课件六,The Great French Revolution
and Rise and Fall of Napoleon’s Empire
法国大革命和拿破仑帝国的兴亡 (6-1-1）
? 一、革命前法国的经济、政治状况
? 二、启蒙运动
? 三、革命形势的成熟和三级会议的召开
? 四、革命的开始和君主立宪派的统治
? 五、吉伦特派的统治
? 六、雅各宾派的专政
? 七、督政府的统治及雾月政变
? 八、拿破仑帝国的建立及对内政策
? 九、拿破仑的对外战争和拿破仑帝国的覆亡
Louis XIV,“the Great” (1638-1715) (6-1-2）
路 易 十 四
? Louis XIV,“the
Great”(1638-1715),King of
France (1643-1715),After
1661,he established
personal rule,He said,I
am the State.” In a series of
wars France increase her
territory,but was left
financially exhausted,His
court was the most
magnificent in Europe.
The palace of Versailles
凡尔赛宫 (6-1-3） Versailles,19 km,southwest of
Paris.The palace
of Versailles,
long the model
of royal and
princely
magnificence
throughout
Europe,was
built (1661-86)
for Louis XIV,as
residence,court,
and seat of
government in
French classical
style,
Louis XV（ 1710-74）
路易十五 （ 6-1-4）
? king of
France(1715-74),
The financial
strain of wars
and the excesses
of court
alienated
growing
numbers of
intellectuals.His
best-known
remark was
,After me,the
Deluge.”
Louis XVI(1754-93)
路易十六（ 6-1-5）
He,was a shy,well-
meaning man,who liked
to hunt better than to
occupy himself with
affaires of State.” French
intervention in the
American War caused
virtual bankruptcy and
led to the summoning of
the Estates General (1789)
for the first time since
1614,He was deposed
(1792),found guilty of
treason,and guillotined,
The Enlightenment
启蒙运动 ·（ 6-2-1）
An intellectual
movement of 18th c,
Europe which
questioned traditional
beliefs and prejudices,
esp,in religion,and
emphasized the primacy
of reason and strict
scientific method.
? It was represented
in Germany esp,by
Lessing,in England
by Locke,Hume and
Newton,In France
by Voltaire,Diderot,
d?Albert and the
Encyclopedists.
Montesquieu (1689-1755) 孟德斯鸠
（ 6-2-1 ）
? French writer,His,Persian
Letters”(1721) satirized
contemporary social and
political institutions in
France and brought him
immediate fame,His greatest
work,The Spirit of the Law ?
(1748),dealing with the
nature of the state and
science of law,had much
influence on later political
thinking,
Voltaire(1694-1778) 伏尔泰 （ 6-2-2）
? French man of letters,
historian and philosopher,His
prose tales were vehicles for
social and political satire,His
philosophical work influenced
European thought for
generations,He was the
foremost propagandist for the
leading ideas of the 18th c,It
has been said that he fostered
not a revolutionary proletariat
but an ungovernable middle
class,He has been accepted as
one of the world?s great men
partly because of force of his
personality.
Diderot (1713-84) 狄德罗 （ 6-2-3）
? French writer,His
direction of the
?Encyclopedia? was among
his greatest achievements,
With his powerful
intelligence,wide interests
and verve,he incarnated
(体现） the spirit of the 18th
c,; with his lively
imagination and keen
sensibility he was a
precursor(先驱） of
Romanticism.
Rousseau（ 1712-78）卢梭 （ 6-2-4）
? A man of volatile (易变的）
emotions but keen mind,he
rebelled many dominant
values of his time and
quarrelled with with a
striking number of
contemporaries,e.g,Voltaire,
Diderot and Hume,In the
?Social Contract? he
developed a theory of the state
based on a contract by which
free individuals freely entrust
a part of their freedom to the
body politic,His political
ideas played an important
part in the development of
modern democracy.
The Tennis Court Oath（ 20 June 1789)
网球厅宣誓（ 6-2-5）
The oath
taken by the
third estate
that they
would not
separate
until they
had given
France a
constitution.
Storming of Bastille 巴黎人民攻占巴士底狱
（ 1789.7.14） （ 6-3-1）
? Bastille,a former
state prison in
Paris,built 1369-
83 and now
completely
demolished,The
(14 July 1789)
by the citizens of
Paris was a
symbol the
destruction of
absolute royal
power and it is
still celebrated
as a national
holiday,
The Constitutional Monarchist
Marquis de Lafayette (1575-1834) 拉法耶特
（ 6-4-1）
? French general and
statesman,He
helped the
revolutionists in
America (1777-82)
and commanded
the National Guard
in two French
Revolutions(1789-
92.1830)as a liberal
monarchist,
The Constitutional Monarchist
Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes (1748-1836)西耶士
（ 6-4-2）
? French statesman,
he emerged as a
leader of the third
estate with his
pamphlet ?What is
the Third Estate??,
(1789) He was a
member of the
Directory and of
the Consulate.
The Constitutional Monarchist
Mirabeau 米拉波 (1749-91) （ 6-4-3）
? French revolutionist
and statesman,He
was elected to the
State General as a
deputy for the third
estate,His oratory
quickly made him a
leader of the French
Revolution,but he
tried constantly to
create a
constitutional
monarchy,and from
May 1790 was in the
pay of the court.
Declaration of the Rights of Man - 1789 (1)
Approved by the National Assembly of France,
August 26,1789
,人权宣言, （ 6-4-4）
1,Men are born and
remain free and
equal in rights.
2,These rights are
liberty,property,
security,and
resistance to
oppression,
4,Liberty consists in
the freedom to do
everything which
injures no one else.
6,Law is the
expression of the
general will,······ All
citizens,being equal
in the eyes of the
law,are equally
eligible to all
dignities and to all
public positions and
occupations,
according to their
abilities,and without
distinction except
that of their virtues
and talents,
Declaration of the Rights of Man - 1789 (2)
（ 6-4-5）
? 7,No person shall be
accused,arrested,or
imprisoned except in
the cases and
according to the
forms prescribed by
law,···
? 11,The free
communication of ideas
and opinions is one of
the most precious of the
rights of man,Every
citizen may,accordingly,
speak,write,and print
with freedom,but shall
be responsible for such
abuses of this freedom as
shall be defined by law.
Girondists 吉伦特派 (6-5-1)
? A political group of moderate
republicans in the French
Revolution,so called because
the central members were
deputies of the Gironde dept.
Girondists 吉伦特派 ·布里索（ 6-
5-2）
Girondist leaders
advocated continental
war,Led at first by
Jacques Brissot de
Warville (1754-93),
Representative of the
educated,provincial
middle class of the
provinces,they were
lawyers,journalists,
and merchants who
desired a constitutional
government.
路易 16被推上断头台（ 6-5-3）
? Louis XI was
Guillotined in
Jan.21.1793,so
was his wife
later.
Guillotine
断头台 （ 6-5-4）
? Miniature Guillotine
? This miniature
guillotine
reproduces the
life-size French
invention of the
eighteenth
c.used during
the French
Revolution.
Jacobine 雅各宾派 (6-6-1)
? A member of a political club of the
French Revolution,founded (May 1789)
among the deputies at Versailles,and
taking its name from the former
monastery()in Paris where it met
from Oct.1789,Led by Robespierre,
the club became increasingly radical,
overthrew the Girondists (1793) and
instituted the Terror,
Marat (1743-93),雅各宾派 ·马
拉（ 6-6-2）
French revolutionist.He
founded an extreme
radical newspaper and
was elected (1792) to
the Convention where
he helped to overthrow
the Girondists,His
inflammatory(煽动性的）
articles helped to incite
the September
massacre,He was
stabbed to death by
Charlotte Corday,
Danton(1759-94),雅各宾派 ·丹
敦 （ 6-6-3）
French revolutionist,A
founder of Cordelires
Club(1790) and of the
Committee of Public
Safety(1793),he
organized the defence of
France against Prussians,
As minister of Justice
(1792-94) by his
eloquence and political
skill he became a rival to
Robespierre,who
overthrow him,He was
guillotined.
Robespierre (1758-94)
雅各宾派 · 罗伯斯庇尔 （ 6-6-4）
? A provincial lawyer,As a
member of the Committee of
Public Safety（ July 1793-
July 1794) he was virtual
dictator of France,
establishing the Terror,and
eliminating his rivals Hebert
and Danton.His measures,
based on the doctrines
Rousseau became
increasingly extremist,He
was overthrown and
executed in the coup detat of
Thermidor(1794，热月政变）
,
The Rise and Fall of
Napoleon’s Empire
The Directory 督政府的统治
（ 1795-1799） （ 6-7-1）
? the body of five which held
executive power 1795-99
during the French Revolution.
The Consulate 执政府的统治（ 1799-
1804） （ 6-7-2）
? Consulate:
? The French
government 10
Nov.1799-18
May 1804.
? Originally a three-
man government,
it was rapidly
dominated by
Napoleon,who
became first
consul for life
(1802) and
emperor (1804)。
Napoleon Bonaparte(1769-1821)
拿破仑 (6-8-1)
A Corsican,he was educated at
military schools in France,and
entered the French army(1785),
He welcomed the French
Revolution,In 1799 he
overthrew the Directory in the
coup d?etat of Brumaire and
rapidly established a
dictatorship with himself as
first consul(1799-1804),In
1804 he was proclaimed
emperor of France,and in 1814
abdicated and was exiled to Elba,
but returned during the Hundred
Days.After his final defeat at
Waterloo (1815) he was sent to
St.Helena,where he was kept
prisoner until his death.
the Napoleonic wars （ 1803-1815） (6-8-
2)
? As a military genius
Napoleon first
distinguished himself at
the siege of Toulon(1793)
and was displayed in his
command (1796-97) of
Italian campaign,During
the Napoleonic wars
(1803-1815) Napoleon
gained a series of brilliant
victories.The weakness of
Napoleon?s Empire was
first shown in the
Peninsular War (1808-14),
and in his disastrous
invasion of of
Russia(1812).
Napoleon’s coronation （ 1804）
拿破仑加冕 (6-8-3)
? Napoleon?s coronation
takes place in the
Cathedral of Notre
Dame (巴黎圣母院） in
1804,Napoleon,
standing before the
Pope,took the crown,
crowned himself,and
then crowned
Josephine,who is
kneeling before him,
Napoleon married Marrie-
Louise 拿破仑的婚姻 (6-8-4)
? In 1796
Napoleon
married
Josephine,His
first marriage
was annulled,
and in 1810
Napoleon
married
Marrie- Louise,
Napoleonic Code
? The Civil Code,enacted in 1804,was
the most important of the codes
Napoleon enacted,It has been well
described as,the summary and the
correction of the French Revolution.”
Later at St.Helena,Napoleon himself
said,“My glory chiefly consists,not in
having won forty battles,but in having
established the Civil Code.”
Napoleon’s Empire
拿破仑帝国 (6-8-5)
By 1808
Napoleon
controlled
nearly all
the
continental
Europe.
The Battle of Waterloo:
滑铁卢战役 (6-8-6)
The final action (18
June 1815) of the
Napoleonic wars,
fought near the
Belgian village of
Waterloo,Napoleon
was defeated by
the British and
Prussia armies
under Wellington
and Brucher,
and Rise and Fall of Napoleon’s Empire
法国大革命和拿破仑帝国的兴亡 (6-1-1）
? 一、革命前法国的经济、政治状况
? 二、启蒙运动
? 三、革命形势的成熟和三级会议的召开
? 四、革命的开始和君主立宪派的统治
? 五、吉伦特派的统治
? 六、雅各宾派的专政
? 七、督政府的统治及雾月政变
? 八、拿破仑帝国的建立及对内政策
? 九、拿破仑的对外战争和拿破仑帝国的覆亡
Louis XIV,“the Great” (1638-1715) (6-1-2）
路 易 十 四
? Louis XIV,“the
Great”(1638-1715),King of
France (1643-1715),After
1661,he established
personal rule,He said,I
am the State.” In a series of
wars France increase her
territory,but was left
financially exhausted,His
court was the most
magnificent in Europe.
The palace of Versailles
凡尔赛宫 (6-1-3） Versailles,19 km,southwest of
Paris.The palace
of Versailles,
long the model
of royal and
princely
magnificence
throughout
Europe,was
built (1661-86)
for Louis XIV,as
residence,court,
and seat of
government in
French classical
style,
Louis XV（ 1710-74）
路易十五 （ 6-1-4）
? king of
France(1715-74),
The financial
strain of wars
and the excesses
of court
alienated
growing
numbers of
intellectuals.His
best-known
remark was
,After me,the
Deluge.”
Louis XVI(1754-93)
路易十六（ 6-1-5）
He,was a shy,well-
meaning man,who liked
to hunt better than to
occupy himself with
affaires of State.” French
intervention in the
American War caused
virtual bankruptcy and
led to the summoning of
the Estates General (1789)
for the first time since
1614,He was deposed
(1792),found guilty of
treason,and guillotined,
The Enlightenment
启蒙运动 ·（ 6-2-1）
An intellectual
movement of 18th c,
Europe which
questioned traditional
beliefs and prejudices,
esp,in religion,and
emphasized the primacy
of reason and strict
scientific method.
? It was represented
in Germany esp,by
Lessing,in England
by Locke,Hume and
Newton,In France
by Voltaire,Diderot,
d?Albert and the
Encyclopedists.
Montesquieu (1689-1755) 孟德斯鸠
（ 6-2-1 ）
? French writer,His,Persian
Letters”(1721) satirized
contemporary social and
political institutions in
France and brought him
immediate fame,His greatest
work,The Spirit of the Law ?
(1748),dealing with the
nature of the state and
science of law,had much
influence on later political
thinking,
Voltaire(1694-1778) 伏尔泰 （ 6-2-2）
? French man of letters,
historian and philosopher,His
prose tales were vehicles for
social and political satire,His
philosophical work influenced
European thought for
generations,He was the
foremost propagandist for the
leading ideas of the 18th c,It
has been said that he fostered
not a revolutionary proletariat
but an ungovernable middle
class,He has been accepted as
one of the world?s great men
partly because of force of his
personality.
Diderot (1713-84) 狄德罗 （ 6-2-3）
? French writer,His
direction of the
?Encyclopedia? was among
his greatest achievements,
With his powerful
intelligence,wide interests
and verve,he incarnated
(体现） the spirit of the 18th
c,; with his lively
imagination and keen
sensibility he was a
precursor(先驱） of
Romanticism.
Rousseau（ 1712-78）卢梭 （ 6-2-4）
? A man of volatile (易变的）
emotions but keen mind,he
rebelled many dominant
values of his time and
quarrelled with with a
striking number of
contemporaries,e.g,Voltaire,
Diderot and Hume,In the
?Social Contract? he
developed a theory of the state
based on a contract by which
free individuals freely entrust
a part of their freedom to the
body politic,His political
ideas played an important
part in the development of
modern democracy.
The Tennis Court Oath（ 20 June 1789)
网球厅宣誓（ 6-2-5）
The oath
taken by the
third estate
that they
would not
separate
until they
had given
France a
constitution.
Storming of Bastille 巴黎人民攻占巴士底狱
（ 1789.7.14） （ 6-3-1）
? Bastille,a former
state prison in
Paris,built 1369-
83 and now
completely
demolished,The
(14 July 1789)
by the citizens of
Paris was a
symbol the
destruction of
absolute royal
power and it is
still celebrated
as a national
holiday,
The Constitutional Monarchist
Marquis de Lafayette (1575-1834) 拉法耶特
（ 6-4-1）
? French general and
statesman,He
helped the
revolutionists in
America (1777-82)
and commanded
the National Guard
in two French
Revolutions(1789-
92.1830)as a liberal
monarchist,
The Constitutional Monarchist
Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes (1748-1836)西耶士
（ 6-4-2）
? French statesman,
he emerged as a
leader of the third
estate with his
pamphlet ?What is
the Third Estate??,
(1789) He was a
member of the
Directory and of
the Consulate.
The Constitutional Monarchist
Mirabeau 米拉波 (1749-91) （ 6-4-3）
? French revolutionist
and statesman,He
was elected to the
State General as a
deputy for the third
estate,His oratory
quickly made him a
leader of the French
Revolution,but he
tried constantly to
create a
constitutional
monarchy,and from
May 1790 was in the
pay of the court.
Declaration of the Rights of Man - 1789 (1)
Approved by the National Assembly of France,
August 26,1789
,人权宣言, （ 6-4-4）
1,Men are born and
remain free and
equal in rights.
2,These rights are
liberty,property,
security,and
resistance to
oppression,
4,Liberty consists in
the freedom to do
everything which
injures no one else.
6,Law is the
expression of the
general will,······ All
citizens,being equal
in the eyes of the
law,are equally
eligible to all
dignities and to all
public positions and
occupations,
according to their
abilities,and without
distinction except
that of their virtues
and talents,
Declaration of the Rights of Man - 1789 (2)
（ 6-4-5）
? 7,No person shall be
accused,arrested,or
imprisoned except in
the cases and
according to the
forms prescribed by
law,···
? 11,The free
communication of ideas
and opinions is one of
the most precious of the
rights of man,Every
citizen may,accordingly,
speak,write,and print
with freedom,but shall
be responsible for such
abuses of this freedom as
shall be defined by law.
Girondists 吉伦特派 (6-5-1)
? A political group of moderate
republicans in the French
Revolution,so called because
the central members were
deputies of the Gironde dept.
Girondists 吉伦特派 ·布里索（ 6-
5-2）
Girondist leaders
advocated continental
war,Led at first by
Jacques Brissot de
Warville (1754-93),
Representative of the
educated,provincial
middle class of the
provinces,they were
lawyers,journalists,
and merchants who
desired a constitutional
government.
路易 16被推上断头台（ 6-5-3）
? Louis XI was
Guillotined in
Jan.21.1793,so
was his wife
later.
Guillotine
断头台 （ 6-5-4）
? Miniature Guillotine
? This miniature
guillotine
reproduces the
life-size French
invention of the
eighteenth
c.used during
the French
Revolution.
Jacobine 雅各宾派 (6-6-1)
? A member of a political club of the
French Revolution,founded (May 1789)
among the deputies at Versailles,and
taking its name from the former
monastery()in Paris where it met
from Oct.1789,Led by Robespierre,
the club became increasingly radical,
overthrew the Girondists (1793) and
instituted the Terror,
Marat (1743-93),雅各宾派 ·马
拉（ 6-6-2）
French revolutionist.He
founded an extreme
radical newspaper and
was elected (1792) to
the Convention where
he helped to overthrow
the Girondists,His
inflammatory(煽动性的）
articles helped to incite
the September
massacre,He was
stabbed to death by
Charlotte Corday,
Danton(1759-94),雅各宾派 ·丹
敦 （ 6-6-3）
French revolutionist,A
founder of Cordelires
Club(1790) and of the
Committee of Public
Safety(1793),he
organized the defence of
France against Prussians,
As minister of Justice
(1792-94) by his
eloquence and political
skill he became a rival to
Robespierre,who
overthrow him,He was
guillotined.
Robespierre (1758-94)
雅各宾派 · 罗伯斯庇尔 （ 6-6-4）
? A provincial lawyer,As a
member of the Committee of
Public Safety（ July 1793-
July 1794) he was virtual
dictator of France,
establishing the Terror,and
eliminating his rivals Hebert
and Danton.His measures,
based on the doctrines
Rousseau became
increasingly extremist,He
was overthrown and
executed in the coup detat of
Thermidor(1794，热月政变）
,
The Rise and Fall of
Napoleon’s Empire
The Directory 督政府的统治
（ 1795-1799） （ 6-7-1）
? the body of five which held
executive power 1795-99
during the French Revolution.
The Consulate 执政府的统治（ 1799-
1804） （ 6-7-2）
? Consulate:
? The French
government 10
Nov.1799-18
May 1804.
? Originally a three-
man government,
it was rapidly
dominated by
Napoleon,who
became first
consul for life
(1802) and
emperor (1804)。
Napoleon Bonaparte(1769-1821)
拿破仑 (6-8-1)
A Corsican,he was educated at
military schools in France,and
entered the French army(1785),
He welcomed the French
Revolution,In 1799 he
overthrew the Directory in the
coup d?etat of Brumaire and
rapidly established a
dictatorship with himself as
first consul(1799-1804),In
1804 he was proclaimed
emperor of France,and in 1814
abdicated and was exiled to Elba,
but returned during the Hundred
Days.After his final defeat at
Waterloo (1815) he was sent to
St.Helena,where he was kept
prisoner until his death.
the Napoleonic wars （ 1803-1815） (6-8-
2)
? As a military genius
Napoleon first
distinguished himself at
the siege of Toulon(1793)
and was displayed in his
command (1796-97) of
Italian campaign,During
the Napoleonic wars
(1803-1815) Napoleon
gained a series of brilliant
victories.The weakness of
Napoleon?s Empire was
first shown in the
Peninsular War (1808-14),
and in his disastrous
invasion of of
Russia(1812).
Napoleon’s coronation （ 1804）
拿破仑加冕 (6-8-3)
? Napoleon?s coronation
takes place in the
Cathedral of Notre
Dame (巴黎圣母院） in
1804,Napoleon,
standing before the
Pope,took the crown,
crowned himself,and
then crowned
Josephine,who is
kneeling before him,
Napoleon married Marrie-
Louise 拿破仑的婚姻 (6-8-4)
? In 1796
Napoleon
married
Josephine,His
first marriage
was annulled,
and in 1810
Napoleon
married
Marrie- Louise,
Napoleonic Code
? The Civil Code,enacted in 1804,was
the most important of the codes
Napoleon enacted,It has been well
described as,the summary and the
correction of the French Revolution.”
Later at St.Helena,Napoleon himself
said,“My glory chiefly consists,not in
having won forty battles,but in having
established the Civil Code.”
Napoleon’s Empire
拿破仑帝国 (6-8-5)
By 1808
Napoleon
controlled
nearly all
the
continental
Europe.
The Battle of Waterloo:
滑铁卢战役 (6-8-6)
The final action (18
June 1815) of the
Napoleonic wars,
fought near the
Belgian village of
Waterloo,Napoleon
was defeated by
the British and
Prussia armies
under Wellington
and Brucher,
