消费者均衡分析
4.2 Consumer Equilibrium Analysis
教学目标 Objectives:
? 了解消费者均衡实现的假设条件
? 掌握实现消费者消费均衡的条件
? 了解消费者剩余的含义, 并会计算
? 学会运用消费者均衡条件进行购买决策分析
知识点 Knowledge:
消费者均衡假设条件, 均衡条件
消费者剩余
技能点 Skills:
? 学会运用消费者均衡条件进行购买决策分析
? 学会计算
Consumer Equilibrium
utility
consumption patterns
substitute
complement
marginal utility
Consumer surplus
Marginal consumer surplus
Total consumer surplus
专业词汇 Professional terms
We should keep in mind that utility is not a property of
the goods themselves,Utility is in the mind of the
consumer,and consumers change their minds,Their tastes
change; their circumstances change; their consumption
patterns change.
The utility that people get from consuming a good will
depend on the amount of other goods they consume,A
change in the amount of other goods consumed,whether
the substitutes or complements,will shift the total and
marginal utility curve.
一、消费者均衡实现的条件
(一)消费者均衡实现的假设条件
?消费嗜好是既定的
?消费者收入是既定的,每单位货币的边际效用都相等
?物品的价格是既定的
一、消费者均衡实现的条件
(二)消费者均衡实现的限制条件
实现消费者消费均衡的条件
MYYXx
YYxx
MUPMUPMU
MQPQP
??
??
//
**
一、消费者均衡实现的条件
(三)消费者均衡的实例分析
假设某个消费者准备购买 X与 Y两种商品,已知两种商品
的价格分别为 Px= 10,Py= 20元,该消费者收入为 100元,
并将其全部用于购买 X和 Y两种商品。两种商品的边际效
用 MUx和 MUy如表 3-2所示,此消费者应该购买多少 X,
多少 Y才能使得总的满足程度最大?
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
MUx 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4
MUy 6 5 4 3 2
一、消费者均衡实现的条件
(三)消费者均衡的实例分析
组合方式 MUx/Px与 MUy/Py 总效用
1,Qx= 10,Qy= 0
2,Qx= 8,Qy= 1
3,Qx= 6,Qy= 2
4,Qx= 4,Qy= 3
5,Qx= 2,Qy= 4
6,Qx= 0,Qy= 5
-4/10≠0/20
-2/10≠6/20
0/10≠5/20
2/10= 4/20
4/10≠3/20
0/10≠2/20
5
18
26
29
27
20
二、消费者剩余及计算
(一)什么是消费者剩余
Consumer surplus The excess of what a person would
have been prepared to pay for a good (i.e,the utility) over
what that person actually pays.
Marginal consumer surplus (MCS) The excess of
utility from the consumption of one more unit of a good
(MU) over the price paid,MCS = MU ― P.
Total consumer surplus (TCS) The excess of a
person’s total utility from the consumption of a good
(TU) over the total amount that person spends on it,TCS
= TU ― TE,TE — total expenditure,i.e,P × Q.
二、消费者剩余及计算
(二)消费者剩余的计算
某种商品购买数
量(件)
愿意付出的价
格(元)
市场价格(元) 消费者剩余
(元)
1 5 1 4
2 4 1 3
3 3 1 2
4 2 1 1
5 1 1 0
合 计 15 5 10
二、消费者剩余及计算
(二)消费者剩余的计算
理解消费者剩余时要注意两点
?消费者剩余并不是实际收入的增加,只是一种心理感觉
?生活必需品的消费者消费剩余大