ø
Chapter 4 Enzyme
ø enzyme,øǻϸϳɵġ
Ч߻õĵʣǻ
ڴ߻ִлӦҪĴ߻
ֳ ߻ biocatalyst
ø ribozyme,ǾиЧ
ܵĺᡣ
øķչʷ
* 1857, Louis PasteurƵķǻĽĸ
ϸõĽ
* 1877, KuhneøһʣϣģΪ
ĸС
* 1897, H.Buchner & E.BuchnerֵַܷͲҪ
ϸ
* 1926, J.B.Sumner״δӵøᾧ֤
䵰ʱ
* 1982, T.CechijЩ RNAӾд߻ԣ
øĸ
* 1995, CuenoudЩ DNAҲд߻
һ
øķӽṹ빦

ø monomeric enzyme
Ѿø oligomeric enzyme
øϵ multienzyme system
๦ø multifunctional enzyme
ø tandem enzyme
һøķ
1.2 ø conjugated enzyme
ɵײֺͷǵײ
1.1 ø simple enzyme
ɰṹɵøø
øø֬øǺø
ʲ֣ø apozyme

cofactor
Сл
ȫø
holoenzyme
1.2 ø
AСл
--- Bά С
,øĴ߻,
ݵӡӡ
Bά븨
ά תƵĻ
TPP Vit B1 ȩ
FMN,FAD Vit B2 ԭ
NAD+/NADP + Vit PP ԭ
HSCoA
ܰ Vit B12
ȩ ( ) Vit B6
CO2
Ҷ Ҷ һ̼λ
B
K+, Na+, Mg2+, Cu2+ Cu+ ,
Zn2+, Fe2+ Fe3+
a,߻Ӧݵӣ
øȶøĹк
ӽ;
b,
ø (metalloenzyme)
ø (metal activated enzyme)
ӵķ
A,ø coenzyme,ø׽
,͸˵ķȥ
뿪øסΪСл
B, prosthetic group,ø
׽ ,͸˵ķ
ȥ뿪øסΪС
ӡ
ø
Aֻȫøл
Bһøֻһָ,
һָӿɽ϶ø
Cø׾Ӧԡ
Ӧ
øĻ
------øӵĽṹ
2.1 һṹ ------
2.2 ռṹ ------
essential group
---ָøĻصĻš
,His ,Ser/Thr
ǻ,Cys ϻ,Glu Ȼ
øĻ active center
ָøɱڿռṹ໥
γɾضռṹ򣬸
ԽϲתΪΪ
ĻԲλ
ص㣺ضάռṹ (ѷ )
ڲˮɣʡڴ״
鵰øһṹͿռṹ




ϻ ϵ
߻ ߻
ȶ

ϻ
߻
ڶ
øٷӦص

substrate,S,ø
product,P,øõ
øٷӦ,ø߻ĻѧӦ
øĻ,øеĴ߻ѧӦ
ͨøٷӦٶ
øһ߻֮
A,ѧӦǰûʺı仯
Bֻܴ߻ѧĻѧӦ
Cɼӿ淴Ӧٶȣܸı
Ӧƽ
DܽͷӦĻ
EҪС
һøٷӦص
1.1 Ч
1.2
1.3 ɵ
1.1 Ч
ϷǴ߻Ӧ 10 8 20
һ߻ 10 7 13
ƣͨе
ƣЧؽ
ӦĻ
activation energy
1.2 specificity
ø߻ĵнϸѡ
1 absolute specificity
2 relative specificity
3칹 stereospecificity
1.3
øٷӦܶص
乹ڡεڵ
øٷӦĻ
2.1 ø -︴γյϼ˵
[ES] E+P
A,ø -︴ѧ˵
B,յϼ˵ induced-fit hypothesis
E+S
S
E
E-S
a
b
c
a b c
յϼ˵ induced-fit
hypothesis
E
S


ø





ģ
ʽ
2.2 øٷӦĻ
AٽЧӦ붨
proximity effect and orientation arrange
BԪ߻ multielement catalysis
CЧӦ surface effect
ø
A B
ڽЧӦ붨
ЧӦ (surface effect)
ˮԡڴЧӦ
O H
C H
2
CH
NH
C
O
O
-
CO
C H
2
N
H
+
N H
2
C
NH
2
A r g
145
O
H
+
T y r
248
O
H
H
C
OO
_
G lu
270
Zn
2+
ˮڴ



øٷӦѧ
ӰøٷӦٶȵ
Ũ øŨ
¶ ȣ PH
Ƽ
һŨȶԷӦٶȵӰ
1.1 Ӱ
1.2 -Ϸ
1.3 Km Vmax
1.4 Kmֵ VmaxIJⶨ
1.1 Ӱ
AŨȽϵʱ,
[S], V
BŨȽϸʱ
[S][E], [S],
V,ȣ
CŨȺܸʱ,
[S], V
V=Vmax
1.2 -Ϸʽ
Aмѧ˵
K1 K3
E+S ??? ES ??? E+P
K2
BϷʽ Michaelis-Menten equation
Vmax[S]
V= ????
Km + [S]
CϷ̽͵ŨȶԷӦٶȵӰ
[S]
V
Vmax
[S]
V
Vmax
[S]
V
Vmax
Ƶ
ָ̬ ESٶֽٶȣ [ES]㶨
K1 ( [Et] [ES]) [S] K2 [ES] + K3 [ES]
K2+K3 Km (ϳ )
K1
,
(2)Ϊ, [Et] [ES] [S] Km [ES]
(2) [Et] [ES] [S] K2+K3
[ES] K1
,
(3) (1) V K3[Et][S] Km+[S] (4)
ŨȺܸߣøĻȫ
ʱ [Et] [ES],Ӧٶ
Vmax K3[ES] K3[Et] (5)
[ES] [Et][S] Km+[S] (3) ,
(5) (4)Ϸʽ,
Vmax[S]
Km+[S] V
1.3 Km Vm
A,KmֵøٷӦٶΪӦ
һʱĵŨ
Vmax Vmax[S]
?? = ???? 2 Km + [S]
B,KmֵʾøԵ׺ҳ
,K2>>K3,ʱ,KmKs

C,KmøԳ֮һ
øĽṹͷӦйء
øŨ޹ء
D,Vmaxøȫﱥʱķ
ӦٶȣøŨȳȡ
øת,K3=Vmax / [E]
øֱʱλʱÿ
øӣģ߻תΪ
ķ
ӦٶΪӦٶһʱ,
KmֵƵ
Km [S]
KmֵøٷӦٶΪӦٶ
һʱĵŨȣλ mol/L
2 Km+[S]
Vmax Vmax[S] Vmax
V
[S] Km
Vmax /2
1.4 Km VmaxֵIJⶨ
B,Hanesͼ
A,˫ͼ
A,˫ͼ
-1/Km
1/Vmax
1/[S]
1/V Vmax[S]
Km+[S] V =
֣Ϸ̣
+ 1/V= Km Vmax 1/Vmax 1/[S]
ͬȡ
B,Hanesͼ
[S]
[S]/V
-Km
Km/Vm
֣Ϸ̻ϣͬ [S]
[S]/V=Km/Vmax+[S]/Vmax
øŨȶԷӦٶȵӰ
A







ϵ
B





Ũ




C



ø

Ũ
=
ø



¶ȶԷӦٶȵӰ




Aԭ,
Bɣ¶
optimum temperature
Cص㣺²,
øԳ
DӦã
ñ±øƷ
,pH ԷӦٶȵӰ
Aԭ,
Bɣ pH
optimum pH
Cص㣺ͬøͬ
øԳ
DӦã pHʱ
øٷӦø


PH
塢ƼԷӦٶȵӰ


Ƽ inhibitor,
ʹøĴ߻½
øױԵʡ
õ
5.1
irreversible inhibition
,ƼԹۼøĻϵ
ŽϣʹøʧҲ
͸˵ȷȥ
óΪá
,
ϻø -SH
ǻø -OH
A,Ƽлũҩ
еηаٳ,1059ȣ
B,ø,
ø choline esterase
C,ȣ׶Ʒ
pyridine aldoxime methyliodide,PAM
5.1.1 ǻø
5.1.2 ϻø
AƼ,
Ũȵؽ (Hg 2+,Ag+) As 3+
B,
ϻ British anti-Lewisite,BAL
5.2
reversible inhibition

Ǿ

,ƼԷǹۼøͣø -
ԽϣʹøԽͻʧ,
͸˵ȷȥʹøָ
ԣóΪá

5.2.1
competitive inhibition
A,
Ƽøĵṹ,
ᄎøĻģ谭
øγмӶ
øĻԵ

1Ƽṹ
2߶øĻĽ
3Ƴ̶ȡƼø
׺ŨȵԱ
4ӵŨȿɼͻ
5ѧ仯,Vmax,Kmֵ

C
԰

Ȱ
Ҷ Ҷ
Ҷϳø Ҷỹԭø
bǰҩϸҶϳø
5.2.2 Ǿ
non-competitive inhibition
A,,
ЩƼøĻ
ŽϣӰøĽ,
øĽҲӰøƼ
ϣø - -Ƽ ESI
ɲóΪǾ
ơ
Bص,
aƼṹһ
bƼøڻ
cƽȡƼŨ
dӵŨȲܽ
eѧ仯,VmaxС,Kmֵ
5.2.3
uncompetitive inhibition
A,
Ƽø -︴ ES
ϣʹм ES½Ӷ
ȼ˲ɣּ˴
ø͵
Ϊơ
P
Bص,
aƼֻ ES
bƽȡƼŨ
cӵŨȲܽ
dѧ仯,VmaxС,KmֵС
ԷӦٶȵӰ
,ʹø޻ԱΪлԻ
ʹøӵʡ
,
輤 essential activator
DZ輤 non-essential activator
ߡøԲⶨøԵλ
øĻ,
øٷӦٶ,
øԵλ,
A,IUض£ÿӴ߻ 1umol
תΪøΪ 1 IU
B,katض£ÿӴ߻ 1mol
תΪøΪ 1 kat
1 IU=16.67× 10-9kat

ø
øԵĵڣٵڣ
øĵڣڣ
ڷʽ,
ڶ,ؼø
һøԵĵ
1.1 øԭøԭļ
1.2 乹
1.3 ε
1.1 øԭøԭļ
A,
aøԭЩøϸںϳɻ
ʱֻø޻ǰ,
Ϊøԭ
bøԭļһ£øԭ
ṹı䣬תΪø
̼øԭļ
zymogen
B,
γɻ¶Ĺ
ø ԭ
ӹı
γɻ¶øĻ
һ򼸸ضļѣ
ˮһ򼸸
ض
Cøԭ,
1,ø
øˮ
2,֤øضIJλ뻷
Ӵ߻
3,øԭΪøʽ
1.2 乹
1乹 allosteric regulation
ijЩԵĴлӿؽ
ϵøIJλλ
ʹø乹ı߻ԣ
ڳΪøı乹ڡ
2乹ø allosteric enzyme
߻ǻ
ǻ
---ܱ乹ڵø
乹λ allosteric site
ڲλ regulatory site
3乹ЧӦ allosteric effector
---±乹ЧӦĴл
乹 allosteric activator
乹Ƽ allosteric inhibitor
---ʹøԽ͵ЧӦ
---ʹøӵЧӦ 

6-Ǽø -1ı乹
2,6-˫
6- 1,6-˫
6-





ø-
2 6-Ǽø -1
AMP,ADP ATP,
(+) (+) (C)
1.3 øĹε
Aε covalent modification
øϵһЩſijЩ
ѧſĹ۽ϣӶıø
ĻԣֵڳΪøĹλ
ѧΡ
B,
 ữữ

׻Ѽ׻
ջջ
øữữ
øĵ
2.1 ø׺ϳɵյ
յ induction
repression
2.2 øĵ
ͬø
ͬø isoenzyme
ָ߻ͬĻѧӦ
øķӽṹ
ѧʲͬһø
ø lactate dehydrogenase,LDH
ľ Hǻļǻ
Mǻǻ
H4 H3M H2M2 HM3 M4
LDH1 LDH2 LDH3 LDH4 LDH5
ἤø creatine kinase,CK
B ǻ

CK1(BB) CK2(MB) CK3(MM)
ļ

ø
һø

Դ + +ø
+Ӧ +ø
2ϵͳ EC
еӦ
ø
?ԭø
?תø
?ˮø
?ѽøࣨѺøࣩ
?칹ø
?ϳøࣨøࣩ

øҽѧĹϵ
һø뼲Ĺϵ
1.1 ø뼲ķ
1.2 ø뼲
1.3 ø뼲
1.1 ø뼲ķ
Aøȱ
׻ ------Ұø
϶ ------6-ø
B,øԸı
------ȵøԭ쳣
лũҩж ------ø
1.2 ø뼲
ٴøѧⶨռѧ 25%
Aסļ׵ ---Ѫתø
Bס׵ ---Ѫø
Cǰٰ ---Ѫø
D, ---Ѫø
1.3 ø뼲
Aǰҩ ---ƶҶϳø
B,5-व ---ƺϳ
Ĺؼø
CøƬ --- ٽʳ
Dӵø --- 崴
E,øø --- Ѫ˨
øҽѧϵӦ
2.1 øΪԼٴ
2.2 øΪҩٴ
2.3 øΪڿѧо
2.1 øΪԼٴ
---׼ȷ㡢Ѹٵ
2.2 øΪҩٴ
2.3 øΪڿѧо

BøDzⶨ,ø߲ⶨ
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA
C̶ø immobilized enzyme
Dø abzyme
½
End of chapter 4