被动句译成汉语的无主句 汉语的句子可以不带主语, 因此, 当无须说出行为主体时, 可以将英语的被动句译成汉语的无主句。一般说来, 英语中不带 by 短语并含有情态动词的被动句都可以采用这种译法。翻译时, 将原句的主语译成宾语, 放在动词后面，也可以加 "把"、"将"、"对" 等词将宾语放在动词之前。英语中有些特殊的被动句是由短语动词中的名词作主语构成的, 翻译时可以将原句的主语和谓语合译成汉语无主句的谓语。 本单元练习说明如下: All the data available should be collected and studied with care before one works at a theory 在制定理论前, 应该认真搜集和研究现有的所有数据资料。 [原句的主语译成宾语, 放在动词之 后。] Smokers must be warned that doctors have reached the conclusion that smoking increases the possibility of lung cancer. 必须警告吸烟者, 医生己得出结论, 吸烟会增加患肺癌的可能性。 [原句的主语译成宾语, 放在动词之后。] Attention should be paid to the study of proteins. 应该注意对蛋白质的研究。 [原句的主语和谓语合译成汉语无主句的谓语。] Water can be shown as containing impurities. 可以证明水含有杂质。 [原句的主语译成汉语兼语式的主语。] Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered. 发现了错误一定要改正。 [从句与主句同一主语, 合译成一句。] II．常用结构译法介绍 It is + adj. + for ...+ to v.: 该结构中的 "for" 引出不定式的逻辑主语, 与不定式一起构成不定式复合结构。 "It" 是先行词, 作形式主语, 代表后面的不定式复合结构, 其谓语通常是联系动词 "be" 加形容词表语。这一结构相当于由 that 引出的主语从句, 翻译时一般有两种处理方法: 一、将不定式的逻辑主语译成主语, 将主句系表结构中的形容词转译成动词, 与不定式一起译成谓语; 二、将不定式复合结构分译出来, 放在前面, 将主句的系表结构译成谓语。例如: 1. It is necessary for us to learn how to use a computer- 我们必须学会使用计算机。 2. It is difficult for these people to kill large animals, and it requires a lot of energy. 这些人去屠杀大动物是困难的, 这需要花很多力气。 3. It is easier for them to use insects for food because it is not difficult to catch insects and it does not require a lot of energy. 用小昆虫当食物对他们来说就容易些, 因为抓昆虫并不难, 也不需要很多力气。 4. It will be virtually impossible for any of the natural sources to make a significant contribution to the energy gap before the beginning of the next century. 任何一种自然能源要在下世纪初之前便能在很大程度上弥补能源的不足, 实际上是不可能的。 (在下世纪初之前, 任何自然能源实际上都不可能对弥补能源缺口起重大作用。) Guided Writing 1. Expressing an Opinion: 该部分设有三个练习 (Practices 6-8)。训练要点可参照本课的阅读技能部分 (Reading Skins)。 2. 在日常生活中, 人们常常会由于产品质量不好或对售后服务不满意而感到烦恼, 这时可以写投诉信求得解决。投诉信与普通书信的格式基本相同。写信时要注意态度诚恳、直接了当。记住, 写信的目的是为求得一个解决问题的方法而不是为了泄愤。一般说来, 一封投诉信包括三个最基本的方面: 1) 投诉内容。一般放在信的开头。常用的表达语有: I am writing to you about/with reference ... which we received/bought ... I am going to complain about ... 2) 投诉原因。一般讲述对产品或售后服务不满意的地方。常用的表达语有: When we checked ... we noticed ... … it did not work. 3) 希望得到的结果。 Please let us know what you intend to do in this matter. I am returning ... under separate post and look forward to receiving a full refund of … AFTER-READING TASK Reading Comprehension Exercise 2 Decide whether the statements are True or False according to the passage. 1. On the safety of nuclear power, the views expressed by the environmental groups are quite different from those by the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority and British Nuclear Fuels Limited. 2. Whether the public can better understand the problem of nuclear power totally depends on how much and how well they know about the technical terms involved. 3. The author believes that if we develop more natural power sources we can solve the energy shortage. 4. According to the author, nuclear energy, though with some risks, is the only alternative that we can rely on to fill in the energy gap. 5. Through the explanations given in paragraphs 5 to11, the author intends to draw a conclusion that the advantages of nuclear power outweigh the risks. Vocabulary and Structure Exercise 3 Fill in the blanks with the given words. Change the form where necessary. issue emerge analysis explosion available debate intense fraction statement significant   1. It was so hot in Africa that we could not stand the _____ heat. 2. Any success of yours may be _____ for your whole future. 3. In his last 1ecturc he gave an intelligent _____ of the political situation in East Europe. 4. One of the biggest _____ we were facing was whether we should set up a nuclear power plant here. 5. Throughout the debate, members of both sides listened to every speaker's _____ with great attention. 6. Participants are free to speak their minds, as truth is made clear through _____ between different views. 7. In ancient times the building of houses depended on the climate, the materials _____ and some other factors. 8. Through the joint efforts of British and French police forces, the new evidence _____ from the investigation. 9. It takes only a _____ of a second for a computer to do the complicated calculations. 10. In the age of knowledge _____, we should try to keep up with the rapid development of modern science and technology. Exercise 4 Complete the sentences with the given expressions. Change the form where necessary. rely on in turn expose … to deal with convert … to as it is compare with under no circumstances   1. I thought things would get better, but _____ they are getting worse. 2. Their plant _____ crude oil _____ a wide variety of chemical products. 3. There were cheers for each of the women as they spoke _____. 4. A country should mainly _____ the strength and wisdom of its own people. 5. The last chapter of the book _____ a brief history of the English language. 6. A wise mother never _____ her children _____ the slightest possibility of danger. 7. We have made up our mind that _____ will we give up our attempt to find the solution. 8 _____ cars, bicycles have a lot of advantages, especially in a crowded city. Exercise 5 Rewrite the sentences, beginning each with the underlined part. Make changes where necessary. EXAMPLE: She rang the bell for Sylvia. A girl came in she had not seen before. She rang the bell for Sylvia. In came a girl she had not seen before. 1. There are two young girls sitting on the sofa 2. The following names may be added to the list 3. Footprints of some strange animals were to be found on the winding path 4. Miles and miles of fertile land( 肥沃的土地 )1ay before them 5. He is happy who has a sound mind in a sound body. 6. The statue to the hero stands on one side of the square. Skills Development and Practice Reading Skill  Flash Reading Sentence Understanding the Author’s Opinion Practice 1 Read the paragraphs and answer the questions that follow. Zoo supporters argue that zoos provide an educational service, but often the captive environment can be misleading. For example, tigers are solitary (独居的) animals which like space and privacy but if you go to a zoo you’ll often see them caged together in packs. Zoos may try hard to promote education and conservation to get themselves a better image, but few have a genuine education programme. Another claim often made is that, if we didn't have animals in zoos, we wouldn't see them at all. But we aren't living in Victorian times (维多利亚女王时代). Most of us have television and go to the cinema so we how what wild life looks like. If an animal is suffering by being kept in captivity, isn't it kinder to see it on a film? Questions: 1. What are the zoo supporters’ arguments? a.____________________________________________. b.____________________________________________. 2. Why does the author think they are wrong? a.____________________________________________. b.____________________________________________. Practice 2 Read the passage and answer the questions that follow. I think it is a good idea for women to have a career and a family. There are many reasons. Firstly, if the woman works as well as the husband, the extra money is very useful. The family can have a better life  more clothes for the children, maybe a new TV and so on. Secondly, and more important, women are not just for looking after children. Women are just as good as men at almost everything, except things requiring strength. Thirdly, some people say that a woman having a career is bad for family life but, as far as I how, there is no proof of this. In my opinion, it is just a story that men tell each other Finally, as far as I am concerned, it is a woman's choice. She has the right to decide. If she wants to stay at home or go and find a job, that is her decision. Questions: 1. What is the author's opinion about whether women should have careers and families at the same time? 2. List the reasons the author gives to support his view. _____________________________________________. _____________________________________________. c. _____________________________________________. d. _____________________________________________. 3. Underline all the signal words of giving an opinion. Signal Words of Giving an Opinion  I (do not) believe/think that, I an convinced that, As I see it, In my view, In my opinion, It seems to me that, To my mind, As far as I am concerned   Translation Practice Translating Skill: 被动语态的译法(3): 将英语被动句译成汉语无主句 Practice 3 Translate the sentences into Chinese, using the translation skill you have just learned 1. All the data available should be collected and studied with care before one works at a theory. 2. Smokers must be warned that doctors have reached the conclusion that smoking increases the possibility of lung cancer. 3. Attention should be paid to the study of proteins. 4. Water can be shown as containing impurities. 5. Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered. Practice 4 Translate the sentences into Chinese. 1. Pessimistic forecasts say that there is only enough coal for 450 years, enough natural gas for 50 years and that oil might run out in 30 years. 2. The tragedy is that fossil fuels are far too valuable to waste on the production of electdcity. 3. That's what will happen if we turn our backs on nuclear research. 4. Our policy must be flexible. Unless we thought new research was necessary, we wouldn't be spending money on it. 5. The big question is where to spend the money  on conservation of present resources or on research into new forms of power. Practice 5 Translate the sentences into English. 1. 在离家还有一公里的地方他的汽油用完了。 2. 你可以信赖他, 因为他说话从来是算数的。 3. 我们满怀信心地展望未来。 4. 你如果那样开车, 迟早会出事的。 5. 使他吃惊的是, 本来放画的地方竟然一无所有。 Guided Writing  Expressing an Opinion Practice 6 Give your opinions on the topics. Begin each of your sentences with the words given. EXAMPLE: Advertising In my opinion, advertising is nothing but a money  making plot to control our lives. 1. The quality of British food As far as I am concerned, _____________________________________________. 2. The effect of TV on young people I believe very strongly that ____________________________________________. 3. Smoking in public places Personally speaking, I think that ________________________________________. 4. A woman's place In my opinion, ______________________________________________________. 5. The standard of education in our country It seems to me that ___________________________________________________. 6. Living in the countryside I am convinced that __________________________________________________. 7. The role of English To my mind, ________________________________________________________. 8. The role of money in our life In my view, _________________________________________________________. Practice 7 Complete each of the sentences with the given words. Remember to use an appropriate phrase of giving an opinion. EXAMPLE: A lot of people think it is fine for a woman to work if they have no family, but,.____________________________. (have a family / make /no difference) A lot of people think it fine for a woman to work if they have no family, but to my mind, having a family makes no difference. 1. Some people claim that money is the source of happiness, but, _________________________. (money/not really make /one /happy) 2. It is popularly believed that failure is a bad thing, however, _______________________________. (failure /not /totally /bad thing) 3. Many people say that the proper job of a woman is to bring up children and look after the house, while it is the man's job to have a career. However, _____________________________________. (a good thing /women /have careers /families /at the same time) 4. Some people say that American food is quick and easy to prepare, but, ______________________. (it /not /as good as/food /my country /because /it/be /tasteless /not often fresh) 5. Smokers may say that they should be free to do as they like. They say that we already have no-smoking areas in the public places, and that this should be enough. _________________, however, ________________________________. (non-smoker/also be /free /free to go anywhere / they choose /without / risk/ health) Practice 8 Complete the passage by giving your opinion that smoking should be banned in public places and your reasons for it. You can make use of the outline. Your opinion: Smoking should be banned in public places Reasons: 1. unpleasant to sit in a smoke-filled room 2. smoking, a fire risk 3. nobody, risk his health, other people's habits Smoking Should Be Banned in Public Places Statistics show beyond doubt that smoking can damage the health, yet a surprisingly large number of people continue to smoke in spite of all warning. By doing so they are not just shortening their own lives, they are also affecting the health of those around them. It is time that non-smokers fought back! ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Signal Words for Expressing an Opinion  in my opinion, Personally speaking, I think that … in my view It seems to me that … to my mind, I am convinced that … as far as I am concerned, I believe very strongly that …   Practice 9 投诉信 就下述内容写一封投诉信： 你在某家商店购买了一双皮鞋，穿了不到一个月就坏了，你去信要求这家商店退货赔款。 Key to the Exercises PRE-READING TASK EXERCISE 1 (Suggested answer): 1. Refer to "Introductory Remarks". 2. From the title of the passage, we may probably how that the author is taking a positive view of nuclear power。 AFTER-READING TASK Reading Comprehension EXERCISE 2 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. T Vocabulary and Structure EXERCISE 3 1. intense 2. significant 3. analysis 4. issues 5. statement 6. debate 7. available 8. emerged 9. fraction 10. explosion EXERCISE 4 1. as it is 2. converts … into 3. in turn 4. rely 5. deals with 6. expose … to 7. under no circumstances 8. Compared with EXERCISE 5 1. On the sofa are sitting two young girls. 2. To the list may be added the following names. 3. On the winding path were to be found footprints of some strange animals. 4. Before them 1ay miles and miles of fertile land. 5. Happy is he who has a sound mind in a sound body. 6. On one side of the square stands the statue to the hero. Skills Development and Practice Reading Skills Practice 1 1. What are the zoo supporters’ arguments? a. Zoos provide an educational service. b. If we didn't have animals in zoos, we wouldn't see them at all. 2. Why does the author think they are wrong? a. The captive environment can be misleading. Few zoos have a genuine education programme. B. We can see animals on TV or on a film. Practice 2 1. He thinks it is a good idea for women to have a career and a fami1y. 2. a. If the woman works as well as the husband, the extra money is very useful. b. Women are not just for looking after children. c. There is no proof that a woman having a career is bad for family life. d. Women have the right to decide whether they want to stay at home or go out and find a job. 3. I think, as far as I know, in my opinion, as far as I am concerned Translation Practice Practice 3 1. 在制定理论前, 应该仔细搜集和研究现有的所有数据资料。 2. 必须警告吸烟者, 医生已得出结论, 吸烟会增加患肺癌的可能性。 3. 应该注意对蛋白质的研究。 4. 可以证明水含有杂质。 5. 发现了错误一定要改正。 Practice 4 1. 根据悲观论者的预测, 现在的煤仅够 450 年使用, 天然气仅够 50 年使用, 而石油则可能在 30 年后枯竭。 2. 可悲的是, 把非常宝贵的矿物燃料用于发电 , 实在是太浪费了。 3. 如果我们无视核研究, 其后果必定是那样。 4. 我们的政策必须灵活。如果我们不认为新的研究是必要的, 我们就不会花钱进行这些研究。 5. 现在重要的问题是把钱花在哪里, 是花在保护现有资源上, 还是花在新型能源的研究上。 Practice 5 1. He ran out of gas a kilometer from his home. 2. You can rely on him because he always keeps his promise. 3. We look to the future with confidence. 4. If you drive like that, sooner or later you’ll have an accident. 5. To his surprise there was an empty space where the painting should have been. Practice 6 1. As far as I am concerned, the quality of British food is not as good as I had expected. 2. I believe very strongly that TV produces a positive effect on young people. 3. Personally speaking, I think that smoking should be banned in public places. 4. In my opinion, a woman's place should not be limited to her own home. 5. It seems to me that the standard of education in our country has been raised a lot in recent years. 6. I am convinced that living in the countryside has more advantages than the city. 7. To my mind, English has played an important role in international communication. 8. In my view, the role of money in our life should not be overemphasized. Practice 7 1. …, in my opinion, money does not really make one happy. 2. …, I believe that failure is not a totally bad thing. 3. …, I am convinced that it is a good thing for women to have careers and families at the same time. 4. …, as far as I am concerned, it is not as good as food from my country because it is tasteless, and it is not often fresh. 5. … To my mind, however, nonsmokers should also be free to do as they like, free to go anywhere they choose without risking their health. Practice 8 Personally, I think smoking should be definitely be banned in public places. In the first place, it is very unpleasant to sit in a smoke-filled room, such as a restaurant or cinema, if you do not yourself smoke. In addition to this, smoking can be a serious fire risk, especially in crowded places like discos. Finally, in my opinion, nobody should be asked to risk his health just because of another person's bad habits. Practice 9 May 4, 1995 Dear Sir, I am writing to you about the leather shoes which I bought from your shop while I was in your area last month. Yesterday morning I was about to put on the shoes when I found that the heel of the left shoe came off. As you will realize, I am many annoyed at this. At your prices, I expect top quality. I am returning the shoes by separate post. I also enclose the receipt. I am looking forward to receiving a full refund of 500 yuan. Yours faithfully, Wang Lin