课件十一：俄国农奴制改革
The Emancipation of the Serfs in Russia
（ 11-1-1）
一、农奴制的俄国及其对外扩张
二、农奴制危机和革命民主主义 的产生
三,1861年的农奴制改革
改革前的农奴状况
Background
By 1861,estimates are that about 52 million people in Russia were serfs out of a
population of 74 million,Lords allotted their serfs a piece of land on which to
live and work off their obligations,These allotments also were supposed to
provide for the serfs' subsistence,Serfs either paid their obligation in labor on
their lord's land (barshchina),or they paid in money or dues (obrok),By 1861,
71 % of serfs owed barshchina,and the rest owed a combination of obrok and
barshchina.
Serfs fell into three categories,gentry,state,and appanage serfs,Gentry serfs(私有
农奴） were those belonging to the nobility,State serfdom （国家农奴）
developed under Peter the Great in the 18th century,These peasants were a
diverse group of people who fell into the category of state peasant by default（
不履行契约）,either because their owners broke the law and they were
confiscated,or because they owed military service to the state,Appanage
peasants（采邑农奴） belonged to the imperial family,They suffered the worst
conditions,The allotment（分配） of land for appanage serfs was unequal,and
many of them had allotments that were insufficient for existence.
Peter Ⅰ,the Great”
(1672-1725,czar of Russia 1682-1725) 彼得大帝
Assuming personal
power(1689),he gave Russia
an outlet to the Black Sea by
capturing Azov from
Turks(1695-96),After
extensive travels in
Europe(1697-98),he began
to westernize Russian
institutions,His victory over
the Swedes (1709) in the
Northern War gave Russia
access to the Baltic,In 1713,
he moved the capital from
Moscow to St,Petersburg,
Peter’s Reform
彼得一世改革
His other reforms included,
1,the reorganization of army,and the founding of a navy;
2,the reorganization of government;
3,the establishment of several hundred of factories,the
construction of canals,and establishing a new tax system;
4,the construction technical school,and the planning of
the Russian Academy of Science;
5,Established the,Holy Synod”,to make the Church
subject to the State.
By often ruthless methods he made Russia an important
European power.
Catherine Ⅱ,the Great”(1729-1796)
叶卡特琳娜二世
Empress of Russia (1762-96),A
benevolent despot,she
reformed local administration
and gave a new charter to the
nobility,confirming their
privileges.She increased
Russian territory in partition of
Poland (1772,1793,1795) and
by the Russo-Turkish Wars
(1768-74,1787-92),She wrote
memoirs and plays,and was a
patron of writers and artists.
Russian Empire
俄罗斯帝国的领土扩张 （ 1）（ 1795-1914）
Russian Empire
俄罗斯帝国的领土扩张（ 2） （ 1796-1914）
Chernishevsky （ 1828-89）
车尔尼雪夫斯基
俄国革命家、哲学家、作家和批
评家。大学毕业后，成为, 祖国
纪事, 和, 现代人, 进步杂志的
撰稿人，后任, 现代人, 杂志主
编，使它成为宣传革命思想的强
大阵地。 1855年发表的, 艺术对
现实的审美关系,,向黑格尔的
唯心主义美学进行了大胆的挑战，
提出了, 美是生活, 的定义，同
年冬开始发表论文, 俄国文学果
戈理时期概观,,系统探讨了俄
国文学批评思想的发展。 1862年
被沙皇政府逮捕，后被判处苦役
并终身流放西伯利亚。在囚禁与
流放中，他写了许多优秀作品，
如, 怎么办？,,, 序幕, 等。
1883年获准在阿斯特拉罕居住。
1889年才返回故乡。由于备受折
磨，同年 10月病逝。
ALEXANDER HERTZEN (1812-1870)
赫 尔 岑
俄国杰出的革命民主主义者，唯物主义
哲学家和思想家、著名的作家。从小憎
恨专制制度，莫斯科大学毕业后，被沙
皇政府逮捕，先后被流放到许多地方。
他反对封建专政和农奴制。从 1842 —
1847年，发表了一系列哲学著作。 列宁
称赞赫尔岑的哲学思想,,竟能达到最
伟大的思想家的水平, 。
1847年 3月，赫尔岑携家迁居国外。
1852年他侨居伦敦，创办, 北极星,,
,钟声, 等革命刊物，刊物通过各种渠
道传入俄国，对俄国的革命运动起了很
大的推动作用。
Decembrists
十二月党人起义
Members of secret revolutionary
societies whose activities led to the
uprising of Dec.,1825,against Czar
Nicholas I,Formed after the
Napoleonic Wars,the groups
comprised officers who had served
in Europe and had been influenced
by Western liberal ideals,They
advocated the establishment of
representative democracy but
disagreed on the form it should take,
The Decembrists' insurrection made
a profound impression on Russia,It
led both to the increasing police
terrorism of the czarist government
and to the spread of revolutionary
activity among the educated classes
Crimean War （ 1853-1856）
克里米亚战争
The war was declared on
Russian by Turkey
(Oct.1853),by Britain and
France (Mar.1854),and by
Sardinia（ Jan.1855) The
causes were Russian
expansion in the Balkans
and the dispute over
guardianship of the Holy
Places in Palestine,
Sevastopol was taken by the
Allies (1855) and the war
was ended by the treaty of
Paris.
Florence Nightingale (1820一 1910）
南丁格尔
British nurse,Her
work in organizing
hospitals in the
Crimea during the
Crimean War
pioneered modern
nursing methods and
did much did much to
establish the nursing
as a respected
profession,She
established a training
school (1860) and
home for nurses.
Nicholas Ⅰ (1796-1855)
尼古拉一世
Czar of Russia (1825-55),A
reactionary,he put down the
Decembrists revolt (1825),
strengthened the autocracy,
suppressed religious
toleration,and organized a
secret policy (1826),He
crushed a rising in Poland
(1830-31) and revolution in
Hungary(1849),He was
victorious in Russo-Turkish
war of 1828-29) but involved
Russia in the Crimean War,
Tsar Alexander II (1818-81)
亚历山大二世
Czar of Russia (1855-81),A liberal,
he emancipated the serfs (1861),
and introduced the zemstvo
（地方自治组织） system of local
government(1864) and legal and
military reforms,He extended
Russia’s frontiers into Caucasia
(1859) and central Asia(1865-8)
and defeated the Turks (1877-78)
in the last of Russo-Turkish
wars.He was assassinated by
Populist extremists,
The Emancipation of the Serfs in Russia
（ 11-1-1）
一、农奴制的俄国及其对外扩张
二、农奴制危机和革命民主主义 的产生
三,1861年的农奴制改革
改革前的农奴状况
Background
By 1861,estimates are that about 52 million people in Russia were serfs out of a
population of 74 million,Lords allotted their serfs a piece of land on which to
live and work off their obligations,These allotments also were supposed to
provide for the serfs' subsistence,Serfs either paid their obligation in labor on
their lord's land (barshchina),or they paid in money or dues (obrok),By 1861,
71 % of serfs owed barshchina,and the rest owed a combination of obrok and
barshchina.
Serfs fell into three categories,gentry,state,and appanage serfs,Gentry serfs(私有
农奴） were those belonging to the nobility,State serfdom （国家农奴）
developed under Peter the Great in the 18th century,These peasants were a
diverse group of people who fell into the category of state peasant by default（
不履行契约）,either because their owners broke the law and they were
confiscated,or because they owed military service to the state,Appanage
peasants（采邑农奴） belonged to the imperial family,They suffered the worst
conditions,The allotment（分配） of land for appanage serfs was unequal,and
many of them had allotments that were insufficient for existence.
Peter Ⅰ,the Great”
(1672-1725,czar of Russia 1682-1725) 彼得大帝
Assuming personal
power(1689),he gave Russia
an outlet to the Black Sea by
capturing Azov from
Turks(1695-96),After
extensive travels in
Europe(1697-98),he began
to westernize Russian
institutions,His victory over
the Swedes (1709) in the
Northern War gave Russia
access to the Baltic,In 1713,
he moved the capital from
Moscow to St,Petersburg,
Peter’s Reform
彼得一世改革
His other reforms included,
1,the reorganization of army,and the founding of a navy;
2,the reorganization of government;
3,the establishment of several hundred of factories,the
construction of canals,and establishing a new tax system;
4,the construction technical school,and the planning of
the Russian Academy of Science;
5,Established the,Holy Synod”,to make the Church
subject to the State.
By often ruthless methods he made Russia an important
European power.
Catherine Ⅱ,the Great”(1729-1796)
叶卡特琳娜二世
Empress of Russia (1762-96),A
benevolent despot,she
reformed local administration
and gave a new charter to the
nobility,confirming their
privileges.She increased
Russian territory in partition of
Poland (1772,1793,1795) and
by the Russo-Turkish Wars
(1768-74,1787-92),She wrote
memoirs and plays,and was a
patron of writers and artists.
Russian Empire
俄罗斯帝国的领土扩张 （ 1）（ 1795-1914）
Russian Empire
俄罗斯帝国的领土扩张（ 2） （ 1796-1914）
Chernishevsky （ 1828-89）
车尔尼雪夫斯基
俄国革命家、哲学家、作家和批
评家。大学毕业后，成为, 祖国
纪事, 和, 现代人, 进步杂志的
撰稿人，后任, 现代人, 杂志主
编，使它成为宣传革命思想的强
大阵地。 1855年发表的, 艺术对
现实的审美关系,,向黑格尔的
唯心主义美学进行了大胆的挑战，
提出了, 美是生活, 的定义，同
年冬开始发表论文, 俄国文学果
戈理时期概观,,系统探讨了俄
国文学批评思想的发展。 1862年
被沙皇政府逮捕，后被判处苦役
并终身流放西伯利亚。在囚禁与
流放中，他写了许多优秀作品，
如, 怎么办？,,, 序幕, 等。
1883年获准在阿斯特拉罕居住。
1889年才返回故乡。由于备受折
磨，同年 10月病逝。
ALEXANDER HERTZEN (1812-1870)
赫 尔 岑
俄国杰出的革命民主主义者，唯物主义
哲学家和思想家、著名的作家。从小憎
恨专制制度，莫斯科大学毕业后，被沙
皇政府逮捕，先后被流放到许多地方。
他反对封建专政和农奴制。从 1842 —
1847年，发表了一系列哲学著作。 列宁
称赞赫尔岑的哲学思想,,竟能达到最
伟大的思想家的水平, 。
1847年 3月，赫尔岑携家迁居国外。
1852年他侨居伦敦，创办, 北极星,,
,钟声, 等革命刊物，刊物通过各种渠
道传入俄国，对俄国的革命运动起了很
大的推动作用。
Decembrists
十二月党人起义
Members of secret revolutionary
societies whose activities led to the
uprising of Dec.,1825,against Czar
Nicholas I,Formed after the
Napoleonic Wars,the groups
comprised officers who had served
in Europe and had been influenced
by Western liberal ideals,They
advocated the establishment of
representative democracy but
disagreed on the form it should take,
The Decembrists' insurrection made
a profound impression on Russia,It
led both to the increasing police
terrorism of the czarist government
and to the spread of revolutionary
activity among the educated classes
Crimean War （ 1853-1856）
克里米亚战争
The war was declared on
Russian by Turkey
(Oct.1853),by Britain and
France (Mar.1854),and by
Sardinia（ Jan.1855) The
causes were Russian
expansion in the Balkans
and the dispute over
guardianship of the Holy
Places in Palestine,
Sevastopol was taken by the
Allies (1855) and the war
was ended by the treaty of
Paris.
Florence Nightingale (1820一 1910）
南丁格尔
British nurse,Her
work in organizing
hospitals in the
Crimea during the
Crimean War
pioneered modern
nursing methods and
did much did much to
establish the nursing
as a respected
profession,She
established a training
school (1860) and
home for nurses.
Nicholas Ⅰ (1796-1855)
尼古拉一世
Czar of Russia (1825-55),A
reactionary,he put down the
Decembrists revolt (1825),
strengthened the autocracy,
suppressed religious
toleration,and organized a
secret policy (1826),He
crushed a rising in Poland
(1830-31) and revolution in
Hungary(1849),He was
victorious in Russo-Turkish
war of 1828-29) but involved
Russia in the Crimean War,
Tsar Alexander II (1818-81)
亚历山大二世
Czar of Russia (1855-81),A liberal,
he emancipated the serfs (1861),
and introduced the zemstvo
（地方自治组织） system of local
government(1864) and legal and
military reforms,He extended
Russia’s frontiers into Caucasia
(1859) and central Asia(1865-8)
and defeated the Turks (1877-78)
in the last of Russo-Turkish
wars.He was assassinated by
Populist extremists,
