Unit 3
Communicating with Data
四川邮电职业技术学院 2
Contents
? Teaching Objectives
? Revision
? Pre-reading Activities
? While-reading Activities
?New words and phrases
?Text organization
? Text and translation
? Post-reading Activities
? Further Development of the Theme-related
Specialized Knowledge
? Assignments
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Teaching Objectives
? 1.to know the transmission media of data signals,the structure of
full-duplex
? data transmission system and its operation and the coding of data
signals;
? 2,to understand the main idea and organization of the text;
? 3.to master some important new words,phrases and their usages,
especially the theme-related telecom terms and expressions in the
text;
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Revision
? Teacher uses the following exercise to help the students to revise the
important expressions or phrases or sentences which were learnt in the
study of last unit,
? Teacher, When I say a phrase or an expression in Chinese,you respond
by giving an English equivalent your learnt in the study of Unit 2
Asynchronous Serial Data Transmission,
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Revision
? Teacher ( Chinese ) Students ( English)
? 串行接口 serial interface
? 数据链路 data link
? 数据流 data stream
? 字符间 intercharacter
? 闲置状态 idle state
? 空号电平 space level
? 起始位 start bit
? 奇偶校验位 parity bit
? 错误标志 error flag
? 起源于 have one?s origin in
? 按照惯例 by convention
? 被称为 be referred to as
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Pre-reading Activities
? 1,Ask the Ss the following two questions related to the theme of
the text,
? 1) Human being has experienced many ages in his history of
more than one million years,We usually define these ages by the
typical production tools of them such as Stone Age,Bronze Age,
Iron Age,Steam Age,Nuclear Age and so on.,Can you use one
word to define the age in which we are living?
? Possible answers,Industrialized Age,Post-industrialized Age,
Information Age,Digital Age,etc,
? 2) Why do you and some other people call our age Digital Age?
? Possible answers,Digital machines including digital TV,pone,
camera,etc,are more and more widely used in our life and more
and more people lead a digital life,
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While-reading Activities / New
words and phrases
? alleviate [ ?'li,vieit] vt., 减轻,缓和
? allocation [ ?l ?'kei ??n] n,分配,配给物
? appropriate [ ?'proupriit] a,适当的
? arbitrary [ 'α:bitr ?ri] a,任意的
? assembly [ ??sembli] n,组合,装配
? compatible [k ?m 'p ?t ?bl] a,一致的 (with),兼容的
? compensate [ ?k ?mpenseit] v,补偿,酬报
? impairment [im 'p ??m ?nt] n,削弱,损伤
? inherent [in 'hi ?r ?nt] a,内在的,固有的
? irregularity [ire gju 'l ?riti] n,不规则
? keyboard [ 'ki,b ?:d] n,键盘
? linear [ 'lini ?] a,线性的,一次的
下 一 页
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While-reading Activities / New
words and phrases
? originate [ ?'ri ?ineit] v,发生,开始
? redundant [ri 'd ?nd ?nt] a,过多的,多余的,冗余的
? reverse [ri 'v ?:s] a,颠倒的,相反的
? simultaneous [sim ?l 'teinj ?s] a,同时发生的,同时的
? slot [sl ?t] n,狭槽,缝隙
? successive [s ?k‘sesiv] a,连续的
? synchronize [ 'si ?kr ?naiz] vt,使同步
? temporarily ad,临时地
? temporary [ 'temp ?r ?ri] a,暂时的,临时的
上 一 页 下 一 页
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While-reading Activities / New
words and phrases
? underground [ ' ?nd ?graund] a,地下的
? via [ 'vai ?] prep,经过,通过
? visual [ 'vizju ?l] a,视觉的,光学的
? whereas [w ??r ' ?z] conj, 而,却,反之,(公文用语 )有鉴于
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While-reading Activities / Text
organization
? i,New words and phrases
? Students read the new words and phrases aloud one by one after
teacher.( 3 minutes)
? ii,Text organization
? 1,Ss read the text and point out the main idea of the text,
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While-reading Activities / Text
organization
? The main idea,The text mainly discusses the structure of full-duplex
? data transmission system and its operation,
? 2,Ss make an analysis of the organization of the text,
? The text may be divided into four major sections,
? Section1 (Lines1-7),transmission media of data signals;
? Section2 (Lines8-35),the structure of full-duplex data transmission
system and its operation;
? Section3(Lines36-55),the coding of data signals,
? Section4(Lines56-62),digital representation of basic information
signals,
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Text and Translation
?Communicating with Data
翻 译 下 一 页 返 回
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Text and Translation
? Data signals are transmitted over1 various types of telephone circuits,
They travel on wire from telephone pole to telephone pole,through
underground cables,from mountain top to mountain top over
microwave facilities,on the ocean floor in submarine cables,and via
communications satellites from continent to continent,Some type of
data conversion equipment is required to change the digital machine
signals to a form suitable for transmission over these facilities2,
翻 译 下 一 页 上 一 页 返 回
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Text and Translation
? The data machine which provides an input to the transmit section of
the conversion equipment,or modulator,can be a keyboard,printer,
card reader,paper tape terminal computer or magnetic tape
terminal3,The output from the receive section of the converter,or
demodulator,can be applied4to a tape punch,printer,card punch,
magnetic tape unit,computer,or visual display terminal,Typically,
both the modulator and demodulator5 sections of the converter are
combined into a two-way data transmitter-receiver,commonly called
a data modem or data set,6
翻 译 下 一 页 上 一 页 返 回
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Text and Translation
? Fig,3-1 illustrates a typical full-duplex data transmission system
including the originating data processing equipment and the interface
assembly which consists of buffer and control units.The interface
assembly at the transmitter accepts data at the rate determined by the
operating speed of the data processor,stores the data temporarily,
and regenerates it at a rate compatible with that of the data modem7,
At the receiving terminal the interface assembly accepts the received
data,stores it,then feeds it to the data processor at the appropriate
rate,
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Text and Translation
? Timing signals from the interface assembly at the transmitter are
applied to the data modem to synchronize the computer and the data
set,At the receiver,synchronization pulses are derived from8 the data
stream to synchronize the computer,
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Text and Translation
? When more than one data set feeds into a computer,the capacity of
the interface equipment is of major9 concern since it must determine
the time slot allocation for each line,Various types of interface
assemblies are employed,such as magnetic core memories,shift
registers,and delay lines,Not all data communications terminals
employ an interface between the data processor and the data modem,
Without an interface,the input,data transmission,and output
functions proceed simultaneously and at the same rate of speed,
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Text and Translation
? Since data signals are rarely in suitable form for transmission over
the various types of transmission facilities,a signal coding process is
normally performed,Ideally10,the transmission medium should have
linear attenuation and delay characteristics,but this is never so in
practice,and transmission impairments are always present to disturb
the data signals11,As a comparison12,in voice communications a high
degree of transmission irregularities13 can be tolerated,If a voice
circuit has a heavy loss or is noisy,the speakers compensate
automatically by increasing the intensity of their voices,If words are
missed because of transmission difficulties,they are often understood
anyway because of the redundant nature of speech,In contrast,there
is no inherent redundancy in data signals unless purposely inserted
and,therefore,transmission variations can only be compensated for
over a very small range14,In addition,data signals are sensitive15 to
other trans-mission impairments which have little effect16 on speech,
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Text and Translation
? Coding is undertaken to alleviate transmission irregularities,to
increase the information capacity of the system,to enable error
detection,and to provide message security17,The coding process in the
data transmitter simply rearranges the applied data machine signals
into some other format,At the receiving end the reverse processing is
performed to recover the original machine signals,
翻 译 下 一 页 上 一 页 返 回
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Text and Translation
? The diagrams in Fig,3-2 show the two types of information signals
that are applied in digital form to a data modem,Shown in A is a
binary non-return18 to zero signal,In B the same signal is shown in
the return to zero format,The difference between A and B is that in A
successive marks or spaces follow one another,whereas19 in B there
must be a return to the space level between successive marks,The
voltage values of marks and spaces are arbitrary and may be positive,
negative,or both,
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Text and Translation
?与本单元课题有关的电信术语或用语 20 。
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Post-reading Activities
? i,Review the important expressions,phrases or sentences which were
learnt in the study of text by guiding the students through Exercises 1-
2 between Page 41 and Page 42 in class,
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Post-reading Activities
? ii,Ask the students to summarize the translation skills touched upon
in the study of the text,
? Possible answers,被动语态的译法和词类转换
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Further Development of the Theme-
related Specialized Knowledge
? 数据通信基本知识,
http://www.emoyo.net/tech/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=200
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Assignments
? 1,Preview Unit 4
? 2,Do Exercises3-5 between Page 42 and Page 45
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本单元结束!
谢 谢!!
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?以下幻灯片为翻译
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Text and translation
?数据通信
课 文
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Text and translation
? 数据信号在各种各样的话路上传输:它们通过导线从一根电杆传到
另一根电杆;它们经过地下电缆传送;它们通过微波设备从一个山
头传到另一个山头;它们通过海底电缆, 通过通信卫星, 从一个洲
传到另一个洲 。 为了把数字化机器信号变换为适合在这些设备中传
输的信号形式, 需要使用某种类型的数据变换设备 。
课 文
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Text and translation
? 向变换设备发送部分 (即调制器 )提供输入的数据设备可以是键盘,
打印机, 卡片阅读器, 纸带终端计算机或磁带终端机 。 变换器接收
部分 (即解调器 )的输出可以适用于纸带凿孔机, 打印机, 卡片凿孔
机, 磁带机, 计算机或视频显示终端 。 一般地说, 变换器的调制部
分和解调部分合并成为一个双向数据发送接收机, 通常称之为数据
调制解调器或数据传输机 。
课 文
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Text and translation
? 图 3-1(见第 38页 )表示一个典型的全双工数据传输系统, 包括始发端
数据 处理设备和由缓冲器和控制单元组成的接口部件 。 发端的接口
部件以数据处理机的处理速度所确定的速率接收数据, 将它们暂时
存储起来, 并以与数据调制解调器兼容的速率予以转发 。 在接收端,
接口部件接受所收到的数据, 将它们存储起来, 再以适当的速率送
到数据处理机中去 。
课 文
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Text and translation
? 来自发端接口部件的定时信号被加到数据调制解调器上, 以使计算
机与数传机同步 。 在接收端, 从数据流中取出同步脉冲使计算机同
步 。
课 文
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Text and translation
? 当有一台以上数传机接至一台计算机时, 接口设备的容量是主要问
题, 因为它必须确定分配给每条线路的时隙 。 有各种类型的接口部
件可以使用, 如磁芯存储器, 移位寄存器和时延线 。 然而并不是所
有的数据通信终端在数据处理机和数据调制解调器之间都使用接口 。
如果没有接口, 那么输入, 数据传输和输出这三个操作过程同时进
行, 而且速率相同 。
课 文
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Text and translation
? 由于数据信号的形式一般不适宜在各种传输设备上传送, 通常对信
号要进行编码 。 在理想情况下, 传输媒介应当具有线性衰减和线性
时延的特性 。 但实 际情况根本不是这样, 传输损伤总是存在, 干扰
了数据信号 。 相比之下, 语声通信可以容忍极不规则的传输情况 。
如果电话电路的衰耗严重或噪声大, 说话人就会提高嗓音, 自动予
以弥补 。 如果讲的某些单词因传输困难而没听见, 双方往往仍可听
懂, 因为语言有冗余度 。 数据信号则与之相反, 除非有意加入, 它
本身没有冗余度, 所以传输质量的不稳定只能得到非常有限的补偿 。
另外, 数据信号对基本上不影响话音的其他传输质量下降很敏感 。
课 文
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Text and translation
? 为了减少不正常的传输情况, 增加系统的信息容量, 实现差错检测
和消息保密, 就要采用编码手段 。 数据发送端的编码仅仅是将所输
入的数据信号重新排列成其他形式 。 在接收端则进行相反的过程 (译
码 ),恢复原来的数据信号 。
课 文
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Text and translation
? 图 3-2(见第 39页 )的波形表示以数字形式输入到数据调制解调器的
两类信息信号 。 波形 A是二进制不归零 (NRZ)信号, 波形 B是同一信号
的归零 (RZ)形式 。 波形 A与波形 B的区别是:波形 A中传号或空号连续
不断地出现, 而波形 B中脉冲幅度必须在两个连续信号之间回到空号
电平上来 。 传号和空号的电压值是任意的, 可以是正值或负值, 也
可以是正负值兼而有之 。
课 文
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While-reading Activities /
Key language points
? 1,over,in,on,and via
? prep,through the medium of,by means of (通过, 经由,通过 … 的媒介 )
? eg,Data signals are transmitted over various types of telephone
circuits,travel on wire,through underground cables,over microwave
facilities,and via communications satellites,
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While-reading Activities /
Key language points
?2,动词不定式, to do …, 在通信英语中置于句
首或句末作状语表示目的的现象很常见, 通常可
译为, 为了 …,或, 以便 …,。 此句中, to change
the digital machine signals to a form suitable for
transmission over these facilities” 作状语表示目
的, 全句可译为, 为了把数字化机器信号变换为
适合在这些设备中传输的信号形式, 需要使用某
种类型的数据变换设备 。,
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While-reading Activities /
Key language points
? 3,The data machine which provides an input to the transmit section
of the conversion equipment,or modulator,can be a keyboard,
printer,card reader,paper tape terminal computer or magnetic tape
terminal,
? 句子结构分析,
? 主语,The data machine
? 定语:, which provides an input to the transmit section of the
conversion equipment,or modulator”是定语从句, 修饰先行词 the
data machine
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While-reading Activities /
Key language points
? 4,be applied to,适用于 …,应用于 …,
? eg,1) Theory should be applied to practice,
? 2) The alloy can be applied to spaceship,
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While-reading Activities /
Key language points
? 5,de-
? pref,
? 1) do or make the opposite of; reverse (否定或使相反;倒转,)
? eg,demodulator (解调器 )
? 2) remove or remove from(离开或从 … 脱离 )
? eg,deoxygenate,(去氧 ),demultiplexer (多路 )信号分离器
? 3) out of (去除, 离开 )
? eg,deplane下飞机
? 4) reduce,degrade (减少 ;降低 )
? eg,declass (降级 )
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While-reading Activities /
Key language points
? 6,Typically,both the modulator and demodulator sections of the
converter are combined into a two-way data transmitter-receiver,
commonly called a data modem or data set,
? 1) typically ad,一般说来, 一般而言 ; 代表性地,作为特色地
? eg,Typically,she had forgotten her keys again,
? 2) combine… into…, merge… into… ( 把 … 合并成为 … ) 此处用作被
动语态 。
? Several different networks are combined into an integrated network.,
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While-reading Activities /
Key language points
? 3), commonly called a data modem or data set” 是动词过去分词短
语, 用于修饰先行词 data transmitter-receiver,可转换成非限定性定
语从局, which is commonly called a data modem or data set” 帮助
理解 。 翻译时可将该部分和主句分别翻译成独立的两句话, 使译文
更为通顺, 如, 通常称之为数据调制解调器或数据传输机 。,
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While-reading Activities /
Key language points
? 7,The interface assembly at the transmitter accepts data at the rate
determined by the operating speed of the data processor,stores the
data temporarily,and regenerates it at a rate compatible with that of
the data modem,
? 1) 句子结构分析,
? 主语,the interface assembly
? 谓语,accepts,stores和 regenerates,
? 2) compatible with…, 同什么兼容 ( 的 )
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While-reading Activities /
Key language points
? 8,derive from,stem from,come from (起源, 来自 )
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While-reading Activities /
Key language points
9,be of major concern,be of important(至关重要 )
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While-reading Activities /
Key language points
? 10,ideally ad,此处译为, 在理想状态下, 。
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While-reading Activities /
Key language points
? 11,… and transmission impairments are always present to disturb the
data signals
? 1) present,ad,existing,happening (存在, 发生 )
? 2), to disturb the data signals”是动词不定式作状语表示结果 。 全
句可译为, 传输损伤总是存在, 干扰了数据信号, 。
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While-reading Activities /
Key language points
? 12,as a comparison,by comparison (相比之下 )
? eg,As a comparison,PHS is an environment-friendly product,
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While-reading Activities /
Key language points
? 13,transmission irregularities,
? 翻译技巧:词类转换
? 在英译汉的过程中, 有些句子可以逐词对翻译, 有些句子则由于
英汉两种语言表达方式不同, 就不能用, 一个萝卜一个坑, 的方法
来逐词对翻译 。 原文中有些词需要转换词类, 才能是汉语译文通顺
流畅 。 此处可将, irregularities”这一由形容词派生而来的名词转译
成形容词, 这样, 该短语可译为, 极不规则的 传输 ( 情况 ), 。
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While-reading Activities /
Key language points
? 更多译例,
? ① This communication system is chiefly characterized by its
simplicity of operation and the ease with which it can be maintained,
? 这种通信系统的主要特点是操作 简单, 维修 容易 。
? ② We found difficulty in solving the complicated problem,
? 我们感到解决这个复杂问题是 困难的 。
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While-reading Activities /
Key language points
? 14,In contrast,there is no inherent redundancy in data signals unless
purposely inserted and,therefore,and,therefore,transmission
variations can only be compensated for over a very small range,
? 1) in contrast 相比之下;形成对照,
? 2),unless purposely inserted unless”等同于, unless it is
purposely inserted”。 unless为连词, 意为, 如果不,,, 除非,,
用以连接条件状语从句, 此处因为主句和从句的主语相同, 从句的
谓语又是, be+过去分词, 结构, 故从句中省略了主语和系动词 。
? 3),over a small range”中的, range”有, 范围, 之义, 此短语可译
为, 在很小的范围内, 。
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While-reading Activities /
Key language points
? 15,be sensitive to, 对什么敏感, 灵敏
? eg,The device is very sensitive to any small change of room
temperature,
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While-reading Activities /
Key language points
? 16,have effect on,对什么有影响
? eg,The drug had an immediate effect on the pain,
四川邮电职业技术学院 55
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Key language points
? 17,Coding is undertaken to alleviate transmission irregularities,to
increase the information capacity of the system,to enable error
detection,and to provide message security,
句子结构分析:句中的四个动词不定式是并列的, 均表示目的, 译为
,为了 …,。
四川邮电职业技术学院 56
While-reading Activities /
Key language points
? 18,non-
? pref,not(不, 非 )
? eg,nonacid ( 非 酸 性 的 ),nonautomatic ( 非自动的 ),
nongovernmental (非政府性的 ),nonelastic (刚性的, 硬性的 ),non-
return to zero signal ( 不归零信号 ), nonblocking(无阻塞的 ),non-
dialled connector( 非拨号接续 ), non-simultaneous transmission
( 半双工传输 )
四川邮电职业技术学院 57
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Key language points
? 19,whereas,
? conj,1) it being the fact that; inasmuch as (鉴于,.)
? eg,Whereas the peoples of the colonies have been grieved and
burdened with taxes..,(鉴于各殖民地民众备受重税负担之苦,...)
? 2) While on the contrary (然而, 相反 )
? eg,They want a house,whereas we would rather live in a flat,(他们
想要一座房子,而我们宁愿住在一套房间里 。 )
四川邮电职业技术学院 58
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? 20,与本单元课题有关的电信术语或用语,
? two-way transmitter-receiver 双向数据发送接收机
? binary non-return to zero signal二进制不归零信号
? modulator and demodulator 调制器与解调器 buffer 缓冲器
? timing signal 定时信号 synchronizing pulse 同步脉冲
? time slot 时隙 transmission medium 传输媒质
? linear attenuation 线性衰减 linear delay 线性时延
? submarine cable 海底电缆 full-duplex 全双工的
? delay line 时延线 transmission impairment传
输损耗
? voice circuit音频电路 redundancy 冗余度
? error detection错误检测
下 一 页
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While-reading Activities /
Key language points
? linear attenuation 线性衰减 linear delay 线性时延
? submarine cable 海底电缆 full-duplex 全双工的
? delay line 时延线 transmission impairment传输损耗
? voice circuit音频电路 redundancy 冗余度
? error detection错误检测
上 一 页