第三章、文化与多元文化
Culture is what makes you
a stranger when you are
away from home
William Haviland
Culture,a set of rules or
standards that produce
behavior that falls within a
range of variance a society
considers proper and
acceptable
? Culture is a complex,integrated coping
mechanism,
? Culture consists of
? 1,Learned concepts and behavior
? 2,Underlying perspectives (worldview)
? 3,Resulting products
? nonmaterial (customs and rituals)
? material (artifacts)
?
There are 14
categories or items
studied by cultural
anthropologists
1,Perspective
? Holistic (as opposed to atomistic or narrow)
? Comparative
? The gamut from relativism to
ethnocentrism
? Get your hands dirty (fieldwork)
? Etic (from outsider’s vantage point)
? Emic (from an insider’s vantage point)
?2,Material artifacts
3,Communication
Symbols,language and media
4,Status,roles,relationships
? 5,Life cycle
(birth,naming,coming of age,anniversaries,death,ancestorhood)
6,Societal groups
social classes,economic stratification,ethnicity
7,Marriage and family
8,Child rearing and personality
formation
Understanding
Culture
理解文化
Not just Man!
Bambetu
People in
community
群体里的人
Bali
巴厘人
families
家庭
Hutterite
哈特派信徒 Peruvian
秘鲁人
对文化的定义
Discovery of the ‘Other’
对“其他” 的发现
Romanticising the ‘Other’
罗曼蒂克时期 ——将“他们”浪漫化
,that complex whole which includes
knowledge,belief,art,law,morals,
customs,and any other capabilities and
habits acquired by man as a member of
society.”
——Edward Tylor 1871
文化是作为社会成员的人所获得的包括
知识、信仰、艺术、法律、道德、习俗
以及任何其他能力和习惯的复合整体。
——爱德华,泰勒
What is culture?
文化是什么？
,Culture consists of patterns,explicit and
implicit,of and for behaviour acquired and
transmitted by symbols; the essential core
of culture consists of traditional (I.e,
historically derived and selected) ideas and
especially their attached values; culture
systems may,on the one had be considered
as products of action,and on the other as
conditioning elements of further action.”
(Kroeber and Kluckholm 1952)
文化是由通过符号获得并传播的外在
的或内隐的行为模式构成；文化的核
心是由传统的（也就是历史地产生和
选择的）观念，特别是附着其上的价
值构成；文化系统在一方面可能被认
为是行为的产物，而在另一方面则被
认为是进一步行动的条件。
——克劳博，克拉克宏,1952
‘ Culture is an integrated system of beliefs
(about God,reality,ultimate meaning)
of values (what is true,good,beautiful,
normative)
of customs (how to behave,relate to others,
talk,pray,dress,work,play,trade,farm,eat),
of institutions which express these beliefs,
values and customs (government,law courts,
temples,churches,family,schools,hospitals,
factories,shops,unions,clubs etc)
which binds a society together and gives it
a sense of identity,dignity,security and
continuity.’
Lausanne Convention (1974)
文化是一个由 信仰 （关于神、实在、终极意
义）,价值观 （什么是真、善、美，什么是规范）、
习俗 （如何行为，如何与人交往、以及说话、祷告、
服饰、工作、娱乐、贸易、农耕、饮食等）以及表
达这些信仰、价值观、习俗的 制度 （政府、法庭、
寺庙、教会、家庭、学校、医院、工厂、商店、团
体、俱乐部等）整合起来的系统，这个系统将社会
整合起来并赋予它关于身份、尊严、安全以及延续
性的意义和理性。
洛桑会议（ 1974）
,everything that people
have,think and do as
members of a society.”
(Ferraro 2001)
,作为一个社会的成员的人的所
拥有、所思考和所做的一切。”
?Patterns of behaviour 行为的模式
?Symbolic符号的 – ideas & values
?Learned 习得的
?Shared 共享的
?Dynamic 动态的
Five Properties of Culture
文化的五个特性,文化是 ……
1 Patterns of Behaviour
Customs are simple behaviour patterns
recognized as meaningful in a society
习俗是一个社会中被认为有意义的简单的行为模式
Greetings
问候
In certain parts of
Latin America does
not mean ‘okay’,
Formalized
behaviour becomes
a means of
communication in
‘body language’
Eye contact
Cues & Miscues 暗示和失误
British troops warned against using this sign in Bosnia（波斯尼亚）
British
‘V for
victory’
Bosnia
Informal
greeting
Some behaviour patterns are not so obvious
有些行为模式并非如此明显
人与人之间保持怎样的距离才算合适就
是一种由文化制约的隐性的行为模式
!
!
!
Formalized behaviour is also expressed as ritual（宗教仪式）
Kumba Mela the greatest gathering of humanity in
history,
“圣浴”是印度宗教节日“昆梅拉”的组成部分。“昆梅拉”每 12年举行一次，这也是太
阳和木星连成一线的时间间隔。“昆梅拉”主要活动在印度教圣地 ——北方邦的安拉阿巴
德举行
Formalized behaviour is
also expressed
as language
2 Symbolic – ideas,values
Culture is not just about things,
artefacts,but what people
understand about those things,
文化不仅与事物和人造物品有关，更是
人们对那些事物和物品的理解。
Ideas,
values
Behaviours行为
System of
ideas
观念体系
Worldview,How we sort out and
classify the world according to
certain ideas about the world,
世界观：我们如何根据特定的关于
世界的观念对世界进行挑选和分类
3 Learned – forming habits
Culture is learned
– for this reason,
it is both
unconscious and
pervasive,
文化是习得的，正
因如此，它既是潜
意识的也是弥漫的
Child in Beijing
It is the product of group
life and not individually
derived,
它是群体生活的产物而不是源于个人
4 Shared by a community
Culture is shared
文化是共享的
Universal
Culture
Individual
Inuit 因纽特人
There are differences
across ages,genders,
ethnicities,classes,
etc,不同年龄、性别、种族、
阶层间存在差别
Cultures are not monolithic
文化不是单一的
Cultures are said to be both
internally consistent and
contradictory
文化被认为既是内在一致的也是对立的
5 Dynamic - changes
Culture always entails the
element of human action
and is therefore not static,
文化总是必须伴有人类行为这
一要素，因此它不是静态的
Culture is
sometimes thought
of as being passed
down as traditions
from generation to
generation,
文化有时被认为是
如传统一样一代一
代传承下来的
Think of it as
something that
has a life and
changes with
each new
incarnation（化
身）,
把它看作某种具
有生命并伴随每
个新的化身而不
断变化的东西
Housing
住
Status
身份
Marriage
婚姻
Games
游戏
Modesty
谦逊
Body decoration
身体装饰
Age grading
Athletics
Bodily
adornment
Calendar
Cleanliness
training
Community
organization
Cooking
Cooperative
labour
Cosmology
Courtship
Dancing
Decorative art
Divination
Division of
labour
Education
Eschatology
Ethics
Ethnobotany
Etiquette
Faith healing
Family
Feasting
Fire making
Folklore
Food taboos
Funeral rites
Games
Gestures
Gift giving
Government
Greetings
Hair styles
Hospitality
Housing
Hygiene
Incest taboos
Inheritance
rules
Joking
Kin groups
Kin terminology
Language
Law
Luck
superstitions
Magic
Marriage
Mealtimes
Medicine
Modesty
Mourning
Music
Mythology
Numerals
Obstetrics
Penal sanctions
Personal names
Population
policy
Postnatal care
Pregnancy
usages
Property rights
Propitiation of
supernatural
beings
Puberty
customs
Religious ritual
Residence rules
Sexual
restrictions
Soul concepts
Status
differentiation
Surgery
Tool making
Trade
Visiting
Weaning
Weather control
年龄分级
运动
身体装饰
历法
清洁训练
社区组织
烹饪
协作劳动
宇宙学
求婚
舞蹈
装饰艺术
预言
劳动分工
教育
末世学
伦理
人种植物学
礼节
信仰疗法
家庭
宴请
取火
民间传说
食物禁忌
葬礼
游戏
手势
送礼
政府
问候
发型
好客
居住
卫生
乱伦禁忌
继承制度
玩笑
亲属群体
亲属术语
语言
法律
运气迷信
巫术
婚姻
进餐时间
医药
谦逊
悲恸
音乐
神话
数字
产科学
刑事制裁
人名
人口
政策
产后照顾
怀孕
财产权
超自然生命的安抚
青春期风俗
宗教仪式
住宅规则
性限制
灵魂观念
地位区分
外科学
工具制造
贸易
拜访
断奶
天气控制
Culture is a way of life
文化乃生活之道
Kurdish family
库尔德人的家庭
Culture is a way of
coping with one’s
environment
文化是人之应对环境之道
Culture is what makes you
a stranger when you are
away from home
William Haviland
Culture,a set of rules or
standards that produce
behavior that falls within a
range of variance a society
considers proper and
acceptable
? Culture is a complex,integrated coping
mechanism,
? Culture consists of
? 1,Learned concepts and behavior
? 2,Underlying perspectives (worldview)
? 3,Resulting products
? nonmaterial (customs and rituals)
? material (artifacts)
?
There are 14
categories or items
studied by cultural
anthropologists
1,Perspective
? Holistic (as opposed to atomistic or narrow)
? Comparative
? The gamut from relativism to
ethnocentrism
? Get your hands dirty (fieldwork)
? Etic (from outsider’s vantage point)
? Emic (from an insider’s vantage point)
?2,Material artifacts
3,Communication
Symbols,language and media
4,Status,roles,relationships
? 5,Life cycle
(birth,naming,coming of age,anniversaries,death,ancestorhood)
6,Societal groups
social classes,economic stratification,ethnicity
7,Marriage and family
8,Child rearing and personality
formation
Understanding
Culture
理解文化
Not just Man!
Bambetu
People in
community
群体里的人
Bali
巴厘人
families
家庭
Hutterite
哈特派信徒 Peruvian
秘鲁人
对文化的定义
Discovery of the ‘Other’
对“其他” 的发现
Romanticising the ‘Other’
罗曼蒂克时期 ——将“他们”浪漫化
,that complex whole which includes
knowledge,belief,art,law,morals,
customs,and any other capabilities and
habits acquired by man as a member of
society.”
——Edward Tylor 1871
文化是作为社会成员的人所获得的包括
知识、信仰、艺术、法律、道德、习俗
以及任何其他能力和习惯的复合整体。
——爱德华,泰勒
What is culture?
文化是什么？
,Culture consists of patterns,explicit and
implicit,of and for behaviour acquired and
transmitted by symbols; the essential core
of culture consists of traditional (I.e,
historically derived and selected) ideas and
especially their attached values; culture
systems may,on the one had be considered
as products of action,and on the other as
conditioning elements of further action.”
(Kroeber and Kluckholm 1952)
文化是由通过符号获得并传播的外在
的或内隐的行为模式构成；文化的核
心是由传统的（也就是历史地产生和
选择的）观念，特别是附着其上的价
值构成；文化系统在一方面可能被认
为是行为的产物，而在另一方面则被
认为是进一步行动的条件。
——克劳博，克拉克宏,1952
‘ Culture is an integrated system of beliefs
(about God,reality,ultimate meaning)
of values (what is true,good,beautiful,
normative)
of customs (how to behave,relate to others,
talk,pray,dress,work,play,trade,farm,eat),
of institutions which express these beliefs,
values and customs (government,law courts,
temples,churches,family,schools,hospitals,
factories,shops,unions,clubs etc)
which binds a society together and gives it
a sense of identity,dignity,security and
continuity.’
Lausanne Convention (1974)
文化是一个由 信仰 （关于神、实在、终极意
义）,价值观 （什么是真、善、美，什么是规范）、
习俗 （如何行为，如何与人交往、以及说话、祷告、
服饰、工作、娱乐、贸易、农耕、饮食等）以及表
达这些信仰、价值观、习俗的 制度 （政府、法庭、
寺庙、教会、家庭、学校、医院、工厂、商店、团
体、俱乐部等）整合起来的系统，这个系统将社会
整合起来并赋予它关于身份、尊严、安全以及延续
性的意义和理性。
洛桑会议（ 1974）
,everything that people
have,think and do as
members of a society.”
(Ferraro 2001)
,作为一个社会的成员的人的所
拥有、所思考和所做的一切。”
?Patterns of behaviour 行为的模式
?Symbolic符号的 – ideas & values
?Learned 习得的
?Shared 共享的
?Dynamic 动态的
Five Properties of Culture
文化的五个特性,文化是 ……
1 Patterns of Behaviour
Customs are simple behaviour patterns
recognized as meaningful in a society
习俗是一个社会中被认为有意义的简单的行为模式
Greetings
问候
In certain parts of
Latin America does
not mean ‘okay’,
Formalized
behaviour becomes
a means of
communication in
‘body language’
Eye contact
Cues & Miscues 暗示和失误
British troops warned against using this sign in Bosnia（波斯尼亚）
British
‘V for
victory’
Bosnia
Informal
greeting
Some behaviour patterns are not so obvious
有些行为模式并非如此明显
人与人之间保持怎样的距离才算合适就
是一种由文化制约的隐性的行为模式
!
!
!
Formalized behaviour is also expressed as ritual（宗教仪式）
Kumba Mela the greatest gathering of humanity in
history,
“圣浴”是印度宗教节日“昆梅拉”的组成部分。“昆梅拉”每 12年举行一次，这也是太
阳和木星连成一线的时间间隔。“昆梅拉”主要活动在印度教圣地 ——北方邦的安拉阿巴
德举行
Formalized behaviour is
also expressed
as language
2 Symbolic – ideas,values
Culture is not just about things,
artefacts,but what people
understand about those things,
文化不仅与事物和人造物品有关，更是
人们对那些事物和物品的理解。
Ideas,
values
Behaviours行为
System of
ideas
观念体系
Worldview,How we sort out and
classify the world according to
certain ideas about the world,
世界观：我们如何根据特定的关于
世界的观念对世界进行挑选和分类
3 Learned – forming habits
Culture is learned
– for this reason,
it is both
unconscious and
pervasive,
文化是习得的，正
因如此，它既是潜
意识的也是弥漫的
Child in Beijing
It is the product of group
life and not individually
derived,
它是群体生活的产物而不是源于个人
4 Shared by a community
Culture is shared
文化是共享的
Universal
Culture
Individual
Inuit 因纽特人
There are differences
across ages,genders,
ethnicities,classes,
etc,不同年龄、性别、种族、
阶层间存在差别
Cultures are not monolithic
文化不是单一的
Cultures are said to be both
internally consistent and
contradictory
文化被认为既是内在一致的也是对立的
5 Dynamic - changes
Culture always entails the
element of human action
and is therefore not static,
文化总是必须伴有人类行为这
一要素，因此它不是静态的
Culture is
sometimes thought
of as being passed
down as traditions
from generation to
generation,
文化有时被认为是
如传统一样一代一
代传承下来的
Think of it as
something that
has a life and
changes with
each new
incarnation（化
身）,
把它看作某种具
有生命并伴随每
个新的化身而不
断变化的东西
Housing
住
Status
身份
Marriage
婚姻
Games
游戏
Modesty
谦逊
Body decoration
身体装饰
Age grading
Athletics
Bodily
adornment
Calendar
Cleanliness
training
Community
organization
Cooking
Cooperative
labour
Cosmology
Courtship
Dancing
Decorative art
Divination
Division of
labour
Education
Eschatology
Ethics
Ethnobotany
Etiquette
Faith healing
Family
Feasting
Fire making
Folklore
Food taboos
Funeral rites
Games
Gestures
Gift giving
Government
Greetings
Hair styles
Hospitality
Housing
Hygiene
Incest taboos
Inheritance
rules
Joking
Kin groups
Kin terminology
Language
Law
Luck
superstitions
Magic
Marriage
Mealtimes
Medicine
Modesty
Mourning
Music
Mythology
Numerals
Obstetrics
Penal sanctions
Personal names
Population
policy
Postnatal care
Pregnancy
usages
Property rights
Propitiation of
supernatural
beings
Puberty
customs
Religious ritual
Residence rules
Sexual
restrictions
Soul concepts
Status
differentiation
Surgery
Tool making
Trade
Visiting
Weaning
Weather control
年龄分级
运动
身体装饰
历法
清洁训练
社区组织
烹饪
协作劳动
宇宙学
求婚
舞蹈
装饰艺术
预言
劳动分工
教育
末世学
伦理
人种植物学
礼节
信仰疗法
家庭
宴请
取火
民间传说
食物禁忌
葬礼
游戏
手势
送礼
政府
问候
发型
好客
居住
卫生
乱伦禁忌
继承制度
玩笑
亲属群体
亲属术语
语言
法律
运气迷信
巫术
婚姻
进餐时间
医药
谦逊
悲恸
音乐
神话
数字
产科学
刑事制裁
人名
人口
政策
产后照顾
怀孕
财产权
超自然生命的安抚
青春期风俗
宗教仪式
住宅规则
性限制
灵魂观念
地位区分
外科学
工具制造
贸易
拜访
断奶
天气控制
Culture is a way of life
文化乃生活之道
Kurdish family
库尔德人的家庭
Culture is a way of
coping with one’s
environment
文化是人之应对环境之道
