工资理论及应用
8.2 Wage Theories and its Application
教学目标 Objectives：
? 了解工资的含义与种类
? 掌握完全竞争市场上工资水平的决定
? 了解不完全竞争市场上工资的决定
知识点 Knowledge：
工资的种类、影响劳动需求的因素、影响劳动供给的
因素、工会对工资的影响、工资的补偿性差别
技能点 Skills：
学会分析工资水平的决定
Wage labor markets
Employee wage by the time
wage by the piece
currency wage physical wage
nominal wage real wage
Freedom of entry Perfect knowledge
Homogeneous labor the demand for labor
Marginal cost of labor wage rate
productivity of labor The supply of labor
leisure
专业词汇 Professional terms
一、工资的含义与种类
工资 是劳动力所提供劳务的报酬, 也是劳动这种生产
要素的价格, 工资水平是由劳动的需求和供给两种因
素共同决定的 。
?计时工资 (wage by the time)和计件工资 (wage by the
piece)
?货币工资 (currency wage)和实物工资 (physical wage)
?名义工资 (nominal wage)和实际工资 (real wage)
二、完全竞争市场上工资水平的决定
The assumptions of perfect labor markets are:
?similar to those of perfect goods markets
?Freedom of entry
?Perfect knowledge
?Homogeneous labor
二、完全竞争市场上工资水平的决定
（ 一 ） 劳动的需求 the demand for labor
?Marginal productivity theory,The theory that the
demand for a factor depends on its marginal
revenue product.
?Marginal cost of labor (MCL),This is the extra
cost of employing one more worker,normally MCL
= W (wage).
?Marginal revenue product of labor (MRPL),The
extra revenue that a firm earns from employing one
more worker,MRPL = MPPL × MR.
二、完全竞争市场上工资水平的决定
（ 一 ） 劳动的需求 the demand for labor
There are several determinants of the demand
for labor:
?The wage rate,or the price of labor.
?The productivity of labor.
?The demand for the good.
?The importance of labor for the production.
二、完全竞争市场上工资水平的决定
（ 一 ） 劳动的需求 the demand for labor
?在实际经济活动中, 对劳动的需求主要取决于劳动
的边际生产力 。
?劳动的边际生产力是指在其他条件不变的情况下,
增加一单位劳动时间所增加的产量 。
?劳动的边际生产力是递减的, 生产经营者在购买劳
动时要使劳动的边际成本－工资等于劳动的边际产品
?劳动的需求曲线是一条向右下方倾斜的曲线, 表明
劳动的需求量与工资成反方向变动
二、完全竞争市场上工资水平的决定
工资（元／小时） 劳动需求量（小时）
3 2200
4 2000
5 1800
7 1600
9 1400
12 1200
二、完全竞争市场上工资水平的决定
图 8 -2 某地劳动力市场需求曲线图
0
5
10
15
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
L
W
D
二、完全竞争市场上工资水平的决定
（二）劳动的供给
The supply of hours by an individual worker
? Work involves two major costs (or disutilities) to
the worker:
? When people work they sacrifice leisure.
? The work may be unpleasant.
二、完全竞争市场上工资水平的决定
Marginal disutility of work,The extra
sacrifice/hardship to a worker of working an
extra unit of time in any given time period (e.g,
an extra hour per day),
Substitution effect of a rise in wage rates
Income effect of a rise in wage rates
The supply of labor to an individual employer
二、完全竞争市场上工资水平的决定
The market supply of a given type of labor
?The number of qualified people
?The non-wage benefits or costs of the job
?The wages and non-wage benefits in alternative
jobs
二、完全竞争市场上工资水平的决定
The elasticity of the market supply of labor:
(a) the difficulties and costs of changing jobs
(b) the time period.
二、完全竞争市场上工资水平的决定
影响劳动的供给的因素,
?劳动的生产成本
?工人培养和教育的费用
?劳动者对工作和闲暇的偏好程度
二、完全竞争市场上工资水平的决定
工资（元 /小时） 劳动供给量（小时）
3 1500
4 2000
5 2500
7 2500
9 2100
12 1500
二、完全竞争市场上工资水平的决定
图8 - 3 某地劳动力市场供给曲线图
0
5
10
15
0 1000 2000 3000
L
W
S
二、完全竞争市场上工资水平的决定
（三）工资的决定
图 8 -4 某地劳动力市场均衡示意图
0
1000
2000
3000
0 5 10 15
w
L
S
D
? E
三、不完全竞争市场上工资的决定
?When a firm is the only employer of a
certain type of labor,this situation is called a
monopsony,
?When there are just a few employers,this is
called oligopsony.
三、不完全竞争市场上工资的决定
劳动市场上的不完全竞争是指劳务市场上存
在着不同程度的垄断。
劳动市场上的垄断有两种情况,
?劳动者对劳动的垄断
?厂商对劳动购买的垄断
三、不完全竞争市场上工资的决定
（ 一 ） 工会对工资的影响
1.增加对劳动的需求
? W
? D1
? D0
? E1? E
0? W1? W
0
? S
? 增加劳动需求对工资的影响
? 0 L0 L1 L
三、不完全竞争市场上工资的决定
（ 一 ） 工会对工资的影响
2.减少劳动的供给
? S
? D1 ? D0
? W0
? W
? W1
? E0
? E1
? 0 L1 L0 L
? 减少劳动供给对工资的影响
三、不完全竞争市场上工资的决定
（ 一 ） 工会对工资的影响
3.实行最低工资法
? 0 LG LE LF L
? 国会实行工资法对工资的影响
? D
? S
? F
? E
? WF
? W
? WE
? G
三、不完全竞争市场上工资的决定
（ 二 ） 工资的补偿性差别
?不愉快的或有危险的工作条件
?高度紧张的体力或脑力劳动
?就业不稳定的工种
?失败的风险
?特殊的社会影响和贡献
三、不完全竞争市场上工资的决定
（ 三 ） 厂商对工资的垄断
?就业准入制度
?各种就业歧视性措施
?雇主之间的暗中串通或单独行动
三、不完全竞争市场上工资的决定
（ 三 ） 厂商对工资的垄断
Economic discrimination,This is defined as a
situation where otherwise identical workers
receive different pay for doing the same job,or
are given different chances of employment or
promotion,or are otherwise discriminated
against because of race,age,sex,etc.
三、不完全竞争市场上工资的决定
课后阅读,
Labor as a factor of production
Is this way to treat a worker?
After the reading,please answer the following
question in English or Chinese as you can:
? Assume that is agreed by everyone that it is
morally wrong to treat labour as a mere ‘factor
of production’,with no rights over the goods
produced,Does this make the neo-classical
theory wrong?
8.2 Wage Theories and its Application
教学目标 Objectives：
? 了解工资的含义与种类
? 掌握完全竞争市场上工资水平的决定
? 了解不完全竞争市场上工资的决定
知识点 Knowledge：
工资的种类、影响劳动需求的因素、影响劳动供给的
因素、工会对工资的影响、工资的补偿性差别
技能点 Skills：
学会分析工资水平的决定
Wage labor markets
Employee wage by the time
wage by the piece
currency wage physical wage
nominal wage real wage
Freedom of entry Perfect knowledge
Homogeneous labor the demand for labor
Marginal cost of labor wage rate
productivity of labor The supply of labor
leisure
专业词汇 Professional terms
一、工资的含义与种类
工资 是劳动力所提供劳务的报酬, 也是劳动这种生产
要素的价格, 工资水平是由劳动的需求和供给两种因
素共同决定的 。
?计时工资 (wage by the time)和计件工资 (wage by the
piece)
?货币工资 (currency wage)和实物工资 (physical wage)
?名义工资 (nominal wage)和实际工资 (real wage)
二、完全竞争市场上工资水平的决定
The assumptions of perfect labor markets are:
?similar to those of perfect goods markets
?Freedom of entry
?Perfect knowledge
?Homogeneous labor
二、完全竞争市场上工资水平的决定
（ 一 ） 劳动的需求 the demand for labor
?Marginal productivity theory,The theory that the
demand for a factor depends on its marginal
revenue product.
?Marginal cost of labor (MCL),This is the extra
cost of employing one more worker,normally MCL
= W (wage).
?Marginal revenue product of labor (MRPL),The
extra revenue that a firm earns from employing one
more worker,MRPL = MPPL × MR.
二、完全竞争市场上工资水平的决定
（ 一 ） 劳动的需求 the demand for labor
There are several determinants of the demand
for labor:
?The wage rate,or the price of labor.
?The productivity of labor.
?The demand for the good.
?The importance of labor for the production.
二、完全竞争市场上工资水平的决定
（ 一 ） 劳动的需求 the demand for labor
?在实际经济活动中, 对劳动的需求主要取决于劳动
的边际生产力 。
?劳动的边际生产力是指在其他条件不变的情况下,
增加一单位劳动时间所增加的产量 。
?劳动的边际生产力是递减的, 生产经营者在购买劳
动时要使劳动的边际成本－工资等于劳动的边际产品
?劳动的需求曲线是一条向右下方倾斜的曲线, 表明
劳动的需求量与工资成反方向变动
二、完全竞争市场上工资水平的决定
工资（元／小时） 劳动需求量（小时）
3 2200
4 2000
5 1800
7 1600
9 1400
12 1200
二、完全竞争市场上工资水平的决定
图 8 -2 某地劳动力市场需求曲线图
0
5
10
15
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
L
W
D
二、完全竞争市场上工资水平的决定
（二）劳动的供给
The supply of hours by an individual worker
? Work involves two major costs (or disutilities) to
the worker:
? When people work they sacrifice leisure.
? The work may be unpleasant.
二、完全竞争市场上工资水平的决定
Marginal disutility of work,The extra
sacrifice/hardship to a worker of working an
extra unit of time in any given time period (e.g,
an extra hour per day),
Substitution effect of a rise in wage rates
Income effect of a rise in wage rates
The supply of labor to an individual employer
二、完全竞争市场上工资水平的决定
The market supply of a given type of labor
?The number of qualified people
?The non-wage benefits or costs of the job
?The wages and non-wage benefits in alternative
jobs
二、完全竞争市场上工资水平的决定
The elasticity of the market supply of labor:
(a) the difficulties and costs of changing jobs
(b) the time period.
二、完全竞争市场上工资水平的决定
影响劳动的供给的因素,
?劳动的生产成本
?工人培养和教育的费用
?劳动者对工作和闲暇的偏好程度
二、完全竞争市场上工资水平的决定
工资（元 /小时） 劳动供给量（小时）
3 1500
4 2000
5 2500
7 2500
9 2100
12 1500
二、完全竞争市场上工资水平的决定
图8 - 3 某地劳动力市场供给曲线图
0
5
10
15
0 1000 2000 3000
L
W
S
二、完全竞争市场上工资水平的决定
（三）工资的决定
图 8 -4 某地劳动力市场均衡示意图
0
1000
2000
3000
0 5 10 15
w
L
S
D
? E
三、不完全竞争市场上工资的决定
?When a firm is the only employer of a
certain type of labor,this situation is called a
monopsony,
?When there are just a few employers,this is
called oligopsony.
三、不完全竞争市场上工资的决定
劳动市场上的不完全竞争是指劳务市场上存
在着不同程度的垄断。
劳动市场上的垄断有两种情况,
?劳动者对劳动的垄断
?厂商对劳动购买的垄断
三、不完全竞争市场上工资的决定
（ 一 ） 工会对工资的影响
1.增加对劳动的需求
? W
? D1
? D0
? E1? E
0? W1? W
0
? S
? 增加劳动需求对工资的影响
? 0 L0 L1 L
三、不完全竞争市场上工资的决定
（ 一 ） 工会对工资的影响
2.减少劳动的供给
? S
? D1 ? D0
? W0
? W
? W1
? E0
? E1
? 0 L1 L0 L
? 减少劳动供给对工资的影响
三、不完全竞争市场上工资的决定
（ 一 ） 工会对工资的影响
3.实行最低工资法
? 0 LG LE LF L
? 国会实行工资法对工资的影响
? D
? S
? F
? E
? WF
? W
? WE
? G
三、不完全竞争市场上工资的决定
（ 二 ） 工资的补偿性差别
?不愉快的或有危险的工作条件
?高度紧张的体力或脑力劳动
?就业不稳定的工种
?失败的风险
?特殊的社会影响和贡献
三、不完全竞争市场上工资的决定
（ 三 ） 厂商对工资的垄断
?就业准入制度
?各种就业歧视性措施
?雇主之间的暗中串通或单独行动
三、不完全竞争市场上工资的决定
（ 三 ） 厂商对工资的垄断
Economic discrimination,This is defined as a
situation where otherwise identical workers
receive different pay for doing the same job,or
are given different chances of employment or
promotion,or are otherwise discriminated
against because of race,age,sex,etc.
三、不完全竞争市场上工资的决定
课后阅读,
Labor as a factor of production
Is this way to treat a worker?
After the reading,please answer the following
question in English or Chinese as you can:
? Assume that is agreed by everyone that it is
morally wrong to treat labour as a mere ‘factor
of production’,with no rights over the goods
produced,Does this make the neo-classical
theory wrong?
