生产者行为分析
Chapter Five Producer Behavior
Analysis
教学目标 Objectives：
? 掌握生产者行为分析理论研究的内容
? 理解理性的生产者行为, 生产要素的含义
? 掌握四大生产要素, 生产技术系数的含义
? 正确理解 边际报酬递减规律
知识点 Knowledge：
生产要素 生产函数
生产技术系数
边际报酬递减规律
技能点 Skills：
正确运用边际 报酬递减规律分析问题
Producer Behavior maximize profit
Production Factors production Function
benefits and costs optimum
Rational producer behavior Labor
Traditional theory of the firm
Land and raw materials Capital
Fixed factor Variable factor
Short run Long run
The law of diminishing marginal returns
专业词汇 Professional terms
We now need to go behind the supply curve and find out just
how the rational producer will behave.
In this case,we shall be looking at the benefits and costs
to the firm of producing various quantity of goods and using
various alternative methods of production,We shall be
asking:
l How much will be produced?
l What combination of inputs will be used?
l How much profit will be made?
Definition
Rational producer behavior When a firm weighs up
the costs and benefits of alternative courses of action
and then seeks to maximize its net profit.
Traditional theory of the firm The analysis of pricing
and output decisions of the firm under various market
conditions,assuming that the firm wishes to maximize
profit.
Alternative theories of the firm Theories of the firm
based on the assumption that firms have aims other than
profit maximization.
5.1 Production Factors and production
Function 生产要素与生产函数
Key Idea
Output depends on the amount of resources
and how they are used,Different amounts and
combinations of inputs will lead to different
amounts of outputs,If output is to be produced
efficiently,then inputs should be combined in
the optimum proportions.
Definition
Production The transformation of inputs into outputs by
firms in order to earn profit (or meet some other objective).
Factors of production (or resources) The inputs into the
production of goods and services,labor,land and raw
materials,and capital.
Labor All forms of human input,both physical and
mental,into current production.
Land and raw materials Inputs into production that are
provided by nature,e.g,unimproved land and mineral
deposits in the ground,
Definition
Capital All inputs into production that have themselves
been produced,e.g,factories,machines and tools.
Fixed factor An input that cannot be increased in supply
within a given time period.
Variable factor An input that can be increased in supply
within a given time period.
Short run The period off time over which at least one
factor is fixed.
Long run The period of time long enough for all factors
to be varied.
一、生产要素的含义及其种类
生产要素 是指厂商在生产中所使用的各种生产资源,
是从事生产经营活动的必备条件 。
劳动 是指劳动力所提供的服务, 可以分为脑力劳动与
体力劳动 。
土地 是指生产中所使用的各种自然资源 。
资本 是指生产中所使用的资金, 它有两种形态：无形
的人力资本与有形的物质资本 。
企业家才能 是指企业家对整个生产过程的组织与管理
工作的能力 。 利用企业家才能可以把劳动, 土地, 资
本组织起来, 使之成为产品或劳务性服务, 并通过商
品交换提供给社会为企业创造财富或利润 。
二、生产函数
Production function, The mathematical
relationship between the output of a goods and the
inputs used to produce it,It shows how output will
be affected by changes in the quantity of one or
more of the inputs.
生产函数 是表明在一定技术水平条件下, 生产
要素的数量与某种组合和它所能生产出来的最
大产量之间依存关系的函数 。
),,,( ENKLfQ ?
三,生产技术系数
(the technological coefficient of production)
（ 一 ） 什么是生产技术系数
为生产一定量某种产品所需要投入的各种生产
要素的配合比例称为生产技术系数 。
三,生产技术系数
(the technological coefficient of production)
（ 二 ） 生产技术系数的种类
?固定技术系数
?可变技术系数
四、边际报酬递减规律
I n p u t - ou t p u t c on s t an t r e t u r n s
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0
40 80
120 160 200 240 280 320
K g/ h a
K
g/
h
a
四、边际报酬递减规律
I n p u t - ou t p u t i n c r e as i n g m ar gi n al
r e t u r n s
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0
40 80
120 160 200 240 280 320
K g/ h a
K
g/
h
a
四、边际报酬递减规律
I n p u t o u tp u t - d i m i n i s h i n g m a r g i n a l
r e tu r n s
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0
40 80
120 160 200 240 280 320
K g/ h a
K
g/
h
a
四、边际报酬递减规律
The law of diminishing marginal returns When
increasing amounts of a variable factor that are
used with a given amount of a fixed factor,there
will come a point when each extra unit of the
variable factor will produce less extra output
than the previous unit.
If successive units of one input are added to
given quantities of other inputs,a point is
eventually reached where the addition to product
per additional unit will decline.
四、边际报酬递减规律
边际报酬递减规律的基本内容,在技术水
平不变的情况下, 当把一种可变的生产要素
投入到一种或几种不变的生产要素中时, 最
初这种生产要素的增加会使产量增加, 但当
它的增加超过一定限度时, 增加的产量将要
递减, 最终还会使产量绝对量减少 。
四、边际报酬递减规律
I n p u t-o u tp u t - i n c r e a s i n g,c o n s ta n t a n d
d i m i n s h i n g m a r g i n a l r e tu r n s
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0
40 80
120 160 200 240 280 320
K g/ h a
K
g/
h
a
四、边际报酬递减规律
在理解边际报酬递减规律时，要注意以下几点：
?这一规律发生作用的前提是技术水平不变
?这一规律适用于技术系数可变的生产中
?随着可变资源投入的连续增加，边际产量变化经
历递增、递减，最后为负数的三个阶段。
Chapter Five Producer Behavior
Analysis
教学目标 Objectives：
? 掌握生产者行为分析理论研究的内容
? 理解理性的生产者行为, 生产要素的含义
? 掌握四大生产要素, 生产技术系数的含义
? 正确理解 边际报酬递减规律
知识点 Knowledge：
生产要素 生产函数
生产技术系数
边际报酬递减规律
技能点 Skills：
正确运用边际 报酬递减规律分析问题
Producer Behavior maximize profit
Production Factors production Function
benefits and costs optimum
Rational producer behavior Labor
Traditional theory of the firm
Land and raw materials Capital
Fixed factor Variable factor
Short run Long run
The law of diminishing marginal returns
专业词汇 Professional terms
We now need to go behind the supply curve and find out just
how the rational producer will behave.
In this case,we shall be looking at the benefits and costs
to the firm of producing various quantity of goods and using
various alternative methods of production,We shall be
asking:
l How much will be produced?
l What combination of inputs will be used?
l How much profit will be made?
Definition
Rational producer behavior When a firm weighs up
the costs and benefits of alternative courses of action
and then seeks to maximize its net profit.
Traditional theory of the firm The analysis of pricing
and output decisions of the firm under various market
conditions,assuming that the firm wishes to maximize
profit.
Alternative theories of the firm Theories of the firm
based on the assumption that firms have aims other than
profit maximization.
5.1 Production Factors and production
Function 生产要素与生产函数
Key Idea
Output depends on the amount of resources
and how they are used,Different amounts and
combinations of inputs will lead to different
amounts of outputs,If output is to be produced
efficiently,then inputs should be combined in
the optimum proportions.
Definition
Production The transformation of inputs into outputs by
firms in order to earn profit (or meet some other objective).
Factors of production (or resources) The inputs into the
production of goods and services,labor,land and raw
materials,and capital.
Labor All forms of human input,both physical and
mental,into current production.
Land and raw materials Inputs into production that are
provided by nature,e.g,unimproved land and mineral
deposits in the ground,
Definition
Capital All inputs into production that have themselves
been produced,e.g,factories,machines and tools.
Fixed factor An input that cannot be increased in supply
within a given time period.
Variable factor An input that can be increased in supply
within a given time period.
Short run The period off time over which at least one
factor is fixed.
Long run The period of time long enough for all factors
to be varied.
一、生产要素的含义及其种类
生产要素 是指厂商在生产中所使用的各种生产资源,
是从事生产经营活动的必备条件 。
劳动 是指劳动力所提供的服务, 可以分为脑力劳动与
体力劳动 。
土地 是指生产中所使用的各种自然资源 。
资本 是指生产中所使用的资金, 它有两种形态：无形
的人力资本与有形的物质资本 。
企业家才能 是指企业家对整个生产过程的组织与管理
工作的能力 。 利用企业家才能可以把劳动, 土地, 资
本组织起来, 使之成为产品或劳务性服务, 并通过商
品交换提供给社会为企业创造财富或利润 。
二、生产函数
Production function, The mathematical
relationship between the output of a goods and the
inputs used to produce it,It shows how output will
be affected by changes in the quantity of one or
more of the inputs.
生产函数 是表明在一定技术水平条件下, 生产
要素的数量与某种组合和它所能生产出来的最
大产量之间依存关系的函数 。
),,,( ENKLfQ ?
三,生产技术系数
(the technological coefficient of production)
（ 一 ） 什么是生产技术系数
为生产一定量某种产品所需要投入的各种生产
要素的配合比例称为生产技术系数 。
三,生产技术系数
(the technological coefficient of production)
（ 二 ） 生产技术系数的种类
?固定技术系数
?可变技术系数
四、边际报酬递减规律
I n p u t - ou t p u t c on s t an t r e t u r n s
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0
40 80
120 160 200 240 280 320
K g/ h a
K
g/
h
a
四、边际报酬递减规律
I n p u t - ou t p u t i n c r e as i n g m ar gi n al
r e t u r n s
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0
40 80
120 160 200 240 280 320
K g/ h a
K
g/
h
a
四、边际报酬递减规律
I n p u t o u tp u t - d i m i n i s h i n g m a r g i n a l
r e tu r n s
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0
40 80
120 160 200 240 280 320
K g/ h a
K
g/
h
a
四、边际报酬递减规律
The law of diminishing marginal returns When
increasing amounts of a variable factor that are
used with a given amount of a fixed factor,there
will come a point when each extra unit of the
variable factor will produce less extra output
than the previous unit.
If successive units of one input are added to
given quantities of other inputs,a point is
eventually reached where the addition to product
per additional unit will decline.
四、边际报酬递减规律
边际报酬递减规律的基本内容,在技术水
平不变的情况下, 当把一种可变的生产要素
投入到一种或几种不变的生产要素中时, 最
初这种生产要素的增加会使产量增加, 但当
它的增加超过一定限度时, 增加的产量将要
递减, 最终还会使产量绝对量减少 。
四、边际报酬递减规律
I n p u t-o u tp u t - i n c r e a s i n g,c o n s ta n t a n d
d i m i n s h i n g m a r g i n a l r e tu r n s
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0
40 80
120 160 200 240 280 320
K g/ h a
K
g/
h
a
四、边际报酬递减规律
在理解边际报酬递减规律时，要注意以下几点：
?这一规律发生作用的前提是技术水平不变
?这一规律适用于技术系数可变的生产中
?随着可变资源投入的连续增加，边际产量变化经
历递增、递减，最后为负数的三个阶段。
