3.3 The Application of Equilibrium
price Theory
均衡价格理论的应用
教学目标 Objectives：
? 理解支持价格, 限制价格的含义
? 掌握支持价格, 限制价格的利弊
? 学会运用支持价格或限制价格理论分析和解决现实问题
知识点 Knowledge：
? 支持价格, 政策利弊
? 限制价格, 政策利弊
技能点 Skills：
? 学会运用支持价格或限制价格理论分析分析和解决现实问题
maximum price
Minimum price
government
Black markets
protect producers’ incomes
surplus
shortage
substitutegoods
专业词汇 Professional terms
Maximum price A price ceiling set by the
government or some other agency,The price is
not allowed to rise above this level 9although it
is allowed to fall below it).
Rationing Where the government restricts the
amount of a good that people are allowed to buy.
一、限制价格
限制价格 是指政府为了限制某些生活必需品的
物价上涨而规定的这些商品的最高价格, 限
制价格低于市场均衡价格 。
一、限制价格
Eo
0 QD Qo QS Q
P
Po
P1
图 3-5 限制价格及结果
Do So
供给不足
The government may set maximum prices to
prevent them from rising above a certain
level,This will normally be done for reasons
of fairness,In wartime,or times of famine,
the government may set maximum prices for
basic goods so that poor people can afford to
buy them.
一、限制价格
一、限制价格
限制价格的影响 （以住房为例）
?导致住房供给严重不足
?寻求活动、黑市和寻租
解决住房问题的出路
?住房市场化
?创造住房市场化条件
一、限制价格
A major problem with maximum prices is likely to be the
emergence of black markets,where customers,unable to buy
enough in legal markets,may well be prepared to pay very
high prices.
Another problem is that the maximum prices reduce the
quantity produced of an already scarce commodity.
To minimize these types of problem the government may
attempt to reduce the shortage by encouraging supply,by
drawing on stores,by direct government production,or by
giving subsidies or tax relief to firms,Alternatively,it may
attempt to reduce demand,by the production of more
alternative goods or by controlling people’s incomes.
一、限制价格
限制价格的利弊
有利,限制价格有利于社会平等的实现，有利于社
会的安定。
不利,第一，价格水平低不利于刺激生产，从而会
使产品长期存在短缺现象。第二，价格水平低不利
于抑制需求，从而会在资源短缺的同时又造成严重
的浪费。第三，限制价格之下所实行的配给，会引
起社会风尚败坏，产生寻求活动、黑市和寻租。
Minimum price A price floor set by the
government or some other agency,The price is
not allowed to fall below this level (although it
is allowed to rise above it).
Black markets Where people ignore the
government’s price and/or quantity controls and
sell illegally at whatever price equates illegal
demand and supply.
二,支持价格
支持价格 又称最低限价, 是政府为了扶植某一
行业的发展而规定的该行业产品的最低价格 。
支持价格高于市场均衡价格 。
二,支持价格
P1 E
o
0 QD Qo QS Q
P
Po
图 3-6支持价格及结果
Do So
供给过剩
The government sets minimum prices to prevent
them from falling below a certain level,It may
do this for various reasons:
? To protect producers’ incomes.
? To create a surplus,e.g,grains,Particular in
periods of glut,which can be stored in
preparation for possible future shortages.
? In the case of wages (the price of labor),
minimum wage legislations can be used to
prevent workers’ wage rates from falling below
a certain level.
二、支持价格
二、支持价格
The government can use various methods to deal
with the surpluses associated with minimum prices.
l The government could buy the surplus and store
it,destroy it or sell it abroad in another markets.
l Supply could be artificially lowered by
restricting producers to particular quotas.
l Demand could be raised by advertising,by
finding alternative uses for the goods,or by
reducing consumption of substitute goods (e.g,by
imposing taxes or quotas on substitutes,such as
imports).
二、支持价格
支持价格的作用可以用农产品支持价格为例来说
明：许多经济和自然条件较好的国家，由于农产
品过剩，为了克服农业危机，往往采取农产品支
持价格政策，以调动农民生产积极性，稳定农业
生产。
?缓冲库存法
?稳定基金法
二、支持价格
作用,
?稳定生产, 减缓经济危机的冲击
?通过对不同产业产品的不同的支持价格, 可以调
节产业结构, 使之适应市场变动
?实行对农产品生产的支持价格政策, 可以扩大农
业投资, 促进农业劳动生产率的提高 。
弊端,
支持价格会使财政支出增加, 政府背上沉重的包
袱, 降低政府对宏观经济的调节作用 。
price Theory
均衡价格理论的应用
教学目标 Objectives：
? 理解支持价格, 限制价格的含义
? 掌握支持价格, 限制价格的利弊
? 学会运用支持价格或限制价格理论分析和解决现实问题
知识点 Knowledge：
? 支持价格, 政策利弊
? 限制价格, 政策利弊
技能点 Skills：
? 学会运用支持价格或限制价格理论分析分析和解决现实问题
maximum price
Minimum price
government
Black markets
protect producers’ incomes
surplus
shortage
substitutegoods
专业词汇 Professional terms
Maximum price A price ceiling set by the
government or some other agency,The price is
not allowed to rise above this level 9although it
is allowed to fall below it).
Rationing Where the government restricts the
amount of a good that people are allowed to buy.
一、限制价格
限制价格 是指政府为了限制某些生活必需品的
物价上涨而规定的这些商品的最高价格, 限
制价格低于市场均衡价格 。
一、限制价格
Eo
0 QD Qo QS Q
P
Po
P1
图 3-5 限制价格及结果
Do So
供给不足
The government may set maximum prices to
prevent them from rising above a certain
level,This will normally be done for reasons
of fairness,In wartime,or times of famine,
the government may set maximum prices for
basic goods so that poor people can afford to
buy them.
一、限制价格
一、限制价格
限制价格的影响 （以住房为例）
?导致住房供给严重不足
?寻求活动、黑市和寻租
解决住房问题的出路
?住房市场化
?创造住房市场化条件
一、限制价格
A major problem with maximum prices is likely to be the
emergence of black markets,where customers,unable to buy
enough in legal markets,may well be prepared to pay very
high prices.
Another problem is that the maximum prices reduce the
quantity produced of an already scarce commodity.
To minimize these types of problem the government may
attempt to reduce the shortage by encouraging supply,by
drawing on stores,by direct government production,or by
giving subsidies or tax relief to firms,Alternatively,it may
attempt to reduce demand,by the production of more
alternative goods or by controlling people’s incomes.
一、限制价格
限制价格的利弊
有利,限制价格有利于社会平等的实现，有利于社
会的安定。
不利,第一，价格水平低不利于刺激生产，从而会
使产品长期存在短缺现象。第二，价格水平低不利
于抑制需求，从而会在资源短缺的同时又造成严重
的浪费。第三，限制价格之下所实行的配给，会引
起社会风尚败坏，产生寻求活动、黑市和寻租。
Minimum price A price floor set by the
government or some other agency,The price is
not allowed to fall below this level (although it
is allowed to rise above it).
Black markets Where people ignore the
government’s price and/or quantity controls and
sell illegally at whatever price equates illegal
demand and supply.
二,支持价格
支持价格 又称最低限价, 是政府为了扶植某一
行业的发展而规定的该行业产品的最低价格 。
支持价格高于市场均衡价格 。
二,支持价格
P1 E
o
0 QD Qo QS Q
P
Po
图 3-6支持价格及结果
Do So
供给过剩
The government sets minimum prices to prevent
them from falling below a certain level,It may
do this for various reasons:
? To protect producers’ incomes.
? To create a surplus,e.g,grains,Particular in
periods of glut,which can be stored in
preparation for possible future shortages.
? In the case of wages (the price of labor),
minimum wage legislations can be used to
prevent workers’ wage rates from falling below
a certain level.
二、支持价格
二、支持价格
The government can use various methods to deal
with the surpluses associated with minimum prices.
l The government could buy the surplus and store
it,destroy it or sell it abroad in another markets.
l Supply could be artificially lowered by
restricting producers to particular quotas.
l Demand could be raised by advertising,by
finding alternative uses for the goods,or by
reducing consumption of substitute goods (e.g,by
imposing taxes or quotas on substitutes,such as
imports).
二、支持价格
支持价格的作用可以用农产品支持价格为例来说
明：许多经济和自然条件较好的国家，由于农产
品过剩，为了克服农业危机，往往采取农产品支
持价格政策，以调动农民生产积极性，稳定农业
生产。
?缓冲库存法
?稳定基金法
二、支持价格
作用,
?稳定生产, 减缓经济危机的冲击
?通过对不同产业产品的不同的支持价格, 可以调
节产业结构, 使之适应市场变动
?实行对农产品生产的支持价格政策, 可以扩大农
业投资, 促进农业劳动生产率的提高 。
弊端,
支持价格会使财政支出增加, 政府背上沉重的包
袱, 降低政府对宏观经济的调节作用 。
