Unit 5 Text A PRE-READING TASK Exercise 1 Before reading the passage, try to answer the questions. how much do you know about the internet? What do people usually do on the internet? What has made the Internet possible? Modern Communication: The Laser and Fiber-Optic Revolution In April 1995, a young Chinese chemistry student at Beijing University lay dying in a Beijing hospital. She was in a coma, and although her doctors had performed numerous tests, they couldn’t discover what was killing her. In desperation, a student friend posted an SOS describing her symptoms to several medical bulletin boards and mailing lists on the Internet. Around the world, doctors who regularly checked these electronic bulletin boards and lists responded immediately. In Washington, D.C., Dr. John Aldis, a physician with the U.S. Department of State , saw the message from China. Using the Internet, he forwarded the message to colleagues in America. Soon an international group of doctors joined the e-mail discussion. A diagnosis emerged – the woman might have been poisoned with thallium, a metal resembling lead. A Beijing laboratory confirmed this diagnosis – the thallium concentration in her body was as much as 1000 times normal. More e-mail communication followed, as treatment was suggested and then adjusted. The woman slowly began to recover. Well over a year later, the international medical community was still keeping tads on her condition through the electronic medium that served her life. It’s 11:30 p.m., you’re in San Francisco on business, and you want to check for messages at your office in Virginia. First you dial in and get your voice mail. Next you plug your portable computer into the hotel-room telephone jack. hit a few keys, and pick up e-mail from a potential client in South Africa, your sister in London, and a business associate in Detroit. Before writing your responses, you do a quick bit of search on the Internet, tracking down the name of the online news group you had mentioned to the man in Detroit and the title of a book you wanted to recommend to your sister. A few more keystrokes and in moments your electronic letters have reached London and Detroit. Then, knowing that the time difference means the next workday has begun in South Africa, you call there without a second thought. These stories reflect society’s increasing reliance on a system of global communication that can link you equally easily with someone in the next town or halfway around the world. The expanded telephone-line capacity that has allowed the growth of these forms of communication is a recent phenomenon. The United States has enjoyed domestic telephone service for more than a century, but overseas telephone calls were difficult until relatively recently. For a number of years after World War II, calls to Europe or Asia relied on short-wave radio signals. It sometimes took an operator hours to set up a 3-munite call, and if you got through, the connection was often noisy. In 1956, the first transatlantic copper wire cable allowed simultaneous transmission of 36 telephone conversations – a cause for celebration then, a small number today. Other cables followed; by the early 1960s, overseas telephone calls had reached 5 million per year. Then came satellite communication in the middle 1960s, and by 1980, the telephone system carried some 200 million overseas calls per year. But as demands on the telecommunication system continued to increase, the limitations of current technology became apparent. Then, in 1988, the first transatlantic fiber-optic cable was laid, and the “information superhighway” was on its way to becoming reality. Optical fibers form the backbone of the global telecommunication system today. These remarkable strands of glass – each thinner than a human hair, yet stronger, length for length, than steel – were designed to carry the vast amounts of data that can be transmitted via a relatively new form of light – tightly focused laser beams. Together, lasers and optical fibers have dramatically increased the capacity of the international telephone system. A typical fiber-optic cable made up of 100 or more such fibers can carry more than 40,000 voice channels. With equally striking improvements in computing, the new communication technology has fueled the exponential growth of the phenomenon known as the Internet. New Words laser n. 激光 fiber n. 纤维 optic(al) a. 光的，光学的 coma n.. state of long unnatural deep unconsciousness caused by disease, poisoning, etc. 昏厥（状态） SOS n. an international signal calling for help, used esp. by ships in trouble 求救信号 symptom n. a change in body or mind which shows disease or disorder 症状 bulletin n. a short public usu. official notice 公告，告示 Internet n. 因特网；国际互联网络；网际网 physician n. a doctor, esp. one who treats diseases with medicine 内科医生 forward v. to send; to send forward to a new address 寄；转寄 colleague n. a fellow worker, esp. in a profession 同事 e-mail n. electronic mail 电子邮件 diagnosis n. a statement which is the result of diagnosing 诊断 emerge v. to come or appear 显现；出现 thallium n. 铊 resemble v. to look or be like 像，类似 lead n. 铅 plug v. 插上，塞，堵 portable a. that can be carried or moved; quite small and light 手提式的，便携式的，轻便的 client n. a person who pays a professional person, esp. a lawyer, for help or advice; customer 委托人，客户，顾客 associate n. a person connected with another, esp. in work 合伙人，同事 1. to join as friends or as partners in business 结交，联合 2. to connect in one’s mind 联想 online a. directly connected to or controlled by a computer 联机的 recommend v. 1. to speak (to someone) in favor of; praise (as being good for a purpose) 推荐，介绍 2. to advise or suggest 劝告，建议 keystroke n. 击键，按键 reflect v. 1. to express; give an idea of 反映，表现 2. to throw back (light, sound, heat, or an image) 反射 reliance n. dependence; trust 依靠，信任 global a. of or concerning the whole earth; involving or relating to all the parts or aspects of a situation 全球的，全世界的，全部的 domestic a. 1. of the house, home or family 家庭的 2. not foreign 国内的 overseas a.& ad. to, at or in somewhere across the sea; foreign 外国的；海外 short-wave n. wave of less than 60 meters in length 短波 transatlantic a. crossing or on the other side of the Atlantic ocean 横跨大西洋的，大西洋彼岸的 simultaneous a. happening or done at the same time 同时的，同时发生的 transmit v. to send out electric signals, messages, etc. 发射，传输，传送 transmission n. 发射，传输，传送 satellite n. 1. a man-made object intended to move around the earth, moon, etc. for some purpose 人造卫星 2. a heavenly body moving around another one 卫星 telecommunication n. 电信；远距离通讯 limitation n. a fact which limits the power of sb. or sth.限制，局限 current a. belonging to the present time 当前的，现在的 apparent a. 1. easily seen or understood; plain 显然的 2. seeming 表面的 superhighway n. 超级高速公路 reality n. 现实，事实 backbone n. 脊椎，支柱 strand n. a single piece of thread 股，缕 vast a. great in size or amount 巨大的；巨额的 data n. ( datum 的复数 )资料，数据 via prep. by means of; through beam n. compute n. fuel v.& n. exponential a. Phrases and Expressions keep tabs (a tab) on on business track down second thought(s) rely on set up get through Proper Name Washington, D.C. the U.S. Department of State San Francisco Detroit AFTER-READING TASK Reading Comprehension Exercise 2 Choose the best answer according to the passage. The first two paragraphs tell us a true story of ___________. international cooperation via the Internet how dangerous thallium can be humans how one can get help from the Internet the girls recovery from thallium poisoning The third paragraph tells us another story that illustrates ____________. a modern businessman’s typical workday more functions of the modern communication system the time difference between San Francisco and South Africa the way business is done in the modern society The information superhighway came into existence because of ____________. A. copper wire cables B. satellite communication C. optical fibers D. laser and optical fibers The highly efficient modern communication system began _____________. A. over a century ago B. in the middle 1960s C. in the late 1980s D. in the year 1980 Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage? It’s optical fibers and lasers that have made the information superhighway possible. People can communicate with each other more quickly now on the Internet. It has taken quite a long time for the Internet to come into existence. If one is seriously ill, he can always get help via the modern communication system. Exercise 3 Decide whether the statement are True or False Dr John Aldis had to go to Beijing with his colleagues to confirm their diagnosis. The present telephone line can carry information in the form of sound only. Geographical distance is no longer a problem in terms of modern communication. The copper wire cable, though it’s capacity is limited, has lots of advantages over short-wave radio signals. The modern communication technology consists of optical fibers, lasers and computers. Exercise 4 Give short answers to the questions Why did the student friend send messages on the Internet? By what means did the group of doctors discuss the girl student’s case? What made it possible for “you” to get in touch with others when “you” were in San Francisco on business? What are optical fibers made up of? What has helped increase the capacity of today’s telephone system in addition to optical fibers? Exercise 5 Choose the definition from column B that best matches the word in column A. A B 1. numerous a. make certain 2. respond b. happening at the same time 3. emerge c. by means of 4. confirm d. existing in possibility 5. potential e. many 6. recommend f. answer 7. domestic g. not foreign 8. simultaneous h. advise or suggest 9. apparent i. Appear 10. via j. easily seen or understood Exercise 6 Translate the expressions into Chinese or English. 1. in desperation ______________________ in despair ______________________ _________________ 变得绝望 2. as much as 1000 times normal ______________________ 1000 times more than normal _______________________ ________________________ 高达正常的10倍 ________________________ 比正常高出10倍 3. without a second thought _______________________ on second thought ________________________ ________________________ 再考虑一下此事 4. halfway around the world ________________________ go halfway ________________________ meet someone halfway _________________________ meet trouble halfway ________________________ 5. on it’s way to becoming reality ________________________ ________________________ 逐渐痊愈 on the way to get perfect ________________________ on the way to the airport ________________________ ________________________ 在回家的路上 6. length for length ________________________ tit for tat ________________________ an eye for an eye ________________________ ________________________ 以牙还牙 Exercise 7 Fill in the blanks with the given words. Change the form if necessary. describe check resemble adjust dramatically relatively capacity demand grow concentrate  Words cannot _________ his enormous contribution to his motherland. During World War II the Nazis killed hundreds of thousands of innocent people in the _________ camps. The newly-built stadium has a seating __________ of 100,000. __________ speaking, I’d prefer blue to yellow. On second thoughts, he decided to make up some slight __________ to the plan of the project. Mary __________ her grandmother in character but not in appearance. The __________ for computer programmers exceeds the supply in many countries. China’s economic ___________ rate has been very high for the last two decades. People’s living standards have increased ___________ in the coastal areas. To confirm what he said, you only need to ___________ the facts. Exercise 8 Complete the sentences with the appropriate expressions. Change the form where necessary. in desperation keep a tab on track down rely on set up get through on one’s way to be made up of  Society ________ people with widely differing abilities. _________ He kicked at the locked door _________. As he has invested all his money on the stock market, he has no _________ whatever changes that take place. China is __________ becoming a politically and economically great nation. The modern communication technology ___________ heavily ___________ optical fibers. The company launched a satellite over the Pacific Ocean to _________ a communication relay station. I dialed and dialed yesterday but failed to ___________ to you. The police ___________ the spy to his quarters and arrested him. Exercise 9 Change the direct speech into indirect speech. EXAMPLE: The old man said, “ I will come to this shop tonight again.” The old man said that he would go to that shop that night again. “Three years ago, he was just a school boy, but now he has become a film star,” she told me. _______________________________________________________________________ He said, “My wife bought me an overcoat last month.” _______________________________________________________________________ “I have a letter from your sister, Martin,” Mary said. _______________________________________________________________________ “Has the train stopped?” he asked. _______________________________________________________________________ “We are discussing the plan for next week,” the students said. _______________________________________________________________________ “What’s your name and address?” the man asked me. ___________________________________________________________________________ “Don’t drink water while you are having a meal,” mother said to Tom. ___________________________________________________________________________ “Work harder, but don’t worry about the score,” he said to me. ___________________________________________________________________________ Exercise 10 Rewrite the sentences after the model. I can’t meet you tomorrow evening because I have to work. ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. I’m sorry I am not familiar with him. I can’t tell you more about him. ____________________________________________________________________________ 3.You didn’t do as I told you, so you didn’t succeed. ___________________________________________________________________________ He’s fat because he doesn’t take any exercises. ___________________________________________________________________________ I don’t know his address. I can’t write to tell him the good news. ___________________________________________________________________________ The water in the river was too cold, so he didn’t swim in it. ___________________________________________________________________________ Text B PRE-READING TASK Exercise 1 Before reading the passage, consider the question. “Intel” is the name of a(n) ___________. A. U.S. company B. IBM computer C. government department D. branch of the Internet China is a country ______________ scientists and engineers in terms of computing technology. A. poor in B. rich in C. lacking in D. with a surplus of Intel Announces US $50 Million for China Research Center 1 BEIJING, May 5, 1998 Intel will open an information technology research and development center in Beijing, China, Dr Andrew S. Grove, chairman and chief executive officer, said here today. 2 The Intel China Research Center will explore Internet-related issues and information technology disciplines such as speech recognition that have particular relevance to Chinese applications. The center’s research scope will extend to other computing technologies as its charter develops. Intel is conducting an international search now for the Center’s director. Dr. Grove said, “China has a deep pool of talented scientists and engineers, and we think there is a great opportunity to assemble a world-class team here to do some outstanding research. “China’s importance as both a manufacturer and consumer of computers is growing. As this growth continues, it’s likely China will also become a force in shaping computer technology. We want the Intel China Research Center to be part of this process,” he said. Intel said it expects to invest $50 million during the next five years to fund the new organization. The Center will conduct its own research and will also fund projects at China’s leading universities and research institutes. The China Research Center will be part of the company’s annual $2.8 billion worldwide research and development effort. The Center will report to Intel Fellow Dr. Richard Wirt, who is director of the company’s Microcomputer Labs. His operations in the U.S., Israel, Russia and China perform R&D in integrated circuits, CPU architectures and compilers, computer platforms, software development tools and technologies for emerging applications. Mr. Zeng Peiyan, Chairman of China’s State Development Planning Commission (SDPC) said, “We always welcome multinational companies to invest and establish fundamental research and development basis in China. In particular, we encourage research in the high technology sector. China has a rich supply of talented researchers, a sizeable industrial base, and a large domestic market. Combined, they represent a huge potential and bright prospect for the development and application of high technology in China. The establishment of Intel’s China Research Center is a far-sighted investment. It represents a new trend for foreign investment in China.” Professor Wang Xuan, Fellow of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Fellow of the Chinese Academy of Engineering said’ “The establishment of Intel’s China Research Center will help improve the fundamental research level in high technology in China. Also, it promotes the exchange and cooperation between Chinese and foreign high technology research institutes, and bring into full play the talent’s of China’s high technology research community.” In addition to the new research center, Intel operates a flash memory factory in Shanghai, 12 marketing offices, and Intel Architecture Development Laboratory which works closely with the nation’s software developer community from its base in Shanghai. New Words issue n. 1. 问题 2. 出版， 发行 discipline n. 1. a branch of learning 学科 2. 纪律 recognition n. the quality of being connected with the subject 相关 application n. the putting to use 应用，运用 scope n. the area within the limits of a question, subject, etc.; range 范围 extend v. to reach, stretch or continue 扩展，延伸 charter n. 宪章 conduct v. to carry out a particular process, esp. in order to get information or prove facts 进行 director n. a person who is in charge of an organization 主任，厂长 talented a. having special ability or skill, esp. of a high quality 有才能的 assemble v. to gather or collect together 召集，集合 outstanding a. better than others; very good 突出的，显著的 consumer n. a person who buys and uses goods or services 消费者 process n. 过程，方法，步骤 invest v. 投资 fund v. 资助，投资 n. 基金，资金 fellow n. a member (of a society) （学会）会员，院士 microcomputer n. 微机 R&D = research and development 研究与发展 integrated a. 综合的，集成的 CPU n. central processing unit (计算机等的)中央处理器 architecture n. 建筑艺术（学），结构 compiler n. 编译器 software n. 软件 multinational a. of or related to many countries or nations 多国的，跨国的，多民族的 fundamental a. 基础的，基本的 sector n. 领域，部门 sizeable a. rather large; considerable 相当大的，大的 combine v. to (cause) to come together; unite or join together （使）联合，（使）结合 represent v. to be a sign of; stand for 象征，表现，代表 far-sighted a. 有远见的，远视的 cooperation n. 合作 flash n. 闪光，闪现 commission n. 委员会 academy n. 科学院 Phrase and Expressions Flash memory 高速存储器 Bring into full play 充分发挥…的作用 In addition to 除…以外 Proper Names Intel n. （美国）英特尔公司 Andrew S. Grove 安德鲁 S. 葛洛夫（Intel公司总裁） the Intel China Research Center 英特尔中国研究中心 State Development Planning Commission （中国）国家发展计划委员会 the Chinese Academy of Sciences 中国科学院 the Chinese Academy of Engineering 中国工程科学院 AFTER-READING TASK Reading Comprehension Exercise 2 Decide whether the statements are True and False according to the passage. Dr Andrew S. Grove made the announcement of the China investment in the United States. The aim of Intel’s investment in China is to set up an Intel China Research Center. Intel’s total investment all over the world is $2.8 billion in 1998. Intel made the investment because China is not only an important manufacturer but also an important consumer of computer. Right now all Intel’s business in China is conducted in Beijing only. Exercise 3 Fill in the blanks with the given words. Change the form where necessary. discipline talented assemble fund outstanding fundamental sector represent cooperation combine  The dove __________ peace. In the highly competitive society it is important for us to __________ work with pleasure. Bill Gates and Andrew Grove are ___________ persons in the computer technology ________. In China there is still a lack of ___________ researchers in high technology. The Chinese government has done everything possible to assure __________ human rights. It is those big financial groups that __________ the presidential elections in the U.S. As he was no good at history, he had to choose other __________. International ___________ is becoming more and more important in our political and economic life. We can’t leave until we _________ everyday. Exercise 4 Complete the sentences with the given expressions. Change the form where necessary. such as have relevance to extend to search for report to in particular bring into full play in addition to  In the United States I visited several cities _______________ New York, Chicago, and Boston. A wise leader is one who knows how ______________ everyone’s talents. He spends a couple of hours everyday on the Internet ______________ and downloading the information that ______________ his research area. My responsibility is to ______________ everything that happens here _____________ the boss. Since he became the manager, the company’s business ______________ many other fields. The Legend (联想) Group develops software ____________ hardware. She loves classical music and Mozart ___________. Skills Development and Practice Reading Skills Definition Practice 1 Read the sentences, draw a box around the word(s) being defined, underline the definition and give the signal words. MODEL: To an anthropologist the word culture means all the ways in which a group of people act, dress, think, and feel. Signal word(s): means International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. Income can be defined as the money a person receives such as a salary or investment from stocks and bonds. By the library we mean the place where a collection of books and other materials are kept for reading. A microcomputer refers to a desk-top computer system with limited storage. Capital is defined as the funds necessary to finance the operation of a business. Stockholders are those people who acquire the shares of the corporation. A microscope is an instrument which makes distant objects appear nearer and larger. In sociological research, a sample means a group of persons selected from the larger population. Practice 2 Read the paragraph and complete the table that follows. Frictional unemployment refers to the 2 to 3 percent of the labor force who are temporarily not work, but are searching for jobs. The frictionally unemployed include students leaving school and looking for jobs and other persons who are in the process of leaving old jobs and finding new ones, frequently in different cities. Seasonal unemployment refers to those who are currently unemployed because of the seasonal nature of their industry. Seasonal unemployed typically affects such persons as construction workers, farm workers engaged in harvesting crops, and some retail clerical workers (经营零售商品的办事人员) who are employed during holiday periods. Cyclical unemployment involves people who are out of work because of reduced economic activity. Much of the unemployment statistics during the recession (衰退) of the early1980s resulted from workers who were laid off as a result of the stagnant (不景气) economy. The fourth category, structural unemployment, applied to people who lack the necessary skills for employment, or those whose skills are no longer demanded. Words Defined Definitions Examples  Frictional unemployment    Seasonal unemployment    Cyclical unemployment    Structural unemployment     Signal Words of Definition  be, be defined as, be known as, be called, mean, refer to, involve, deal with, be concerned with   Translation Practice Translation Skill 合译（1）： 把两个或两个以上的英语简单句译成一个汉语单句（或复句） Practice 3 Translate the sentences into Chinese, using the translation skill you have just learned. It was Sunday. I got up very late. That was long ago. A very long time ago. Almost 30 years ago. He would miss many things and many people. He would miss Mary. There are men here from all over the country. Many of them are from the North. And as she thought, it became more involved. Harder to understand. Practice 4 Translate the sentences into Chinese. Well over a year later, the international medical community was still keeping tabs on her condition through the electronic medium that saved her life. These stories reflect society’s increasing reliance on a system of global communication that can link you equally easily with someone in the next town or halfway around the world. The United States has enjoyed domestic telephone service for more than a century, but overseas telephone calls were difficult until relatively recently. China has a deep pool of talented scientists and engineers, and we think there is a great opportunity to assemble a world-class team here to do some outstanding research. It promotes the exchange and cooperation between Chinese and foreign high technology research institutes, and bring into full play the talents of China’s high technology research community. Practice 5 Translate the sentences into English. 我感到遗憾的是小王在我第二次去医院见他以前就去世了。 那妇女冒着生命危险从大火中抢救出她的孩子。 即使我再次当选，回访也不太可能。 无论下届总统是谁，我们两国间的友谊仍然存在。 这项计划一定会成功，我们一定会胜利。 Guided Writing Definition Practice 6 In the sentences the definitions have been mixed up. Match the definitions in column B with column A. A B 1. A dentist a. can usually be defined as the ability to do work. 2. A shop b. is a force which attracts bodies towards the center of the earth. 3. Gravity c. refers to a figure which has three sides. 4. A biology d. is a person who takes care of people’s teeth. 5. A triangle e. is a person who studies living organisms. 6. Energy f. is a brand that has been legally protected. 7. A trademark g. is the science dealing with properties of matter and energy and relationship between them. 8. Physics h. a place where things are bought and sold. Practice 7 Complete the definitions by using the words given in blackest. EXAMPLE: A dictionary ___________ a book ______________. (be / explain / in alphabetical order ) A dictionary is a book which explains the words of a language in alphabetical order. A test-tube _________ an object _______________________. (be / use / chemistry ) A knife _________ an instrument _______________________. (be / use / cut things ) A bridge _________ a structure _________ is built _______________ water. (be / carry a road) A pump ________ a machine ________________ transferring a liquid or a gas ____________. (define/use/one place/another) A bookcase _________ a piece of furniture _______________ on shelves. (be/in which/books/store) An alloy __________ a metallic substance ______________ two or more elements. (be/which/compose) Practice 8 Write definitions in the same way as in the example. EXAMPLE: Psychology may be defined as a branch of biological science which studies the phenomena of conscious life and behavior. Chemistry/science/deals with the composition and behavior of substances Social economics/economics/is concerned with the measurement, causes and consequences of social problems Criminal psychology/psychology/investigates the psychology of crime and the criminal Practice 9 邀请信   26 Hope Road TORQUAY Devon TQ6 8PR 26 October, 1984 Dear Jo, I’ve just heard from your parents that you’re back in England and looking for a new job. While you’re waiting, why don’t you come down and see us for a few days or longer– we’ve got a spare room. It hasn’t begun to rain yet so, with luck, we ought to be able to visit a few places in the area, even take a walk on Dartmoor. Well, think about it, and we both hope you can come. Love, Liz (and Robert) 410 Zhong Shan Bei Yi Rd Shanghai 200083 China 26 October, 1995 Dear Peter, Thank you for your letter which arrived yesterday. I’m really pleased to learn that you’ve coming to our country again. Would you like to come and stay with us while you’re here? You’ d be welcomed to stay as long as you like. Luckily I’ll be on holiday when you’re in China, so I could show you around. Shanghai is an interesting and lively city. There’s quite a bit of night life and there are a lot of places of interest if you like that sort of thing. Of course, there are plenty of shopping places. I’m really looking forward to seeing you again. Please write soon and say when you can Come. Yours, Li Hong 写一封邀请信，邀请你的朋友到你家住几天。 Unit 6 Text A PRE-READING TASK Exercise 1 Before reading the passage, try to answer the questions. What makes human beings different from animals? The ability to use tools. The learning and sharing of behavior. The use of language. Do you think animals have a culture? If yes, give an example. Now read the passage and compare your answers with the author’s. Do Animals Have a Culture? Lately social scientists have begun to ask if culture is found just in humans, or if some animals have culture too. When we speak of culture, we mean a way of life a group of people have in common. Culture includes the beliefs and attitudes we learn. It is the patterns of behavior that help people to live together. It is also the patterns of behavior that make one group of people different from another group. Our culture let us make up for having lost our strength, claws, long teeth, and other defenses. Instead, we use tools, cooperate with one another, and communicate in language. But these aspects of human behavior, or “culture”, can also be found in the lives of certain animals. We used to think that the ability to use tools was the dividing line between human beings and other animals. Lately, however, we have found that this is not the case. Chimpanzees can not only use tools but actually make tools themselves. This is a major step up from simply picking up a handy object and using it. For example, chimps have been seen stripping the leaves and twigs off a branch, then putting it into a termites bite at the stick, the chimp removes it and eats them off the end – not unlike our use of a fork! For some time we thought that although human beings learned their culture, animals couldn’t be taught such behavior. Or even if they could learn, they would not teach one another in the way people do. This too has proven to be untrue. A group of Japanese monkeys was studied at the Kyoto University Monkey Center in Japan. They were given sweet potatoes by scientists who wanted to attract them to the shore of an island. One day a young female began to wash her sweet potato to get rid of the sand. This practice soon spread throughout the group. It became learned behavior, not from humans but from other monkeys. Now almost all monkeys who have not come into contact with this group do not. Thus we have a “culture” difference among animals. We have ruled out tool use and invention as ways of telling animal behavior from human behavior. We have also ruled out learning and sharing of behavior. Yet we still have held onto the last feature—language. But even the use of language can no longer separate human culture from animal culture. Attempts to teach apes to speak have failed. However, this is because apes do not have the proper vocal organs. But teaching them language has been very successful if we are willing to accept other forms than just the spoken word. Two psychologists trained a chimpanzee named Washoe to use Standard American Sign Language. This is the same language used by deaf people. In this language, “talk” is made through gestures, and not by spelling out words with individual letters. By the time she was five years old, Washoe had a vocabulary of 130 signs. Also, she could put them together in new ways that hadn’t been taught her originally. This means she could create language and not just copy it. She creates her own sentences that have real meaning. This has allowed two-way talk. It permits more than one-way command and response. Of course, there are limits to the culture of animals. As far as we know, no ape has formed social institutions such as religion, law, or economics. Also, some chimps may be able to learn sign language:; but this form of language is limited in its ability to communicate abstract ideas. Yet with a spoken language we can communicate our entire culture to anyone else who knows that language. Perhaps the most important thing we have learnt from studies of other animals is that the line dividing us from them is not as clear as we used to think. New Words lately ad. recently 近来，最近 attitude n. a way of feeling, thinking or behavior 态度，看法 behavior n. the way of behaving; manner (good or bad) 行为，举止，品行 claw n. (鸟、兽、昆虫等的)爪 defense/defence n. 防御能力，防御(物) cooperate v. to work or act together with another or others 合作 handy a. 1. not far away 手边的，近便的 2. convenient; useful 方便的，便利的 chimp n. [口语]黑猩猩（=chimpanzee） strip v. to take off (coverings, clothes, parts, etc.) 剥去，除去 twig n. a small shoot on or at the end of a branch 小枝，嫩枝 nest n. 窝，巢，穴 unlike prep. not like; different from 不像，不同 female n. 1. 雌性动物 2. 女子 a. 1. 雌(性)的 2. 女(性)的 rid v. (rid, rid) to make free 使摆脱，从…清除 attempt v. to try (to do something) 尝试，试图 a try 试图，企图，尝试 successful a. having success 成功的 chimpanzee n. 黑猩猩 vocabulary n. a list or collection of words 词汇（量） command n. 1. an order 命令，指令 2. the ability to control and use 控制，运用能力 economics n. 经济学 Phrases and Expressions speak of 谈起，提到 in common 共同 different from 与…不同，不同于 make up for 补偿，弥补 cooperate with 与…合作/相配合 strip off 剥去 get rid of 除去 come into contact with 与…接触 rule out 排除在外 hold onto 保持，继续 tell … from 区别 separate … from 区分 be willing to 愿意，乐意 spell out 拼(写)出(词的字母) Proper Names the Kyoto University Monkey Center 东京大学猴子研究中心 Washoe 一黑猩猩名 AFTER-READING TASK Reading Comprehension Exercise 2 Circle the best answer according to the passage. The passage mainly tells us about ___________. the history of animal learning the difference between animals’ culture and that of human beings the various aspects of animals’ culture the dividing line between animals and human beings Which of the following is NOT TRUE according to the passage? By culture the author means something that people have in common in relation to their ideas, art, or their way of life. All animals are found of have the same culture as human beings. The ability to use tools used to serve as a dividing line between human beings and animals. Many things that animals used to be considered unable to do are now proved to be possible. Which of the following examples tells us that the animals also have a kind of culture difference? The study of a group of monkeys in Japan. The study of a chimpanzee named Washoe. The study of chimps using tools. The study of termites’ behavior. Which of the following is TRUE according to Paragraph 5? Animals don’t have the intelligence that man has. Animals can hardly express what they want. Animals can only use sign language for their communication. Animals can not speak the same way as man does. It is implied in the passage that ___________. some animals may also have the same ability to use language as human beings. human beings, unlike many other animals, no longer have such features as great strength, claws, long teeth and other defenses. there seems to be nearly no difference between human beings and other animals. monkeys and chimps seem to have more in common with human beings than any other animals. Exercise 3 Decide whether the statement are True or False according to the passage. Some animals may also use tools, cooperate with one another and communicate in their own languages. According to the passage, monkeys learn things much faster and more easily than any other animals do. There would be no difference between human beings and other animals if animals had vocal organs. Some animals use sign language instead of speaking to communicate with each other. There are not as many differences between animals and human beings as we used to think. Exercise 4 Complete the table with the information you’ve got from the passage. Examples Indications   Some animals can not only use tools But also make tools.  A group of Japanese monkeys at Kyoto University Monkey Center   A chimpanzee named Washoe   Vocabulary and Structure Exercise 5 Find in the passage the words which match the definitions. 1. not long ago __________________ 2. the way you think and feel about something __________________ 3. the way of treating others __________________ 4. work together for a shared purpose ___________________ 5. near; easily reached ___________________ 6. a home built by insects or birds ___________________ 7. an effort to do something ___________________ 8. having done what one has tried to do __________________ 9. all the words someone knows ___________________ 10. an order ___________________ Exercise 6 Fill in the blanks with the given words. Change the form where necessary. common handy defense attitude cooperate strip aspect attempt abstract vocabulary  He had an excellent ___________ of Latin and Greek through self-learning. Some electric food-mixers are really _________, but it takes time to clean them. Your idea on the subject, as far as I can see, seems somewhat __________. She has kept a friendly __________ towards her fellow workers all her life. Through regular and extensive reading, he has built up a large _____________. They made some ___________ to solve the problem of heavy traffic but failed. Two well-known drug manufacturers are _____________ in an attempt to develop a new medicine. The suggestion sounds wonderful, but we should take all ___________ into account. Last month we ___________ the old paint from the door and windows and had them repainted. If you go out on such a snowy day, you’d better put on a thick coat, which is a good _________ against the cold. Exercise 7 Complete the sentences with the given expressions. Change the form where necessary. rule out tell…from make up for separate from get rid of strip…off hold onto come into contact with  Nothing can __________ Taiwan ___________ the mainland of China. One should learn how to ___________ true friends ___________ false ones. Hard work can to a certain extent ___________ a lack of intelligence. Nowadays it is not easy to ____________ used washer and TV sets. We can’t _____________ the possibility of his winning the Nobel Prize. They ___________ the old wallpaper ______________ the walls and replaced it with new paper. He decided to ____________ those shares and sell them only when the prices were higher. A few people in that region claimed to have _____________ beings from outer space. Exercise 8 Join each pair of sentences using the words in brackets. Make any necessary changes. Ann fetched her photos. She wanted everyone to see them. (for…to) ___________________________________________________________________ Jimmy gave up his seat. He wanted the old lady to sit down. (so that) ___________________________________________________________________ I drove to the top. I wanted Mary to see the view. (in order that) ___________________________________________________________________ I’ll put out some food. You may be hungry. (in case) ___________________________________________________________________ My watch is very old. Nevertheless is still goes quite well. (although) ___________________________________________________________________ John will not come tomorrow. His brother isn’t coming. (neither…nor) ___________________________________________________________________ He made students think for themselves. He didn’t like to tell them what to think. (rather than) ___________________________________________________________________ You must study hard. You won’t pass the examination. (unless) ___________________________________________________________________ Exercise 9 Rewrite the sentences by using no longer and not…any more. EXAMPLE: Jack used to have long hair and a beard. Jack still gets long hair but he no longer has a beard. Jack still gets long hair but he doesn’t have a beard any more. Tom used to play tennis and football. Tom still plays tennis but ________________________________________. Tom still plays tennis but ________________________________________. She was in hospital and she was on the danger list. She is still in hospital but ________________________________________. She is still in hospital but ________________________________________. I was feeling tired and sick. I am still feeling tired but ________________________________________. I am still feeling tired but ________________________________________. He was a good player and he was the best in the team. He is still a good player but ______________________________________. He is still a good player but ______________________________________. I used to like George and Ken. I still like George but ___________________________________________. I still like George but ___________________________________________. Text B PRE-READING TASK Exercise 1 Before reading the passage, think about the questions. Have you ever heard of I. P. Pavlov, a famous Russian scientist? What was the important theory he developed? Now read the passage to learn more about Pavlov. Animal Learning: Pavlov and Beyond Much of an animal’s behavior depends on what it inherits from its parents, that is, on instincts. These do not change according to circumstances. Behavior which is learned, on the other hand, does very and can adapt to different conditions. All animals can learn, but learning is easier for some species than for others. Worms and octopuses, for example, learn much more slowly than mice. Some species (chimpanzees, gorillas and elephants, for instance) are famous for their ability to learn and to remember. And interestingly in all species, including man of course, learning is easier for some than for others. I. P. Pavlov (1849—1936), a famous Russian scientist, found that dogs associated the sound of a bell with food if they always received food after hearing a bell. Of course, when they see food, most animals salivate. Pavlov discovered that, after a time, salivating occurred when the dogs heard the bell, even if there was no food. This was because conditioning had taken place. He called this kind of reaction a conditioned reflex. However, Pavlov also found that the effect of conditioning disappeared gradually if there was no reward (that is, the dogs stopped salivating if on many occasions the bell rang but no food followed). This showed that reinforcing the animals’ conditioned behavior was very important. Learning through conditioned reflexes is not the only kind of learning that animals are capable of. In laboratory experiments with rats, for instance, it has been proved that those which are brought up in a very “limited” (boring) environment find it more difficult to learn things later than those which are brought up in “stimulating” environments, with more things to do (like climbing ladders, exploring tunnels, etc.). It seems that, as Julian Huxley said, “Captivity cages minds as well as bodies”. Then there is the question of intelligence. Some species can recognize colors (bees, for example), some can recognize numbers, and some (such as chimpanzees) can do quite complicated tasks, while others (like the famous elephant that “never forgets”) can distinguish and remember hundreds of different commands. Some animals especially chimpanzees and gorillas, can solve problems which are new for them and, using different kinds of codes, can even “speak” to the scientists studying them, using sign language. In fact, many animals can communicate, but they really speak. They are physically incapable of doing so. Human beings have been able to speak for thousands of years, and speaking may be the most important element in learning. Certainly, it has helped man to distinguish himself from other species. New Words inherit v. 1. to derive (qualities, etc.) from ancestors 由遗传而得（性格、特征等） 2. 继承（财产、爵位等） adapt v. to make suitable for a new use, need, situation, etc. 使适应，使配合 worm n. 虫，蠕虫，蛆 mouse n. （复数mice/mais）鼠 gorilla n. 大猩猩 conditioning n. 条件作用，条件反射作用 conditioned a. 在某种条件下的，有条件的 reflex n. 反射，反射作用 reinforce v. 1. 强化 2. to strengthen or support 增强，加强 laboratory n. a room or building used for scientific experiments, research, testing, etc. 实验室 bore v. to make someone tired or uninterested 使厌烦，使厌倦 boring a. dull 令人厌烦的，乏味的 stimulate v. to excite 刺激，激励 stimulating a. exciting 使人兴奋的，激励的 tunnel n. an underground passage 隧道，地道 captivity n. 囚虏，监禁，束缚 cage v. 控制住，把…囚禁起来 n. 笼子 distinguish v. 1. recognize clearly 辨别出，认出 2. to recognize the difference (between) 区分，辨别 incapable a. not capable 无能力的，不能胜任的 element n. 1. 要素，性质 2. 元素 Phrases and Expressions adapt to 适应 associate with 联想，使联合，使结合 capable of 1. 有…能力的 2. 能…的，可以…的 bring up 养育 incapable of 不能…的 distinguish…from 区分，区别 Proper Names Pavlov 巴甫洛夫（1849—1936，前苏联生理学家） Julian Huxley 朱利安·赫胥黎（1887—1975，英国生物学家，科学哲学家） AFTER-READING TASK Exercise 2 Decide whether the statements are True and False according to the passage. The passage mainly tells us about the different aspects of animal learning. Animals living in different circumstances vary in their ability to learn. Without a reward, it is impossible for a conditioned reflex to take place. I. P. Pavlov’s “conditioned reflex” theory is based on the experiment with rats. It seems that the elephant is one of the animals that have a good memory. In paragraph 4 the author intends to tell us that animals’ learning ability may vary a lot in different environments. The experiment with dogs conducted by I. P. Pavlov shows that the animals’ conditioned behavior has an important effect on their learning. Man is different from other animals mainly because animals are incapable of communicating. Exercise 3 Fill in the blanks with the given words. Change the form where necessary. bore inherit stimulate reinforce distinguish adapt element instinct behavior environment  The lecture was so _____________ that the audience looked tired and sleepy. It is reported that the dam ___________ with sandbags has checked the flood. Many people say that honesty, industry and kindness are __________ of a good life. According to their traditions, only the eldest son has the right to ___________ the title. The __________ in which children grow up has a powerful influence on their whole life. Superior intelligence and the use of language __________ man from other higher animals. Good salesmen know by _________ the best approach to take with a particular customer. It’s very kind of you to say so and your encouragement will ___________ me to further efforts. He was born and brought up in the north but he managed to ___________ to the hot weather in Singapore. Psychologists are interested in the ways human beings behave and in the causes of their ________. Exercise 4 Complete the sentences with the given expressions. Change the form where necessary. adapt to associate…with incapable of bring up distinguish…from that is depend on as well as  When you are lost in a dark forest, you can’t _________ day _________ night. The success of the sports day __________ whether it rains or not. He lost his parents when he was a child and he was ___________ by his aunt. I always __________ the smell of those flowers __________ my childhood. He is too young and is _________ grasping what self-discipline means. Many British people have had difficulty in __________ metric measurements. The book deals with matters of social policy, _________, everything from housing to education. One goal of AI research is to develop a computer system that can learn concepts _________ facts. Exercise 5 Fill in each of the blanks with the correct form of the verb given in the brackets. I prefer to go to a desert island rather than __________ (stay) in a large city. This holiday isn’t much fun. We might as well ___________ (be ) back home. Miss Miller is old enough to know better than __________ (spend) all her money on fancy goods. She did nothing but ___________ (complain) the whole time she was here. I always prefer starting early, rather than _________ (leave) everything to the last minute. Why __________ (argue) with him? He’ll never change his mind. Shall we go today? I’d rather __________ (wait) till tomorrow. I let a friend __________ (make) all the arrangements. Skills Development and Practice Reading Skills Process Practice 1 Read the paragraph and answer the questions that follow. Some researchers studied the effect of emotions on memory. First they cemented electrodes (把电极粘贴) on the subjects’ skin to measure their emotional reactions. Next they showed the subjects some word. While showing the subjects the words, the experimenters measured the subjects’ reactions. Some of the words, like exam or sex, caused a high reaction; others, like milk or pen, caused little reaction. The experimenters then asked the subject to associate a number with each of the words. For example, the subject had to learn exam-2 and pen-8. Later the researchers showed the subjects only the numbers. They asked the subjects to tell the word associated with that number. They recorded which words the subjects remembered and which they had forgotten. Questions: What is the purpose of the experiment? _____________________________________________________________________________ How many steps were involved in the experiment? _____________________________________________________________________________ Underline the words that may help you understand the steps involved in the experiment. Put the following sentences in the correct order according to the steps in the experiment. ______ The subjects associated a number with each of the words. ______ The experiments cemented electrodes on the subjects’ skin. ______ The subjects were shown only the numbers and the researchers recorded the words they remembered. ______ They showed the subjects some words and measured their reactions. Signal Words of Process   first, after that, finally, to begin afterward, in conclusion at that time, later, next, second, third, etc., then  Practice 2 Read the paragraph carefully, underline the signal words for process and then put the sentences that follow the paragraph in the correct order. Henning studied how students who are learning English as a second language remember vocabulary. To begin, the subjects listened to a recording of a native speaker reading a paragraph in English. Following the recording, the subjects took a 15-question test to see which words they remembered. Each question had four choices. The subjects had to circle the word they had learned in the recording. Some of the questions had four choices that sound alike. Some of the questions had four choices that have the same meaning. Some of them had four unrelated choices. Finally the subjects took a language proficiency test. ______ The subjects took a test to see how they remembered words. ______ The subjects listened to a recording. ______ The subjects took a language proficiency test. Translation Practice Translation Skill 合译（2）： 把英语中的复合句译成一个汉语单句 Practice 3 Translate the sentences into Chinese, using the translation skill you have just learned. There are many people who want to see the film. Is it the experiment on physics that you are doing? Hydrogen, which is the lightest element, has only one electron. My wife lived in Beijing when she was a child. Oxygen is a gas which unites with many substances. Practice 4 Translate the sentences into Chinese. Pavlov discovered that, after a time, salivating occurred when the dogs heard the bell, even if there was no food. This was because conditioning had taken place. Learning through conditioned reflexes is not the only kind of learning that animals are capable of. We have ruled out tool use and invention as ways of telling animal behavior from human behavior. Of course, there are limits to the culture of animals. As far as we know, no ape has formed social institutions such as religion, law, or economics. Perhaps the mast important thing we have learnt from studies of other animals is that the line dividing us from them is not as clear as we used to think. Practice 5 Translate the sentences into English. 这座城市以其优美的建筑而闻名。 我想你没有看过这么有趣的书。 他以为自己找到了正确的答案，但事实并非如此。 这些是一些区别英语口语和书面语的特征。 我感到必须对这个问题做出回答。 Guided Writing Process Practice 6 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs given or with signal words for process (e.g. then, just at this time, eventually), then arrange the sentences in the correct order to make a paragraph. Helen _________ asleep in her hotel bedroom one night. (be) The bang () __________ by a scream. (follow) __________ came the second bang. Suddenly she __________ a bang. (hear) She immediately ___________ for the phone to call the police. (reach) She thought she __________ it. (dream) She __________ awake for several minutes, listening attentively. (lie) __________ she heard it the third bang. __________ the bang came a fourth time, and she __________ realized it was someone watching television in the next room. Practice 7 Put the sentences in the correct order. Number them 1,2,3,4,5. To change your razor follow these steps: _______ Connect cord to razor. _______ Slide ON/OFF switch to OFF. _______ Plug into 100V to 240V AC outlet. _______ Charging requires a full 16 hours. _______ Green Charging Indicator light will light to indicate razor is (re)charging. Practice 8 感谢信 Dear Mr. Hallinen, I must write and thank you for your kindness to me personally on my visit to your university earlier this month. I’m very grateful for the time you spent answering my somewhat persistent questions, and the trouble you went to, to make my stay in your university as interesting as possible. In fact, I can assure you those two days were the highlight of my trip to your country. Yours very sincerely, George R. Finlay Dear Chen Jianping, I’m writing to thank you for those two wonderful days in Beijing. I will always remember this visit. Before I arrived, I was a little anxious. I didn’t know what to expect. But I had no need to worry. You gave me a very warm welcome and I soon felt at home. I will never forget your kindness and hospitality. And thank you, also, for arranging so many interesting things. The visit to the Great Wall, the Imperial Palace and the Summer Palace were unforgettable. It was very kind of you to do all this for me and I appreciate it more than I can say. Yours sincerely, Paula 就下述内容写一封感谢信： 你在一位朋友家度周末，受到了热情款待，写信表示感谢。